煤粮复合地区生态系统服务价值变化研究——以邹城市为例

根据Costanza等人对全球生态系统服务价值的测算结果,分析了1996-2003年邹城市土地利用和生态系统服务价值变化.结果表明,邹城市的耕地、园地和林地土地面积在减少,建设用地和水域用地面积在增加.由于水域单位面积生态系统服务价值较高,7年间邹城市区域生态系统服务价值处于增加状态.邹城市生态系统服务价值从1996年的95.9704×106美元增加到2003年的104.5830×106美元,7年间增加8.6126×106美元,变化率达到8.97%.     

玛纳斯河流域生态系统服务功能价值研究

土地利用/覆被变化是生态环境演变最重要的因素之一,其研究对于促进区域生态经济协调发展有重要意义。根据1976年和2006年玛纳斯河流域两期遥感影像资料,基于生态经济学的最新方法采用卫星遥感技术以及Costanza等的生态系统服务价值评价手段,对期间玛纳斯河流域生态服务系统服务功能价值变化进行分析研究。结果表明:①玛纳斯流域土地利用结构变化在30年间表现为草地、林地、不断减少,而耕地、水域、沙地和建设用地不断增加,反映出人类因素及生态环境恶化的趋势;②该流域生态系统服务功能价值总额由1976年123.831 08元减少至2006年101.521 08元。减幅:18.02%,年均减少0.741 08元,通过对玛纳斯河流域生态系统服务功能价值进行评价,为玛纳斯河流域生态开发和治理,以及环境整治提供决策依据。     

土地利用变化对成都市生态系统服务价值的影响

在引入Costanza的生态系统服务价值理论基础上,参照中国陆地生态系统单位面积服务功能价值表,尝试以生态系统服务价值为评价指标定量评价成都市土地利用总体规划(1997-2010年)对区域生态环境的影响.结果表明,成都市的生态系统服务功能价值将从1996年的115.06亿元增加到2010年的115.99亿元,净增加值为0.93亿元.土地利用变化的生态价值呈上升趋势,表明该市的土地利用规划基本是合理的,其实施对区域生态环境的改善具有一定的促进作用.     

从化市土地利用总体规划实施的生态效应评价

从生态系统服务价值的角度对从化市土地利用总体规划（1997-2010年）实施的生态效应进行了定量评价。结果表明，1996-2005年从化市土地利用变化的总体趋势是耕地、林地、牧草地和未利用地面积在减少，园地、建设用地和水域面积在增加；从化市生态系统服务总价值增加了0．0690亿元，增加率为0．21％。从化市土地利用总体规划（1997-2010年）基本可行，其实施虽然取得了一定的生态效应，但与规划预期目标相比尚有一段差距。     

农牧交错区生态系统服务价值评价

以宁夏盐池县为研究对象,以2000年、2005年、2010年、2015年4期TM影像为数据源,综合运用生态系统服务价值指数、敏感性指数和空间分析法,对研究区近15年生态系统服务价值进行研究。结果表明:2000-2015年,盐池县林地、水域和建设用地持续增加,耕地、沙地和未利用地减少;生态系统服务价值主要以较高值区为主,且增加1.35亿元。     

新疆复合类型植被生态系统效益评估——以阿克苏地区为例

植被生态系统在整个生态环境体系中的作用至关重要。综合运用机会成本和生态服务价值当量等方法评估新疆阿克苏地区五类植被的生态服务功能价值,测算得2013年总价值为6222.58亿元。结果表明,草地植被是构成研究区生态服务功能的核心价值,之后依次为湿地植被、林地植被、农田植被和荒漠植被,这与面积及功能发挥的物质量和价值当量有重要联系;土壤保育、气候调节和涵养水源功能对当地环境改善作用明显;特定服务功能在各植被类型中占比存在差异。环境资源货币化、充分保护和发挥植被生态系统的服务功能将是南疆社会经济可持续发展的关键。     

