Human reactions to a mixture of indoor air volatile organic compounds

A controlled experimental study of human reactions to a mixture of 22 volatile organic compounds often found in indoor air was performed in a climate chamber. Twenty-one healthy subjects were compared with a group of 14 subjects suffering from the ‘sick building syndrome’ (SBS subjects), i.e. having symptoms related to the indoor environment (irritated mucous membranes, headache, etc.) as defined by WHO in 1982. In groups of 4 these subjects were exposed during two successive periods to either 0 and 0 mg m⁻³, 25 and 0 mg m⁻³, or 0 and 25 mg m⁻³; 25 mg m⁻³ is equivalent to the highest concentrations expected in a new building. The study was double blinded, and a latin square design was used to balance out effects of day in the week and season. Both groups reacted subjectively to the air reporting worse odor, worse indoor air quality as defined by the subject, and more irritated mucous membranes in eye, throat and nose than in the clean environment. A tendency to a stronger response was seen among the SBS subjects. Objective measures indicated among others an exposure related reduction in lung function among SBS subjects. Both groups had an increased number of polymorphonuclear leucocytes in tear fluid as a result of exposure. This was not seen for nasal secretions. Psychological performance tests indicated an exposure related diminished ability to learn. In conclusion, the experiment indicates that exposure to volatile organic compounds in low concentrations as seen in new houses causes both subjective complaints and objective signs in normal healty subjects; but more so in subjects from the sick building syndrome.     

Measurement and modeling of airbone concentrations and indoor surface accumulation rates of ionic substances at Neenah,Wisconsin

The objective of this continuing investigation of indoor/outdoor/surface relationships has been to develop an accurate method for predicting and subsequently managing the accumulation rates and ultimately the effects of corrosive substance on electronic equipment surface in field and manufacturing environments. We previously reported indoor/outdoor ratios and deposition velocities for Cl⁻, SO₄²⁻, Na⁺, NH₄⁺, Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺ associated with fine and coarse particles at telephone company switching equipment locations in Wichita (Kansas), Lubbock (Texas) and Newark (New Jersey). Using the results from these studies, a methodology was developed for predicting the average indoor surface accumulation rates of ionic substances from their outdoor concentrations.In this paper we report new results for a site at Neenah, Wisconsin. At this site detailed data on the operational status of the air handling euipment were also obtained through a permanent monitoring system. These data and the data on ionic species have been used in mass balance model that calculates indoor concentrations from outdoor concentrations. Coupling this mass balance model with the measured deposition velocities substantially improves the earlier methodology for predicting surface accumulation rates from outdoor concentrations and enables decision makers to evaluate the effects of various manipulations in critical air handling system operating variables. Informed decisions can now be made when striking a balance between energy and indoor use and indoor air quality or equipment reliability.     

高砷煤燃烧影响下室内外空气砷含量特征

利用空气总悬浮物采样器和安德森颗粒物分级采样器,对陕西南部燃煤型砷中毒地区的室内外空气样品进行了采集和化学分析,探讨了室内外空气ρ(总砷)与煤w(砷)的关系,以及空气ρ(总砷)在不同粒径颗粒物中的分布特征. 结果表明:室内外空气ρ(总砷)均与煤w(砷)呈显著正相关,烤火间空气ρ(总砷)与煤w(砷)的相关系数(R)为0.80(P<0.01);室外空气ρ(总砷)平均值与当地煤w(砷)平均值的相关系数(R)为0.97(P<0.01);烤火间空气ρ(总砷)高峰主要出现在向煤炉添煤3 h后的旺火期,且旺火期的室内空气ρ(总砷)与空气ρ(粉尘)呈显著正相关(R0.74,P<0.05).与土木结构相比,砖混结构房屋有助于减少燃煤释放到空气中的砷在不同房间之间的扩散;室内不同房间之间、室外不同地点之间以及室内外的空气ρ(总砷)差异主要表现在颗粒物粒径小于2.1 μm的部分;天气状况对室内空气ρ(总砷)随颗粒物粒径的分布没有明显影响.      

