以甲醇为碳源生物反硝化过程释放一氧化二氮的试验研究

污水生物反硝化脱氮过程是一氧化二氮(N2O)的重要释放源之一.试验采用序批式反应器以甲醇为碳源(电子供体),硝酸盐(NO3--N)为电子受体驯化反硝化菌,并采用批处理试验研究不同电子受体、不同碳氮(C/N)比和不同初始亚硝酸盐(NO2--N)质量浓度条件下N2O释放情况.在典型周期试验和批处理试验中均能检测到N2O的释放.以NO2--N为电子受体时会释放较多的N2O,而以NO3--N为电子受体时释放的N2O相对较少.不同C/N比通过影响反硝化菌的活性进而影响N2O的释放,反硝化菌的活性和N2O的释放量均随着C/N比的降低而降低.N2O的释放量随着初始NO2--N质量浓度的增加而增加,一定浓度范围内的NO2--N会增强反硝化菌的活性.初始NO2--N质量浓度与N2O的释放量具有较好的指数相关性.     

碳源类型对污水生物处理过程中氧化亚氮释放的影响

碳源是污水生物处理过程中N2O释放的重要影响因素.本试验以不同碳源（葡萄糖、乙酸钠和淀粉）条件下的SBR反应器为研究对象,分析了碳源类型对于N2O释放的影响作用.结果发现,N2O释放主要发生在好氧段,且释放总量受碳源影响,以乙酸钠为碳源的反应器产生的N2O最多,释放速率最大,其次为葡萄糖,淀粉最少,N2O转化率分别为7...     

Aerobic N2O emission for activated sludge acclimated under different aeration rates in the multiple anoxic and aerobic process

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) is a potent greenhouse gas that can be emitted during biological nitrogen removal. N₂O emission was examined in a multiple anoxic and aerobic process at the aeration rates of 600 mL/min sequencing batch reactor (SBR_L) and 1200 mL/min (SBR_H). The nitrogen removal percentage was 89% in SBR_L and 71% in SBR_H, respectively. N₂O emission mainly occurred during the aerobic phase, and the N₂O emission factor was 10.1% in SBR_L and 2.3% in SBR_H, respectively. In all batch experiments, the N₂O emission potential was high in SBR_L compared with SBR_H. In SBR_L, with increasing aeration rates, the N₂O emission factor decreased during nitrification, while it increased during denitrification and simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND). By contrast, in SBR_H the N₂O emission factor during nitrification, denitrification and SND was relatively low and changed little with increasing aeration rates. The microbial competition affected the N₂O emission during biological nitrogen removal.     

高氨氮废水短程硝化过程中N2O释放试验研究

试验采用序批式反应器(SBR)处理高氨氮废水,逐步提高废水氨氮(NH+4-N)浓度到800 mg·L-1,通过控制曝气量实现了短程硝化.SBR周期试验表明,在低溶解氧和高游离氨等共同作用下,氨氧化菌(AOB)活性较低,导致AOB以亚硝酸盐氮(NO_2~--N)作为电子受体进行好氧反硝化,氧化亚氮(N_2O)释放因子为9.8%.静态试验控制初始NH_4~+-N为100 mg·L-1且改变曝气量(0.22~0.88 L·min~(-1))条件下,溶解氧浓度的增加能够提高硝化菌活性,N2O释放因子为0.51%~0.85%.当初始NH_4~+-N浓度为100 mg·L~(-1)且曝气量控制在0.66 L·min-1时,初始NO-2-N浓度为0~100 mg·L~(-1)对硝化菌活性影响较小,N2O释放因子为0.50%~0.71%.当溶解氧和游离氨浓度控制在适宜范围内,可维持AOB较高活性,抑制AOB发生好氧反硝化作用,降低N2O释放率.     