丝绸之路经济带资源环境成本及生态负荷强度的时空演变分析

为了科学地评价丝绸之路经济带生态系统对经济与社会发展的服务支撑能力,本研究引入生态系统服务理论,构建资源环境成本及绿色GDP核算、生态负荷强度模型,计算出丝绸之路经济带辐射国家2005—2012年的资源环境成本、生态负荷强度,并在此基础上利用探索性空间数据分析方法,对2005年以来丝绸之路经济带的生态负荷强度随时间演变的趋势及其空间分布特征进行分析和探讨(数据获取难易程度,仅分析了部分带内国家)。结果表明:在研究时段内,带内国家或地区的资源环境成本由2005年的675.02×108元攀升至1 178.51×108元(2005年可比价),生态负荷强度由0.3369下降到0.2307;丝绸之路经济带生态负荷强度呈现出由欧洲经济圈向中国西北地区集聚的空间分布特征,其中中亚及中国西北地区为高-高集聚区、欧洲经济圈为低-低集聚区;这种西、东集聚现象的显著性在研究时段内逐渐减弱,且区域生态效益或经济效益持续向周边溢出。     

流域水生态系统服务价值评估研究——以黄山市新安江为例

为全面认识新安江水资源价值,本文对河流生态系统的各项服务功能开展了定量评价。本文按照联合国千年评估对生态系统的划分方法(供给、调节、文化与支持4项服务),结合新安江流域水生态系统的特征和结构,建立了15项评估指标体系。以2013年为基准年,对新安江水生态系统服务功能及其生态经济价值进行评价。结果显示:新安江水生态系统服务总价值为73.72亿元,其中,提供产品功能价值9.58亿元、调节功能价值11.77亿元、支持功能价值24.13亿元、文化服务功能价值28.24亿元,分别占总价值的13.0%、16.0%、32.7%、38.3%。新安江单位面积提供的生态系统服务价值为0.41亿元/km~2,高于黄山市单位面积GDP产值0.28亿元/km~2。研究认为,新安江流域水生态系统对支持和保护当地经济发展具有重要作用,研究结果以期为新安江水资源有效管理和区域生态环境保护及水环境补偿提供生态学依据。     

秦皇岛市祖山林场生态服务功能价值评估研究

以祖山林场为研究对象,采用《森林生态系统服务功能评估规范》中的方法,结合本区域的特点,从涵养水源、固碳释氧、保育土壤、释放负氧离子、保护生物多样性和森林游憩六个方面评价其生态服务功能与价值。结果表明:2017年,祖山林场现有林地涵养水源量为1 106.19万t,涵养水源总价值为10 077.4万元;固土量13.53万t,保育土壤总价值为1 605.65万元;吸收CO_2量3.31万t,释放O_2量为8.88万t,固碳释氧价值为12 847.87万元;释放负氧离子个数为11 521.62×10~(19)个,释放负氧离子价值为109.01万元;保护物种多样性价值为5 284.03万元;门票收入为762万元。     

土地利用及生态系统服务价值变化研究——以长海县为例

以辽宁省长海县为研究区,选取2002年、2006年、2009年和2013年遥感影像数据与土地利用数据,参照已有的生态系统服务价值研究成果,基于长海县的实际情况进行适当调整后,对长海县的生态系统服务价值进行了初步估算。结果表明:12002—2013年,长海县的土地利用变化非常明显,主要表现在建设用地面积增幅和未利用地面积减幅明显,建设用地土地利用动态度为1.12%;2长海县2002—2013年的生态系统服务价值趋于减少,11年间减少了591.99万元;3长海县生态系统单项服务功能价值多数呈减少趋势,水源涵养和废物处理所占比例最多;4长海县各地类敏感性指数小于1,生态系统服务价值随着价值系数变化的变化量小,对其敏感性小。     

Effects of Land Use Changes on the Ecosystem Service Values of a Reclamation Farm in Northeast China

Intensive agricultural development can change land use, which can further affect regional ecosystem services and functions. With the rapid growth of the population and the national demand for food, the northeast of China, which is located in the high latitudes, has experienced four agricultural developments since the 1950s. The original wetlands of this area were developed for farmland. The evaluation of ecosystem services is conducted to reveal the ecosystem status and variable trends caused by land reclamation. The aim of this study is to provide scientific basis for environmental management and for the sustainable development of agriculture in Northeast China. With GIS-RS technology, a typical farm was chosen to analyze variations in the ecosystem service value in response to land use changes during the study period. The total ecosystem service value of the farm decreased from 7523.10 million Yuan in 1979 to 4023.59 million Yuan in 2009 with an annual rate of ?1.6?% due to the decreasing areas of woodland and wetland. The increased areas of cropland, water area and grassland partly offset the loss of the total value, but the loss was still greater than the compensation. Waste treatment and climate regulation were the top two service functions with high service values, contributing to approximately 50?% of the total service value. The spatial difference of the ecosystem service value also was analyzed. The wetlands located in the central and northeastern sections of the farm changed significantly. From the aspect of ecosystem service value, the wetland and water area should be conserved, as they have the highest value coefficients. The accuracy of the value coefficient, however, needs to be studied further in future research.     