室内空气中的甲醛检测分析及其预测模型

对 2003年哈尔滨市居室室内空气中的甲醛污染检测与统计分析表明,随机检测的 246 个样本中甲醛浓度范围0.017～1.302mg/m³,年均值为0.219mg/m³,样品超标率 77.24%.夏季 6～8 月的甲醛浓度月平均值是冬季采暖期的2.0倍.各月室内甲醛平均浓度与各月平均温度具有良好的线性相关性,相关系数 R²=0.8652.依据影响甲醛浓度的因素及其实测数据,建立了预测室内空气中甲醛浓度的数学模型.     

云南宣威燃煤室内可吸入颗粒物质量浓度变化特征

应用中流量采样器TSP-PM10-PM2.5对我国肺癌高发区宣威地区6个乡村19家农户进行采样,运用滤膜称重法来分析不同燃料类型室内及相应室外的大气颗粒物质量浓度特征.结果显示,各村庄室内、室外PM10质量浓度比值(I/O)变化范围为1.74~2.87,说明室内PM10污染主要由室内污染源引起;做饭时段室内PM10污染比其他时段严重,尽管烟囱可以将大量的污染物排出室外,但室内颗粒物的质量浓度依然较高.室内PM10质量浓度依燃料类型从高到低依次为块煤用户>型煤用户>燃柴用户>用电用户,室内PM2.5质量浓度依燃料类型从高到低表现为块煤用户>燃柴用户>用电用户;块煤、型煤用户的室内PM10的质量浓度平均值(442.49μg/m3、399.14μg/m3)超过国家室内空气质量标准日均值150μg/m3,污染严重;燃柴和用电用户室内PM10的质量浓度平均值(145.50μg/m3、119.91μg/m3)低于国家室内空气质量标准日均值150μg/m3,污染较轻.块煤用户PM2.5质量浓度日均值(132.58μg/m3)超过2012年2月29日环境保护部发布的环境空气质量标准二级标准75μg/m3,而燃柴和用电户PM2.5的质量浓度(55.24μg/m3、65.02μg/m3)均低于环境空气质量标准二级标准75μg/m3,说明块煤用户室内细颗粒污染较重,用电和燃柴用户室内细颗粒物污染相对较轻.     

室内空气中多环芳烃的污染特征、来源及影响因素分析

采集并测定了杭州市8户家庭中具有代表性的多环芳烃，测得居民室内空气中12种PAHs平均浓度为1.91-29.08μg/m^3,BaP浓度为5－19ng/m^3，污染十分严重，受季节及通风条件等的影响，室内空气中PAHs浓度变化较大，居民室内空气中萘主要来源于卫生球的挥发，其余PAHs主要来自燃烧，而BaP主要来自室内吸烟。     

室内空气污染物的种类及控制措施

室内空气污染物包括悬浮固体污染物和气体污染物。其中可吸入颗粒物对人体呼吸系统有极大危害，引起肺炎、肺癌等疾病，主要来源于燃料的燃烧、吸烟以及由室外进入室内的颗粒物。气体污染物主要包括有机气体污染物(挥发性有机物、甲烷等)和无机气体污染物(SO2、NOx、CO等)，它们可引起病态建筑综合症、化学物质过敏症(MCS)等相关病症。本文分析了室内空气污染的影响因素，并据此提出了控制室内空气污染以及提高室内空气质量的方法与措施。     

Airborne particle sizes and sources found in indoor air

As concern about indoor air quality (IAQ) has grown in recent years, understanding indoor aerosols has become increasingly important so that control techniques may be implemented to reduce damaging health effects and soiling problems. This paper begins with a brief look at the mechanics of deposition in the lungs and the aerosol dynamics that influence particles at all times. This discussion shows that the particle diameters must be known to predict dose or soiling and to determine efficient mitigation techniques. The particle sizes produced by the various indoor sources, as well as unusual aspects of each type of source, must be known so that this process may begin.This paper summarizes the results of a literature search into the sources, sizes and concentrations of indoor particles. There are several types of indoor particles: plant and animal bioaerosols and mineral, combustion and home/personal care aerosols. These types may be produced indoors or outdoors, entering through building openings. The sources may be short term, seasonal or continuous. Particle sizes produced vary from submicrometer to larger than 10 μm. The particles may be toxic or allergenic. This information is presented in a summary table and is discussed in the text.     