盐度水平对不同盐渍化程度土壤氧化亚氮排放的影响

选取内蒙古河套灌区3种不同盐渍化程度土壤(盐土、重度盐渍化土壤和轻度盐渍化土壤),采用室内培养方法,用不同浓度KCl溶液调节不同盐渍化程度土壤盐含量分别为原土壤盐含量(对照)的2倍和3倍,研究盐分对不同盐渍化程度土壤氧化亚氮(N_2O)排放的影响.结果表明,盐分含量显著影响不同盐渍化程度土壤N_2O排放.无外源盐分加入时,不同盐碱程度土壤中盐土N_2O排放量最高,重度盐渍化土壤次之,轻度盐渍化土壤最低.外源盐加入后,随盐度梯度升高,与其对照相比,盐土N_2O排放量降低;重度盐渍化土壤N_2O排放量呈现先增加后降低趋势;轻度盐渍化土壤N_2O排放量升高.与其对照相比,土壤的盐分含量增加2倍时,盐土N_2O排放量减少90%;轻度盐渍化土壤N_2O排放量增加9倍.外源盐加入不同盐渍化程度土壤对N_2O排放的影响程度取决于土壤培养前后铵态氮含量差值,加入外源盐后,N_2O累积排放变化量的94.6%由土壤NH_4~+-N含量差值解释(R2=0.95,p0.01).     

污水短程硝化反硝化和同步硝化反硝化生物脱氮中N2O释放量及控制策略

采用SBR反应器考察了短程硝化反硝化和同步硝化反硝化脱氮过程中N_2O的释放.通过实时控制策略实现了短程硝化反硝化生物脱氮,亚硝化率可维持在90%以上.在溶解氧水平为0.5、 1.0、 1.5和2.0 mg/L条件下,考察N_2O的释放和亚硝化率的变化情况.结果表明,溶解氧1.5 mg/L时最有利于维持稳定的亚硝化率,同时N_2O逸出量最小,每去除1 g氨氮释放N_2O 0.06 g;在碳纤维填料SBR反应器中,通过维持较低溶解氧水平和分段投加碳源的运行方式成功实现了同步硝化反硝化,同步硝化反硝化率在79%以上.在溶解氧水平为0.2、 0.4、 1.0和1.5 mg/L时,考察N_2O的逸出情况.结果表明,溶解氧在1.0 mg/L时最有利于控制N2O的释放,每去除1g氨氮释放N2O 0.021 g,其N_2O释放量仅为短程硝化反硝化的1/3.     

流量分配对短程生物脱氮过程中N2O产生的影响

利用SBR反应器,通过在线pH曲线控制好氧-缺氧反应时间,成功实现了短程生物脱氮,并考察了分段进水条件下流量分配对SBR反应器运行性能及N2O产量的影响.结果表明,与原水分2次在不同阶段等量加入反应器的二段进水方式相比,原水分3次等量进入反应器的三段进水方式能够有效降低脱氮过程中外碳源投加量和氧化亚氮产量;氧化亚氮主要产生于硝化过程,反硝化过程能够将硝化阶段积累的N2O还原至N2.2次、3次等量进水条件下,生物短程脱氮过程中乙醇投加量分别为0.8和0.6 mL,N2O释放量分别为8.86和5.05 mg·L-1(以N计).硝化过程中NO-2-N的积累是导致系统N2O产生的主要原因.     

The impact of slurry application technique on nitrous oxide emission from agricultural soils

Direct nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from fertilized soils are generally estimated using emission factors. However, the emission factors for N₂O emission of applied slurry are not well quantified. The effect of slurry application technique on N₂O emission was quantified in field experiments in the Netherlands in order to derive N₂O emission factors for (shallow) injected and surface-applied cattle and pig slurries. Fluxes of N₂O were measured using a closed flux chamber technique and a photo-acoustic infra-red gasmonitor. Fluxes of N₂O were measured 64–83 times on grassland on sandy and clay soils and maize land on sandy soil, in the period 2007–2009. There were large differences in total N₂O emission between the years, and differences between treatments were not consistent over the years and sites. The average emission factor of all treatments and years (n = 35) was 0.9% of the N applied, which is close to the default IPCC emission factor of 1%. However, the range in emission was large, i.e. from ?0.2% to 7.0%. The average emission factor for grassland was 1.7% of the N applied for calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN), 0.4% for shallow injected cattle slurry, and 0.1% for surface-applied cattle slurry. For maize land, the average emission factor for CAN was 0.1% of the N applied, for injected cattle slurry 0.9% and for surface-applied cattle slurry 0.4%. The emission factors for pig slurry applied to maize land were higher than for cattle slurry; 3.6% for injected pig slurry and 0.9% for surface-applied pig slurry. Increasing the N application rate on maize land resulted in higher emission factors for CAN, injected cattle slurry, and injected pig slurry. Concluding, on both grassland and maize land (shallow) injection of slurry increased the average emission factor of N₂O in comparison to surface application. Differentiation of N₂O emission factors which takes specific factors into account, such as N type and rate and application technique, can improve the quantification of N₂O emission from agricultural soils and is needed to derive most efficient options for mitigation.     