Spatiotemporal Variation of Karst Ecosystem Service Values and Its Correlation with Environmental Factors in Northwest Guangxi,China

In this investigation we analyzed the spatiotemporal variation of ecosystem service values (ESVs) and its correlation with numerous environmental factors (EFs) for the karst region of Northwest Guangxi, China, from 1985 to 2005 using remote sensing, geographic information systems (GIS) and statistical techniques. The results indicate that historically ESVs for this karst region decreased from 1985 (109.652 billion Yuan) to 1990 (88.789 billion Yuan) and then increased at the turn of the twenty-first century. However, the ESVs in both 2000 (103.384 billion Yuan) and 2005 (106.257 billion Yuan) never achieved the level recorded in 1985. The total of nutrient cycling, organic production and gas regulation combined were 72.69, 64.57, 70.18 and 72.10% of ESVs in 1985, 1990, 2000 and 2005, respectively. In contrast, the ESVs of water conservation, soil reservation, recreation and culture were determined to be relatively low contributing only 17.44, 23.82, 19.26 and 24.76% of total ESVs, respectively, during these four years. With regards to the spatial distribution of ESVs, larger values were recorded in the west and smaller ones recorded in the east. The most significant factors that were deemed to influence ESVs are annual rainfall, per capita cropland, slope and vegetation coverage. Annual rainfall and slope exert a negative force, whereas per capita cropland and vegetation coverage exert a positive force on ESVs. The results of the study would suggest that ecosystem conditions of this important karst region have been improved as the result of the implementation of rocky desertification control policies.     

滨海城区土地利用格局时空演变及生态服务价值研究--以大连市旅顺口区为例

基于大连市旅顺口区4期土地利用数据,应用土地利用矩阵等方法揭示了2006—2015年旅顺口区土地利用方式和生态服务价值的时空变化特征。结果发现:①旅顺口区土地利用呈现出从未利用地、耕地转移至建设用地的趋势,北部建设用地与耕地之间转换最为剧烈。②近10年间旅顺口区生态服务价值降低了5.63亿元,“建设用地→林地”是生态服务价值提升效率最高的转换类型。③只有林地的生态敏感性指数大于1,说明旅顺口区生态服务价值缺乏弹性。     

Analysis of Changes in Farm Pond Network Connectivity in the Peri-Urban Landscape of the Taoyuan Area,Taiwan

The farm pond system for irrigation is the most prominent feature in the Taoyuan area, Taiwan, giving the region a unique landscape and hydrological character. Although this area had more than 3,290 ponds in the 1970s, fewer than 1,800 now remain. This study analyzes changes in irrigation farm ponds and the canal network landscape in the Taoyuan area. The spatial and temporal changes to ponds and the canal network on the Taoyuan plain were examined graphically for each spatial unit (2,765 m × 2,525 m) using aerial photographs for 1979 and 2005. Landscape metrics were calculated to analyze landscape change associated with increased urbanization. Landscape indices of connectivity and circuitry were utilized to describe changes in the configuration of ponds and canal networks. The total length of canals and total number of ponds in the study area decreased significantly during 1979-2005. The average values of connectivity indices (γ- and α-index) also decreased during 1979-2005, reflecting degradation of canal networks due to urban sprawl. A multivariate technique was applied to portion the study area into three zones according to changes to land cover, ponds, and canal networks. The effects of urban sprawl on the spatial pattern of ponds and canal networks are discussed.     

