中空纤维微滤膜污染及阻力分析

选用0．1μm的PVDF中空纤维内压式微滤膜组件，在死端微滤工况下，研究了酵母（平均粒径5．3μm）和高岭土（平均粒径0．7μm）体系在浓度和压力变化时的污染机理及过滤阻力、膜渗透通量的变化规律性。通过恒压堵塞定律积分式的具体形式与实验数据的拟合及根据堵塞过滤定律计算的结果都表明：死端微滤时，酵母体系和高岭土体系均符合滤饼过滤机理。     

中水回用中平板膜的污染机理分析

采用间歇式生物反应器,对模拟小区生活污水的人工配水进行了生物处理;然后,在操作压力为0.1 MPa,搅拌速度为300 r/min条件下,选用膜生物反应器中常用的聚醚砜(PES,切割分子量分别为2万、1万和5千)、聚丙烯腈(PAN,切割分子量为20万)、聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF,切割分子量为20万)超滤平板膜和聚醚砜(PES,孔径为0.1μm)、聚丙烯腈(PAN,孔径为0.1μm)、聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF,孔径为0.1μm)微滤平板膜在实验室用死端超滤器上分别对活性污泥悬浮液进行了过滤并探讨了和间歇式生物反应器组合在一起用于中水回用的效果,结果表明:每种组合处理后的出水水质为COD＜50 mg/L,NH3-N＜10 mg/L,SS为0 mg/L,浊度为0 NTU,都达到了中水回用的水质标准(CJ25.1-89),其中生物反应器分别与PES超滤膜(5千、1万、2万)和PAN(20万、0.1μm)膜组合时,对COD的去除率较高,但所有组合对NH3-N、TOC去除率及膜的渗透通量都相差不大.此外,根据恒压堵塞过滤定律对膜的污染机理进行的研究证实:对于微滤膜和PAN(20万)超滤膜而言,由滤饼过滤过渡到完全(标准)堵塞,再到滤饼过滤;但对于PVDF(20万)和PES(2万)超滤膜,则由标准堵塞过渡到完全堵塞,再到滤饼过滤;PES(5千、1万)超滤膜的污染机理相对简单,整个过程以滤饼过滤为主.     

不锈钢烧结纤维毡外加粉体助剂过滤烟尘微粒

为了解决不锈钢烧结纤维毡对柴油机微粒过滤效率不高及其黏附堵塞问题,提出了不锈钢烧结纤维毡外加粉体助剂过滤烟尘的新方法。用不同过滤精度(5～30μm)的不锈钢烧结纤维毡片,覆盖不同厚度(0.5～3 mm)的粉体层,对由发烟剂燃烧产生的烟尘(D50=0.183μm)进行了过滤实验,用welas3000气溶胶粒径谱仪测试过滤前后的烟尘浓度,得到了不同情况下的过滤效率及分级效率。实验结果表明,粉体粒径、厚度、过滤气速及时间对过滤效率影响都很大,在滤速3 m/min、粉体粒径200～250目及厚度1.5 mm时,初始过滤效率高达95.746%,30 min后过滤效率上升到98.499%,300min内过滤效率基本保持在98%以上。     

盐类对模拟胞外聚合物(EPS)膜污染的影响

实验旨在研究盐类对模拟胞外聚合物(EPS)溶液在超滤和微滤过程中膜污染影响,通过添加与无添加盐类的模拟溶液的比较,研究盐类对EPS膜过滤在死端过滤过程的影响。实验考察了不同模拟溶液的膜通量衰减情况和滤饼比阻,并利用Hermia模型对实验数据进行拟合分析验证膜污染机理。实验结果表明,在超滤过程中,Ca2+和Al3+能在一定程度上提高膜通量,降低滤饼比阻,延缓膜污染;在微滤过程中,两者的添加反而降低了初始通量,添加Ca2+后滤饼比阻值反而有所增大;Na+对超/微滤过程影响很小。通过Hermia模型拟合分析发现,在超滤过程中,添加盐和无添加的溶液均以滤饼堵塞机理为主,而在微滤过程中则是以中间堵塞和滤饼堵塞机理为主。     

微网材质对动态膜形成的影响

分别采用2种相同孔径不同材质的膜材料(39μm尼龙,39μm涤纶)进行死端过滤与错流过滤实验,以考察微网材质对动态膜(DM)形成的影响。死端过滤实验结果表明,尼龙和涤纶微网均可获得超过99.7%的悬浮物(SS)截留率,而涤纶微网比尼龙微网更容易形成致密的动态膜;错流过滤实验结果表明,尼龙和涤纶微网最终出水浊度均小于20NTU,同时发现,涤纶网在动态膜形成过程中,压力上升较慢,但动态膜更致密,因此,出水效果更好。     