Sources of nitrous and nitric oxides in paddy soils：Nitrification and denitrification

Rice-paddies are regarded as one of the main agricultural sources of N 2O and NO emissions. To date, however, specific N2O and NO production pathways are poorly understood in paddy soils. ^15N-tracing experiments were carded out to investigate the processes responsible for N2O and NO production in two paddy soils with substantially different soil properties. Laboratory incubation experiments were carried out under aerobic conditions at moisture contents corresponding to 60% of water holding capacity. The relative importance of nitrification and denitrification to the flux of NaO was quantified by periodically measuring and comparing the enrichments of the N2O, NH~-N and NO3-N pools. The results showed that both N2O and NO emission rates in an alkaline paddy soil with clayey texture were substantially higher than those in a neutral paddy soil with silty loamy texture. In accordance with most published results, the ammonium N pool was the main source of N2O emission across the soil profiles of the two paddy soils, being responsible for 59.7% to 97.7% of total N2O emissions. The NO3-N pool of N2O emission was relatively less important under the given aerobic conditions. The rates of N2O emission from nitrification （N2On） among different soil layers were significantly different, which could be attributed to both the differences in gross N nitrification rates and to the ratios of nitrified N emitted as NzO among soil layers. Furthermore, NO fluxes were positively correlated with the changes in gross nitrification rates and the ratios of NO/N2O in the two paddy soils were always greater than one （from 1.26 to 6.47）. We therefore deduce that, similar to N2O, nitrification was also the dominant source of NO in the tested paddy soils at water contents below 60% water holding capacity.     

电子供体对地下水中高氯酸盐生物去除的影响研究

通过静态实验,考察了电子供体类型及用量对厌氧条件下微生物去除地下水中高氯酸盐的影响.结果表明,电子供体醋酸盐和H₂的加入,可以明显提高ClO₄^-的去除率,驯化后的微生物去除ClO₄^-的速率比未加入电子供体时提高约1.4~3倍.Monod动态模型能很好地拟合两种电子供体环境下ClO₄^-的微生物去除过程,分别以醋酸盐和H₂作为电子供体时,基质半饱和常数K_s为12.6 mg·L^-1和2.2 mg·L^-1,最大比基质消耗速率V_m为0.45 d^-1和0.08 d^-1.动力学参数表明,本实验条件下,异养型混合菌去除ClO₄^-的效果明显优于自养型混合菌;在少数受高浓度ClO₄^-污染的地下水环境中,为了提高ClO₄^-的去除速率只有通过增加菌体浓度或提高微生物酶的活性来实现.随着电子供体醋酸盐用量增加,ClO₄^-的(比)消耗速率逐渐增大.当初始CH₃COO^-与ClO₄^-的比例为3.80 mg(COD)/mg(ClO₄^-)时,比消耗速率v最大(0.27 d^-1).     