御临河流域河流湿地生态系统服务价值评价

御临河流域河流湿地具有非常重要的生态服务功能,包括直接使用价值和间接使用价值。直接使用价值有物质生产功能、水资源服务、旅游休闲功能、科研文化功能等,间接使用价值包括气体调节功能、水分调蓄功能及河岸带湿地污染净化功能的价值等。本研究采用市场价值法、碳税法、影子工程法、类比法及旅行费用法对御临河流域河流湿地生态系统服务价值进行了初步估算,其生态系统服务总价值为4.39亿元人民币,是2000年该流域GDP的28.52%。研究结果表明,御临河流域河流湿地生态系统的服务价值是不容忽视的。在进行流域规划管理时必须重视自然生态系统的潜在价值,才能保证流域生态系统的健康及可持续发展。     

武汉市湿地破碎化对生态系统服务价值的影响研究

以湖泊资源丰富的武汉市为例,通过景观格局指数测定该市湿地破碎化程度,借助GIS技术评估该市湿地生态系统服务价值,并探讨了城市湿地破碎化对生态系统服务价值的影响。结果表明:①2000—2015年武汉市湿地总体破碎化趋势有所缓和,但人工湿地相较于自然湿地破碎化程度要高,特别是2010—2015年湿地总面积下降了2.80%,而斑块密度上升了4.12%,湖泊破碎化程度较高。②2000—2015年,武汉市湿地ESV增长了323.27亿元,各类型湿地的生态系统服务价值表现为湖泊>水库坑塘>河流>沼泽。③湿地景观破碎化与部分调节性、支持性和文化性服务功能存在着显著相关关系。     

Changes in Land Cover and Subsequent Effects on Lower Fraser Basin Ecosystems from 1827 to 1990

/ European settlement began in the Lower Fraser Basin (LFB) inwestern British Columbia in 1827 and has impacted the basin ecosystem in anumber of ways, especially affecting the vegetation. Using previouslypublished data, air photos, and other historical material for the area,estimates of land cover were made for the years prior to 1827 and for 1930and 1990. The area of coniferous forest changed from 71% prior to 1827to 50% in 1930 to 54% in 1990. However, prior to 1827, only27% of the forest would have been immature (<120 years old), while40% would have been immature in 1930 and 73% of the forest wasimmature in 1990. The amount of wetland area decreased from 10% to1% of the study area while urban and agricultural area increased to26% of the study area by 1990. The changes in land cover have hadadverse effects on soil, water, and air quality; aquatic life; and plant andanimal populations. Estimates of changes in net primary production andorganic soil carbon suggest a decline over the past 170 years, although thelatter rate of decrease has slowed since 1930. As human populations in theLower Fraser Basin continue to increase, the quality of air, water, and soilwill continue to decline unless measures are taken.KEY WORDS: Human impact; Land cover; Net primary productivity; Organiccarbon in soil     

Assessing the impact of urbanization on regional net primary productivity in Jiangyin County, China

Urbanization is one of the most important aspects of global change. The process of urbanization has a significant impact on the terrestrial ecosystem carbon cycle. The Yangtze Delta region has one of the highest rates of urbanization in China. In this study, carried out in Jiangyin County as a representative region within the Yangtze Delta, land use and land cover changes were estimated using Landsat TM and ETM+ imagery. With these satellite data and the BEPS process model (Boreal Ecosystem Productivity Simulator), the impacts of urbanization on regional net primary productivity (NPP) and annual net primary production were assessed for 1991 and 2002. Landsat-based land cover maps in 1991 and 2002 showed that urban development encroached large areas of cropland and forest. Expansion of residential areas and reduction of vegetated areas were the major forms of land transformation in Jiangyin County during this period. Mean NPP of the total area decreased from 818 to 699 gCm(-2)yr(-1) during the period of 1991 to 2002. NPP of cropland was only reduced by 2.7% while forest NPP was reduced by 9.3%. Regional annual primary production decreased from 808 GgC in 1991 to 691 GgC in 2002, a reduction of 14.5%. Land cover changes reduced regional NPP directly, and the increasing intensity and frequency of human-induced disturbance in the urbanized areas could be the main reason for the decrease in forest NPP.     

ANALYZING THE IMPACT OF LAND USE ON SEWER SERVICE AREA PLANNING1

ABSTRACT: The density and distribution of land uses has important consequences for the planning of sewerage systems and for the costs of these systems. This paper examines these consequences using a simplified service area model. The model determines the area to be served by a central waste treatment plant, where alternative on-lot disposal systems are also available. The model is applied to various urban area configurations, which are summarized by their total populations and by their population density distributions. Both minimum regional cost and minimum local cost service area configurations are determined. In addition, the sensitivity of the model to the parameters of the cost and population density functions is assessed. It is found that the model is most sensitive to the parameters of the collection cost function.