中水回用中平板膜的污染机理分析

采用间歇式生物反应器，对模拟小区生活污水的人工配水进行了生物处理；然后，在操作压力为0．1MPa，搅拌速度为300r／min条件下，选用膜生物反应器中常用的聚醚砜（PES，切割分子量分别为2万、1万和5千）、聚丙烯腈（PAN，切割分子量为20万）、聚偏氟乙烯（PVDF，切割分子量为20万）超滤平板膜和聚醚砜（PES，孔径为0．1μm）、聚丙烯腈（PAN，孔径为0．1μm）、聚偏氟乙烯（PVDF，孔径为0．1μm）微滤平板膜在实验室用死端超滤器上分别对活性污泥悬浮液进行了过滤并探讨了和间歇式生物反应器组合在一起用于中水回用的效果，结果表明：每种组合处理后的出水水质为COD〈50mg／L，NH3-N〈10mg／L，SS为0mg／L，浊度为0NTU，都达到了中水回用的水质标准（CJ25．1．89），其中生物反应器分别与PES超滤膜（5千、1万、2万）和PAN（20万、0．1μm）膜组合时，对COD的去除率较高，但所有组合对NH3-N、TOC去除率及膜的渗透通量都相差不大。此外，根据恒压堵塞过滤定律对膜的污染机理进行的研究证实：对于微滤膜和PAN（20万）超滤膜而言，由滤饼过滤过渡到完全（标准）堵塞，再到滤饼过滤；但对于PVDF（20万）和PES（2万）超滤膜，则由标准堵塞过渡到完全堵塞，再到滤饼过滤；PES（5千、1万）超滤膜的污染机理相对简单，整个过程以滤饼过滤为主。     

布袋协同粉体助剂对粘性微细粒子的过滤及反吹清灰实验研究

为了解决布袋除尘器对粘性微细粒子过滤效率低及粘性微细粒子粘附布袋造成反吹清灰困难的问题,在过滤面积为30 m2的布袋除尘器实验台上,研究了布袋外加粉体助剂过滤粘性微细粒子的新方法,用welas3000气溶胶粒径谱仪测试布袋除尘器上下游的粉尘浓度和粒径分布,探讨了粉体助剂层厚度、过滤速度以及布袋材质等对柴油机尾气颗粒物过滤效率及压降的影响,同时考察了粉体助剂层对布袋再生效率的影响。实验结果表明,(1)外加粉体助剂显著提高了过滤效率,在滤速0.2 m/min、粉体厚度1.0 mm时,对柴油机排气微粒(PM0.25)的过滤效率达99.92%~99.99%;(2)外加粉体助剂显著改善了布袋过滤粘性微细粒子的再生性能,再生效率可达到83.6%,而未外加粉体时布袋的再生效率仅有18.7%。外加粉体助剂有效地保护了布袋,使其免受粘性粒子的粘附和堵塞。     

多孔介质过滤细颗粒

以活性炭为过滤介质,利用其多孔结构脱除细颗粒,实现低压降除尘工艺。研究活性炭颗粒粒径、滤层厚度以及表观过滤风速等条件对多孔介质过滤细颗粒效果的影响,并通过表面光滑的不锈钢珠进行实验作对比,分析多孔介质过滤细颗粒的机理。结果表明:活性炭颗粒对细颗粒的过滤效率明显高于表面光滑的不锈钢珠。过滤效率随活性炭颗粒粒径和表观过滤风速的减小而增加,当粒径从1.5 mm降至0.45 mm时,平均过滤率从53.17%升至80.34%,当表观风速从26.54 cm·s~(-1)降到1.66 cm·s~(-1)时,平均过滤率从41.89%升至75.24%。过滤效率随滤层厚度的增加明显增加,当层厚从60 mm增加到140 mm时,过滤效率从47.62%增大到70.78%。不同实验条件下,过滤压降都没有随时间有明显变化,细颗粒没有在活性炭颗粒表层形成粉尘层。活性炭颗粒床主要是依靠细颗粒扩散、惯性碰撞和拦截效应沉积在活性炭多孔结构内,从而脱除细颗粒。     

元素硫颗粒粒径对污泥重金属生物沥滤的影响

以城市污水处理厂剩余污泥作为处理介质,土著嗜酸氧化硫硫杆菌(Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans,A.thiooxi-dans)为主要沥滤微生物,采用序批式生物沥滤装置,就投加150~725μm的不同粒径元素硫对沥滤的酸化效果、硫酸根产率和重金属去除效果的影响进行了研究。结果表明,在元素硫投配量为3 g/L,曝气强度为1.0 L/(min.L)的条件下,元素硫粒径在165~215μm范围减小时能显著改善污泥酸化速度、提高酸化程度和硫酸根产率。底物元素硫的最佳粒径为165μm,此时沥滤体系pH下降速率为0.85个pH单位/d,硫酸根的产率为454.9 mg/(L.d),沥滤6 d后污泥中高浓度重金属Cu、Zn、Cd的去除率达到70.3%、81.2%、87.8%.     