亚热带河口潮滩湿地N2O排放对氮硫增强输入的响应

以亚热带区域闽江河口短叶茳芏中、高潮滩湿地为研究对象,于2014年7月至11月进行氮硫增强输入的实验,利用静态箱-气相色谱法测定潮滩湿地中N_2O排放通量,并同步测量相关的环境因子.结果显示,不同潮滩湿地N_2O排放通量对氮硫增强输入的响应存在差异,但总体上看均促进了N_2O的排放.与对照相比,NH_4~+-N输入使中、高潮滩排放通量分别提高了157.97%和236.36%;NO_3~--N输入使中潮滩提高了60.95%,而使高潮滩N_2O排放通量提高了246.77%;SO_4~(2-)-S输入分别使中、高潮滩N_2O通量提高50.68%和87.17%;而N-S复合输入则使中、高潮滩N_2O通量分别增加了84.20%和117.79%.不同的处理组对中、高潮滩的N_2O排放通量的促进作用分别表现为:NH_4~+-NN-SNO_3~--NSO_4~(2-)-S及NO_3~--NNH_4~+-NN-SSO_4~(2-)-S.氮硫增强输入改变了短叶茳芏潮滩湿地N_2O排放通量的变化规律,但除了NH_4~+-N处理对高潮滩N_2O排放通量的影响显著外,其他处理组的影响均未达到显著性水平.中、高潮滩湿地N_2O的排放通量与沉积物温度、含水率具有显著的相关关系,而与电导率相关性不显著.随着全球环境问题的日益严重,系统研究湿地生态系统N_2O排放的机制与规律,对于科学准确的估算全球温室气体排放量具有重要的意义.     

Cover crop effects on nitrous oxide emission from a manure-treated Mollisol

Agriculture contributes 40–60% of the total annual N₂O emissions to the atmosphere. Development of management practices to reduce these emissions would have a significant impact on greenhouse gas levels. Non-leguminous cover crops are efficient scavengers of residual soil NO₃, thereby reducing leaching losses. However, the effect of a grass cover crop on N₂O emissions from soil receiving liquid swine manure has not been evaluated. This study investigated: (i) the temporal patterns of N₂O emissions following addition of swine manure slurry in a laboratory setting under fluctuating soil moisture regimes; (ii) assessed the potential of a rye (Secale cereale L.) cover crop to decrease N₂O emissions under these conditions; and (iii) quantified field N₂O emissions in response to either spring applied urea ammonium nitrate (UAN) or different rates of fall-applied liquid swine manure, in the presence or absence of a rye/oat winter cover crop. Laboratory experiments investigating cover crop effects N₂O emissions were performed in a controlled environment chamber programmed for a 14 h light period, 18 °C day temperature, and 15 °C night temperature. Treatments with or without a living rye cover crop were treated with either: (i) no manure; (ii) a phosphorus-based manure application rate (low manure): or (iii) a nitrogen-based manure application rate (high manure). We observed a significant reduction in N₂O emissions in the presence of the rye cover crop. Field experiments were performed on a fine-loamy soil in Central Iowa from October 12, 2005 to October 2, 2006. We observed no significant effect of the cover crop on cumulative N₂O emissions in the field. The primary factor influencing N₂O emission was N application rate, regardless of form or timing. The response of N₂O emission to N additions was non-linear, with progressively more N₂O emitted with increasing N application. These results indicate that while cover crops have the potential to reduce N₂O emissions, N application rate may be the overriding factor.     

生物质炭对华北平原4种典型土壤N2O排放的影响

生物质炭作为一种新型的土壤改良剂,在降低土壤温室气体排放方面发挥着重要作用.为明确生物质炭对冬小麦苗期土壤N_2O排放的影响,以华北平原的4种典型土壤(水稻土、砂姜黑土、褐土和潮土)为研究对象,进行田间试验,设置了4个处理:对照(CK)、单施化肥(NPK)、单施生物质炭(BC)和化肥与生物质炭配施(NPK+BC).结果表明,单施化肥显著增加了4种土壤N_2O排放,与对照相比,水稻土、砂姜黑土、褐土和潮土N_2O排放分别增加了314%、116%、240%和282%.添加生物质炭对华北平原4种土壤N_2O排放影响存在差异,与CK相比,单施生物质炭水稻土、褐土N_2O排放显著增加了72. 4%和50. 9%,而砂姜黑土和潮土BC与CK处理无显著差异.与NPK相比,生物质炭与化肥配施显著降低了4种土壤N_2O排放.添加生物质炭提高了4种土壤pH,其中,初始pH最低的水稻土,受生物质炭影响较显著,施肥则降低了4种土壤pH.砂姜黑土、褐土和潮土施肥处理N_2O排放通量均与铵态氮含量呈显著正相关,水稻土和砂姜黑土单施生物质炭处理N_2O排放通量与硝态氮含量呈显著正相关.     