Indoor and outdoor BTX levels in Barcelona City metropolitan area and Catalan rural areas

Five aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene, toluene, and three isomeric xylenes) were monitored in indoor and outdoor air of 7 public buildings and 54 private homes, located in Barcelona City metropolitan area and in several rural areas of Catalonia. The sampling was carried out over four periods: spring-summer and winter of 2000, and summer and winter of 2001. Passive ORSA 5 Dra¨ger samplers were used for benzene, toluene, and xylenes (BTX) adsorption. BTX were extracted with carbon disulphide and analysed using ...     

装修房屋室内空气的污染

调查了装修后的住宅和办公室室内空气中挥发性有机物,同时对室外空气进行了调查.共检出20多种挥发性有机物.装修后室内甲醛和苯及其他苯系物含量明显高于室外.装修后室内空气甲醛质量浓度为0.1～2.4 mg/m3,在装修后短期内甲醛质量浓度更高,有时达到13.4 mg/m3;苯质量浓度为0.03～0.17 mg/m3.装修一年内甲醛、苯和苯乙烯普遍超标.卤代烃含量一般是数个μg/m3,与室外没有显著性差异.      

河南省某典型垃圾焚烧发电厂的VOCs排放特征

为评估河南省生活垃圾焚烧发电厂排放的挥发性有机物(VOCs)对臭氧生成的贡献,选取某典型企业进行调研. 采用气袋、苏玛罐和吸附管进行采样,通过气质联用(GC/MS)和高效液质(HPLC/MS)联用分析方法对117种VOCs物种排放水平进行监测,并计算本地化VOCs排放因子. 采用最大增量反应活性(MIR)法计算臭氧生成潜势(OFP),并识别OFP贡献率较大的物种. 结果表明:①主排放口实测的VOCs总浓度为4.28 mg/m3,VOCs排放量为3.5 t/a,计算的VOCs排放因子为0.016 g/kg (以垃圾计,下同). ②MIR系数法计算的有组织OFP总排放量为9.3 t/a,对应的MIR系数平均值为2.67. ③排放量占比较大的VOCs组分依次为芳香烃(38.37%)、卤代烃(28.79%)、含氧化合物(14.32%)和烷烃(12.75%). 对OFP贡献率较大的VOCs组分为芳香烃(53.91%)和含氧化合物(28.16%),OFP贡献率排名前5位的VOCs物种分别为乙醛(20.5%)、间/对-二甲苯(20.2%)、正丁烯(6.2%)、1,2,4-三甲苯(5.4%)和正丁醛(4.9%). ④固废间、锅炉房、锅炉房外、渗滤液泵房及房顶采样点测得的VOCs无组织排放总浓度分别为83.6、6.19、1.24、5.71、1.79 mg/m3. 研究显示,该垃圾焚烧发电厂固废间VOCs浓度较高,需要进一步提高车间内VOCs收集率,以减少无组织VOCs排放,同时可在主排放口安装合适的VOCs去除装置以进一步削减VOCs有组织排放量.      

Seasonal variation of indoor radon and its progeny concentration in a dwelling

Because of the pronounced seasonal variation in the indoor levels of Rn concentration, it is necessary to make measurements over the entire period to arrive at an average of annual dose to the occupants. This paper gives the results of a study made on the seasonal variation of indoor Rn and its progeny concentration in a house in Bombay. It has been observed that the indoor Rn concentration follows a specific trend of seasonal variation. An average annual effective dose equivalent of 0.48 mSv has been estimated for the occupants of the house.     