以河道水为原水的高速过滤过程及其性能分析

针对平原城市缓流河道普遍存在的季节性水质恶化问题,采用预氧化、微絮凝+高速过滤对天津市某缓流河道水体进行中试规模实验。结果表明,该处理技术具有处理周期长(24 h)、过滤滤速高(平均为43.26 m·h~(-1))和出水效果好(出水水质优于地表水Ⅳ类水质标准)的特点。同时发现:单位面积滤柱的产水率呈"阶梯"下降趋势;高速过滤的堵塞特征曲线服从三次多项式分布;系统过滤历经增长期、稳定期和衰减期,其中增长期为3～4 h,稳定期约14 h,过滤系数λ为(0.020 1±0.001 3) cm~(-1)(置信度P=95%),其可作为系统基本属性的定量参数。     

Evaluation of trichloroethene recovery processes in heterogeneous aquifer cells flushed with biodegradable surfactants

The ability of two biodegradable surfactants, polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80) and sodium dihexyl sulfosuccinate (Aerosol MA), to recover a representative dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL), trichloroethene (TCE), from heterogeneous porous media was evaluated through a combination of batch and aquifer cell experiments. An aqueous solution containing 3.3% Aerosol MA, 8% 2-propanol and 6 g/l CaCl(2) yielded a weight solubilization ratio (WSR) of 1.21 g TCE/g surfactant, with a corresponding liquid-liquid interfacial tension (IFT) of 0.19 dyn/cm. Flushing of aquifer cells containing a TCE-DNAPL source zone with approximately two pore volumes of the AMA formulation resulted in substantial (>30%) mobilization of TCE-DNAPL. However, a TCE mass recovery of 81% was achieved when the aqueous-phase flow rate was sufficient to displace the mobile TCE-DNAPL toward the effluent well. Aqueous solutions of Tween 80 exhibited a greater capacity to solubilize TCE (WSR=1.74 g TCE/g surfactant) and exerted markedly less reduction in IFT (10.4 dyn/cm). These data contradict an accepted empirical correlation used to estimate IFT values from solubilization capacity, and indicate a unique capacity of T80 to form concentrated TCE emulsions. Flushing of aquifer cells with less than 2.5 pore volumes of a 4% T80 solution achieved TCE mass recoveries ranging from 66 to 85%, with only slight TCE-DNAPL mobilization (<5%) occurring when the total trapping number exceeded 2 x 10(-5). These findings demonstrate the ability of Tween 80 and Aerosol MA solutions to efficiently recover TCE from a heterogeneous DNAPL source zone, and the utility of the total trapping number as a design parameter for a priori prediction of DNAPL mobilization and bank angle formation when flushing with low-IFT solutions. Given their potential to stimulate microbial reductive dechlorination at low concentrations, these surfactants are well-suited for remedial action plans that couple aggressive mass removal followed by enhanced bioremediation to treat chlorinated solvent source zones.     

The variation of street air levels of PAH and other mutagenic PAC in relation to regulations of traffic emissions and the impact of atmospheric processes

The occurrence of particle associated PAH and other mutagenic PAC was determined in 1996 in the street air of Copenhagen. In addition, particle extracts were tested for mutagenicity. The measurements were compared with previous measurements in 1992/1993. The levels had decreased in this period. The decrease was caused by an implementation of light diesel fuels for buses and the exchange of older petrol-driven passenger cars with catalystequipped new ones. About 65% of the reduction was caused by the application of the light diesel fuels. Under special conditions, chemical processes in the atmosphere produced many more mutagens than the direct emissions. The concentrations of S-PAC and N-PAC were 10 times lower than those of PAH, while the levels of oxy-PAH were in the same order of magnitude as those of PAH. Benzanthrone, an oxy-PAH, is proposed to be formed in the atmosphere in addition to direct emissions. Benzo(a)pyrene, often applied as an air quality criteria indicator, was photochemically degraded in the atmosphere. A strong increase in the mutagenic activities was observed to coincide with a depletion of benzo(a)pyrene.     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Teratological effects of pesticides in vertebrates: a review

Abstract

In the last decades, the use and misuse of pesticides in the agriculture have increased, having a severe impact on ecosystems and their fauna. Although the various effects of pesticides on biodiversity have been already documented in several studies, to our knowledge no consistent overview of the impact of pesticides in vertebrates, both terrestrial and aquatic, is available. In this review, we try to present a concise compilation of the teratogenic effects of pesticides on the different classes of vertebrates – mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish.     