生物炭添加对半干旱地区土壤温室气体排放的影响

为确定生物炭添加对半干旱地区农田土壤温室气体释放的影响,采用小区定位试验,利用锯末(J)和槐树皮(H)及3种添加比例(1%、3%、5%,质量百分比),研究了生物炭添加6个月内表层土壤CO2、CH4和N2O等3种温室气体排放的动态变化.结果表明,与对照相比,各处理土壤CO2排放通量随生物炭的添加呈现增加的趋势,锯末和槐树皮等两种生物炭处理的土壤CO2平均排放通量分别增加了1.89%和3.34%,但差异不显著.CH4排放随着生物炭添加量的增加而降低,各生物炭处理的土壤表层CH4排放量平均降幅分别为:J1:1.17%、J3:2.55%、J5:4.32%、H1:2.35%、H3:5.83%、H5:7.32%.其中,锯末生物炭仅在5%添加量时较对照差异显著(P0.05),而槐树皮生物炭处理在3%和5%的添加量与对照差异均达显著水平(P0.05).生物炭对N2O的排放影响没有明显规律性.研究表明,生物炭在短期内对半干旱地区农田土壤CO2和N2O的排放没有显著影响,而对CH4排放则影响显著(P0.05).就生物炭类型而言,槐树皮生物炭在抑制CH4排放方面优于锯末生物炭,差异显著(P=0.048).     

地膜覆盖和生物炭添加对菜地N2O排放的影响

为研究生物炭添加(B0:0 t·hm^-2、 B20:20 t·hm^-2、 B40:40 t·hm^-2)和地膜覆盖（FM:覆膜、 NM:不覆膜）对菜地N₂O排放的影响,以西南大学农场内辣椒-萝卜轮作菜地为研究对象,采用静态暗箱/气相色谱法进行为期1 a的田间原位观测.共设置6个处理,分别为NMB0（CK）和FMB0、 NMB20和FMB20、 NMB40和FMB40.结果表明,FM显著提高辣椒季土壤中铵态氮和硝态氮含量（P<0.05）,而对萝卜季土壤环境因子均无显著影响.与NM相比,辣椒季FM分别对B0、 B20和B40处理下的N₂O排放提高了52.87%、 52.97%和52.49%（P<0.05）,但萝卜季FM对N₂O排放无显著影响.生物炭对辣椒和萝卜季土壤环境因子均无显著影响.萝卜季生物炭添加减少了28.76%～67.88%的N₂O排放（P<0.01）,辣椒季生物炭添加对N₂O排放无显著影响...     

化感物质对土壤N2O释放影响的研究

选用来自作物秸杆腐解过程中产生的化感物质（苯甲酸和对叔丁基苯甲酸），在不同浓度和水分条件下对其减少施用尿素土壤中Ｎ２Ｏ释放的影响进行了研究。结果表明，化感物质对土壤Ｎ２Ｏ释放的明显的抑制作用，且随着浓度的增大，其抑制效果越显。在土壤水分为１６．５％的状态下，１００ｐｐｍ、２５０ｐｐｍ和５００ｐｐｍ浓度的苯甲酸处理（培养温度２５－３０℃）可减少４７．４％－７５．３％Ｎ２Ｏ从土壤中释放；而当土壤水分     

N2O emission from nitrogen removal via nitrite in oxic-anoxic granular sludge sequencing batch reactor

Bionitrification is considered to be a potential source of nitrous oxide （N2O） emissions, which are produced as a by-product during the nitrogen removal process. To investigate the production of N2O during the process of nitrogen removal via nitrite, a granular sludge was studied using a labscale sequence batch reactor operated with real-time control. The total production of N2O generated during the nitrification and denitrification processes were 1.724 mg/L and 0.125 mg/L, respectively, demonstrating that N2O is produced during both processes, with the nitrification phase generating larger amount. In addition, due to the NEO-N mass/oxidized ammonia mass ratio, it can be concluded that nitrite accumulation has a positive influence on N2O emissions. Results obtained from PCRDGGE analysis demonstrate that a specific Nitrosomonas microorganism is related to N2O emission.     