Investigation of exhaled pollutant distribution in the breathing microenvironment in a displacement ventilated room with indoor air stability conditions

This study experimentally studied the dispersion of exhaled pollutant in the breathing microenvironment (BM) in a room equipped with a displacement ventilation (DV) system and indoor air stability conditions (i.e., stable and unstable conditions). The vertical temperature differences and the carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentration in the BM were measured. Results show that when DV is combined with the stable condition (DS), pollutant tends to accumulate in the BM, leading to a high pollutant concentration in this region. Whereas, when DV is combined with the unstable condition (DU), pollutant diffuses to a relatively wider area beyond the BM, thus the pollutant concentration in the BM is substantially reduced. Moreover, increasing the flow rate can reduce the pollutant concentration in the BM of the DS but yields little difference of the DU. In addition, personal exposure intensity increases with time, and the DS has a relatively higher increase rate than DU. The results suggest that indoor air stability will affect the performance of DV systems. DS will lead to a higher health risk for people when they stay in the indoor environment with pollutant sources, and DU is recommended for minimizing pollutant level in the BM in order to reduce the pollutant concentration and providing better air environments for the occupants.     

田湾核电站室内氯离子来源解析

根据2005~2006年江苏田湾核电站大气吸收液(AAS)和总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)中氯离子的一年数据,分析了室内外大气各种形态氯离子的分布特点及变化规律,并对过滤器性能进行了初步评价.结果表明:该站大气氯离子浓度大小依次为:室外吸收液>室内吸收液>室外TSP>室内TSP,年均值分别为28.12,19.20,4.22,0.11μg/m3.现有过滤器可以有效过滤室外总悬浮颗粒物,但对室外气体中氯离子的过滤效率仅为32%.相关性分析表明,室内外吸收液中氯离子浓度显著相关,相关性系数为0.859.因此,室内大气氯离子主要来源室外气态或微小气溶胶.     

基于中国人群暴露风险的室内苯健康限值推导

收集了我国29个省级行政区的464个室内苯浓度数据,基于中国人群暴露参数计算了我国成年人群在不同室内场景的苯暴露致癌风险;应用蒙特卡洛方法推导我国室内苯浓度健康阈值.结果表明,全国各类场景的室内苯浓度几何均值为0.030mg/m³.4种室内场景中,职业暴露场所具有最高的苯残留水平,均值为0.052mg/m³;居室暴露风险贡献最大,人群终生致癌风险为9.30×10^-5;基于中国人群暴露参数推导的健康限值为0.020mg/m³,略低于我国修改后的《室内空气质量标准》（GB/T18883-2022）中规定苯的限值.我国部分居民存在高于可接受水平的室内苯暴露的致癌风险,居室暴露风险尤其值得关注.室内苯标准的修改和实施有利于室内苯污染的控制和降低人群苯暴露致癌风险.     

广州市宾馆室内空气中苯系物来源及健康风险初步评估

选择广州市20家不同星级的宾馆,用不锈钢采样罐采集客房空气样品,并用预浓缩-气相色谱/质谱联用系统检测.宾馆客房空气中8种苯系物的总浓度平均值为273.1μg/m3,范围为2.3~1058μg/m3.苯,甲苯,乙苯和二甲苯平均值分别为22.9,151.6,46.4和60.5μg/m3.苯平均值变动范围为0.7~72.2μg/m3,均低于我国室内空气质量标准GB/T 18883-2002的限值,但初步计算表明苯暴露对宾馆工作人员和经常入住人群的致癌风险超过1′10-6.甲苯平均浓度范围为1.4~841μg/m3,按我国空气质量标准超标率为24%.宾馆苯系物浓度与星级和装修时间没有显著相关性,一些最近期装修的宾馆可能因采用环保装修材料,苯系物浓度反而相对较低.苯系物浓度最高的数个宾馆装修时间2~5a,其苯与甲苯浓度比值(B/T)都比较低,苯系物来源以室内释放为主.虽然因通风原因宾馆客房苯系物浓度受所处地段室外空气质量影响,但我们的研究表明降低宾馆客房内苯系物水平的最关键因素是采用环保的室内装修材料和产品.     