Radionuclides and trace elements in fish collected upstream and downstream of Los Alamos national laboratory and the doses to humans from the consumption of muscle and bone

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine radionuclide and trace element concentrations in bottom‐feeding fish (catfish, carp, and suckers) collected from the confluences of some of the major canyons that cross Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) lands with the Rio Grande (RG) and the potential radiological doses from the ingestion of these fish. Samples of muscle and bone (and viscera in some cases) were analyzed for ³H, ⁹⁰Sr, ¹³⁷Cs, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^239,240Pu, and ²⁴¹Am and Ag, As, Ba, Be, Cr, Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, and Tl. Most radionuclides, with the exception of ⁹⁰Sr, in the muscle plus bone portions of fish collected from LANL canyons/RG were not significantly (p<0.05) higher from fish collected upstream (San Ildefonso/background) of LANL. Strontium‐90 in fish muscle plus bone tissue significantly (p<0.05) increases in concentration starting from Los Alamos Canyon, the most upstream confluence (fish contained 3.4E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [126E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]), to Frijoles Canyon, the most downstream confluence (fish contained 14E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [518E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]). The differences in ⁹⁰Sr concentrations in fish collected downstream and upstream (background) of LANL, however, were very small. Based on the average concentrations (±2SD) of radionuclides in fish tissue from the four LANL confluences, the committed effective dose equivalent from the ingestion of 46 lb (21 kg) (maximum ingestion rate per person per year) of fish muscle plus bone, after the subtraction of background, was 0.1 ± 0.1 mrem y^‐1 (1.0 ± 1.0 μSv y^‐1), and was far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem y^‐1 (1000 μSv y^‐1). Of the trace elements that were found above the limits of detection (Ba, Cu, and Hg) in fish muscle collected from the confluences of canyons that cross LANL and the RG, none were in significantly higher (p<0.05) concentrations than in muscle of fish collected from background locations.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Patterns of volatile metabolites and nonvolatile trichothecenes produced by isolates of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Stachybotrys,Fusarium, Trichoderma,Trichothecium</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Memnoniella</Emphasis>

We reported previously that trichodiene, a volatile trichothecene derivative, was produced by a Stachybotrys isolate, also known to produce highly cytotoxic, non-volatile, macrocyclic trichothecenes (satrotoxins). We investigated the relationship between the production of trichodiene and various non-volatile trichothecenes for several molds. Volatile metabolites were concentrated by adsorption on Tenax TA and analyzed by GC/MS, while non-volatile metabolites were separated by HPLC, derivatized and analyzed by GC/MS. Stachybotrys chartarum isolates producing macrocyclic trichothecenes secreted significantly larger amounts of trichodiene and other sesquiterpenes than isolates which only produced simple trichothecenes. The amounts of secreted trichodiene were relatively small in all cases. With the exception of Memnoniella, which excreted small amounts of sesquiterpenes, the other isolates produced varying amounts of sesquiterpenes, including trichodiene, as well as simple tricothecenes, no detectable trichodiene, but large amounts of griseofulvin derivatives. In Stachybotrys there is apparently a correlation between trichodiene and macrocyclic trichothecene production. In the remaining isolates, there was no simple relationship between trichodiene and non-volatile trichothecene synthesis. Trichodiene is produced in larger amounts by Stachybotrys isolates, which also produce satratoxins, but it will be difficult to utilize this metabolite to detect toxic isolates in buildings due to the relatively small amounts excreted.     

Knowledge transfer initiative between molecular biologists and environmental researchers and regulators

A Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) funded Knowledge Transfer (KT) workshop was held in the United Kingdom (UK) to identify the needs and opportunities in the application of molecular biology and ‘omics’ techniques to environmental monitoring and risk assessment. Attendees highlighted a lack of effective communication between end-users and researchers as well as difficulties with data interpretation as reasons behind the slow uptake of molecular biology and omics techniques. A number of promising areas in which new techniques could be implemented at a practical level in the very near future were identified, thereby raising the profile of these recent technologies and providing vital proof of concept work. Molecular taxonomy, bacterial source tracking and pre-screening of chemicals for potential toxicities were all viewed as areas in which omics and molecular techniques could have immediate value, with the aim of reducing cost, increasing efficiency and providing more comprehensive data of improved quality.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.