优化施肥模式对我国热带地区水稻-豇豆轮作系统N2O和CH4排放的影响

选择海南典型的水稻-豇豆轮作系统进行氧化亚氮(N_2O)和甲烷(CH_4)排放的原位监测,探究不同施肥模式下该系统土壤温室气体排放特征.试验设当地常规施肥对照(CON)、优化施肥量(OPT)、有机无机配施(ORG)、缓控肥替代优化(SCOPT)及不施氮对照(CK)共5个处理,采用静态箱-气相色谱法监测整个种植季土壤N_2O和CH_4排放,并估算增温潜势(GWP)和温室气体排放强度(GHGI).结果表明,各处理水稻季N_2O累积排放量为0. 19～1. 37 kg·hm~(-2),相较于CON处理,优化施肥处理N_2O减排50%～86%;豇豆季N_2O累积排放量为1. 29～3. 55 kg·hm~(-2),除ORG增加14%,其他处理减排16%～59%.各处理水稻季CH_4累积排放量为4. 67～14. 23 kg·hm~(-2),CK、OPT和ORG处理分别较CON增加116%、22%和102%,而SCOPT减少了29%;豇豆季CH_4累积排放量为0. 03～0. 26 kg·hm~(-2),期间出现CH_4吸收.比较两个作物季和休闲期对农田土壤直接排放的温室气体GWP的贡献率,豇豆季在CH_4排放极低的情况下,仍有44. 7%～54. 5%的占比;两种温室气体比较中,N_2O对GWP的贡献率为66. 7%～77. 2%. SCOPT处理的GWP和两季作物GHGI均显著低于CON处理.3个优化施肥处理中,SCOPT的增产减排效果最显著,为最优的施肥方案.     

Impact of soluble organic matter and particulate organic matter on anammox system: Performance,microbial community and N2O production

In this study,the effects of soluble readily biodegradable COD (sCOD) and particulate slowly biodegradable COD (pCOD) on anammox process were investigated.The results of the longterm experiment indicated that a low sCOD/N ratio of 0.5 could accelerate the anammox and denitrification activity,to reach as high as 84.9%±2.8% TN removal efficiency.Partial denitrification-anammox (PDN/anammox) and denitrification were proposed as the major pathways for nitrogen removal,accounting for 91.3% and 8.7% o...     

地表UV-B辐射增强对土壤-冬小麦系统呼吸速率和N2O排放的影响

通过室外盆栽实验,用静态箱-气相色谱法测定土壤-冬小麦系统的呼吸速率和N₂O排放通量,研究了UV-B辐射增强20%对土壤-冬小麦系统的呼吸速率和N₂O排放的影响.结果表明,相同的气象条件和田间管理下,UV-B辐射增强处理对呼吸速率和N₂O排放的季节变化模式无明显影响.在返青期,UV-B辐射增强显著降低了土壤-冬小麦系统的呼吸速率,但对N₂O的排放通量没有产生显著影响;在拔节孕穗期,UV-B辐射增强处理显著降低了土壤-冬小麦系统的呼吸速率和N₂O的排放通量;在抽穗-成熟期,UV-B辐射增强处理对土壤-冬小麦系统的呼吸速率和N₂O的排放没有显著影响.返青-齐穗期,UV-B增强处理显著降低土壤-冬小麦系统的N₂O累积排放量;但从齐穗开始至小麦成熟,UV-B增强处理对土壤-冬小麦系统的N₂O累积排放量没有显著影响.