Johnson & Ettinger模型和Volasoil模型在污染物室内挥发风险评价中的应用和比较

在土壤污染和地下水污染的现场,挥发过程是挥发性污染物暴露的重要途径.设置典型土壤污染场景作为研究对象,选取Johnson&Ettinger模型和Volasoil模型进行室内挥发过程的模拟和暴露浓度的计算.对两个模型中污染物的运移机理进行了比较和分析.尽管方法和参数选择有所不同,二者对污染源处三相平衡浓度的计算本质上是一致的.暴露浓度的计算结果表明,两个模型对室内挥发过程的模拟可能会有较大差异,与污染现场的具体情况有关.参数影响的分析表明,污染源顶部埋深对二者暴露浓度的影响一致,Johnson&Ettinger模型对污染土壤含水率的大小非常敏感.建议考虑房屋结构的实际情况,选用或者改进模型进行室内挥发过程的评价.     

室内空气污染对人体健康的危害效应及其防治途径

文章主要论述室内空气污染的来源、危害及其防治途径.研究表明,建筑物、居室装修、室内家具、厨房油烟、家用电器、人体自身成为室内空气污染的主要来源;并重点分析了甲醛、氡、氨、苯、挥发性有机物(VOCS)对人体健康的危害效应:可诱发白血病、导致哮喘、引起肺疾病、诱导过敏性疾病、导致空调综合症、发生多重化学物敏感症(MCS)、产生不良建筑物综合症(SBS)等危害效应.最后对室内空气污染的治理提出了建议.     

通风换气改善居室空气质量及健康效应的研究

于1988年12月至1989年4月,对417户有儿童居室的通风换气与呼吸道健康状况进行了调查,并以模拟方式探讨改善措施。结果表明,85％居室每小时换气次数(ACH)介于0.5—1.0之间,ACH与儿童呼吸道每100人周(pw)症状率呈负相关关系(P<0.01),ACH<0.5儿童呼吸道症状率3.52/100pw高于其他组;开窗时ACH为关门窗时的4倍,室内空气中CO_2、HCHO、~(222)Rn浓度关门窗为开门时的1—3倍,室内风速<0.05m/s,通风效率E<1,致使污染物逐渐累积,长期接触有害健康,如若以“对流论”组织通风,则可有效地改善空气质量,增进居民健康。     

杭州市公共场所内空气中PBDEs污染特征及暴露

为评估杭州市典型室内公共场所空气中多溴联苯醚（PBDEs）的污染现状,2016年5~8月和9~12月期间,采用空气被动采样技术（PUF-PAS）在17家室内公共场所总计采集54个空气样品,经样品预处理和GC-ECD分析后,结果表明,5类环境空气样品中∑₁₄PBDEs浓度均值大小依次为网咖（2470.43pg/m³）>建材市场（1119.87pg/m³）>电子市场（660.84pg/m³）>商场（478.37pg/m³）>图书城（182.18pg/m³）.最主要的特征单体均为BDE-209,占总量的36.79%~56.21%,BDE-47、BDE-99、BDE-153、BDE-183也是PBDEs在空气中较主要的同系物,其最高浓度分别占7.77%,7.56%,6.32%和7.73%.评估PBDEs人群暴露水平的结果表明,网咖内暴露水平最高,图书城则为最低,其浓度分别为570.10和44.79pg/（kg×d）.室内空气中,对人群PBDEs总摄入量贡献最高的特征单体是BDE-209,平均水平为18.44~323.70pg/（kg×d）,最低的则为BDE-183,平均水平为1.75~20.05pg/（kg×d）,目前杭州市各典型室内公共场所PBDEs人群暴露水平相比美国环境保护署（EPA）提出的参考剂量较低.