三峡库区典型次级支流表层沉积物中PAHs的分布特征及来源分析

本文表征了三峡库区典型次级支流(梁滩河)表层沉积物中18种多环芳烃(PAHs)的浓度,并对其分布特征和污染来源进行了探讨。18种PAHs的总浓度(∑18 PAHs)范围为198.5～4349 ng/g-dw(干重),平均浓度为1441ng/g,中值为1160 ng/g。与其他地区沉积物污染情况相比,梁滩河沉积物中PAHs浓度处于中等偏低的污染程度,支流污染程显著高于干流,流经城镇的右支污染程度显著高于流经农村或人口较少的左支和主干流。大部分采样点以高环(4～6环)PAHs污染为主。PAHs源解析结果表明,梁滩河表层沉积物中PAHs污染以燃烧源为主,主要源于化石燃料和生物质的不完全燃烧。沉积物中苯并[a]芘的毒性当量因子(TEF)值为39.38～384.37 ngTEQ/g,平均值110.94 ngTEQ/g。生态风险评价的结果表明,右支流的两个采样点R3和R4点沉积物中PAHs可能存在生物负效应影响,R4点的高风险可能与附近白市驿机场污染有关。     

在线富集-液相色谱法检测水中多环芳烃

建立了一种在线富集-液相色谱法检测水体中多环芳烃的方法,通过优化色谱条件,可不经萃取浓缩直接上机检测水样,取样体积仅为2.5 ml。除苊烯不能用荧光检测器检测外,其余15种多环芳烃的加标回收率为70.24%(苊)~117.25%(二苯并(a,h)蒽),相对标准偏差(n=5)在1.70%()~11.21%(茚并(1,2,3-c,d)芘)之间,检出限在1.51 ng/L(苯并(k)荧蒽)~44.4 ng/L(茚并(1,2,3-c,d)芘)之间,基本满足痕量分析要求。利用该方法测定实际样品中多环芳烃的浓度为0.053 ng/L(苊)~2.751 ng/L(芴)。     

大连城市大气中多环芳烃的污染特征和毒性评价

通过对大连市工业区、居民区和城市背景区3种类型区域连续7个月大气样品的采集,分析PAHs在大气中的污染特征,并对其毒性进行评价。结果显示,城市工业区大气中PAHs含量最高,其次是居民区,城市背景区最低。3种类型采样点大气中PAHs的组成相似,菲是含量最多的物质,其次是荧蒽、芴和芘。16种PAHs基于苯并[a]芘的总毒性当量浓度为:工业区5.1 ng/m^3;居民区3.6 ng/m^3;城市背景区4.6 ng/m^3。3种类型功能区大气中PAHs的TEQ值都高于我国的《空气质量标准》(GB 3095-2012)中规定的大气中苯并[a]芘的年平均浓度(1 ng/m^3)或24 h平均浓度(2.5 ng/m^3)。     

西溪湿地底泥质量现状与生态风险初步评价

为了解西溪湿地底泥质量现状,2012年9月采集保护区内不同干扰类型的底泥样本,测试了底泥中重金属和POPs中PCBs、OCPs和PAHs的含量,并对湿地底泥污染进行了生态风险初步评价。结果表明,底泥中未检出PCBs和OCPs,但检测出14种EPA优控PAHs,总PAHs的浓度范围为115.9～217.8 ng·g^-1,低于潜在生态风险的效应区间低值ERL,其中列入中国＂水中优先控制污染黑名单＂的7种PAHs均有检出并且其总量占∑PAHs 1/2左右（平均为50.08%）;底泥中8种重金属含量平均值低于《土壤环境质量标准》（GB 15618—1995）的二级标准,但Hg、Zn、Pb、Ni含量在多个位点已超过一级标准;分别采用土壤背景值和国家一级标准为参比值对湿地底泥中重金属进行单因子污染风险指数评价,发现分别有7种和4种元素的污染指数大于1;综合分析不同干扰类型的底泥质量,发现底泥疏浚能有效降低有机质含量、全氮和PAHs含量,但对全磷、重金属含量则无明显效果,封闭水体的干塘措施能显著减少污泥量和有机物含量。研究结果表明,西溪湿地底泥中高环PAHs和重金属污染水平可能对西溪湿地生物具有潜在的生物毒性作用及不利的生态影响效应,其疏浚底泥农用则无生态风险。     

北京市西南郊地区连续12个月降水中多环芳烃的含量变化与来源解析

采用液相萃取-HPLC-PDA-FLD法对北京市西南郊2016年2月～2017年1月采集的每个月的降水进行测定,对其每个月的PAHs含量变化、结构特征进行分析,对降水中的PAHs的来源进行解析。结果显示:北京市西南郊降水中PAHs呈现出冬季高,春秋低,夏季极少的规律。降水中PAHs的结构主要以3、4环为主。通过比值法分析发现,1月和2月主要来自石油泄漏挥发,8月、11月和12月主要来自煤和生物质的燃烧,同时11月还有来自机动车排放的影响。     

环境水体中磺胺类抗生素分析方法的建立与应用

应用高效液相色谱-串联质谱(HPLC-MS/MS)联用的技术,建立了水体中磺胺类抗生素的检测方法。选用电喷雾离子源(ESI),在正离子模式下对目标化合物进行选择性反应检测(SRM)扫描。采用固相萃取法对样品进行前处理,通过HLB小柱对样品进行富集和净化。液相色谱选用C18柱,以甲醇和0.1%甲酸作为流动相对样品进行梯度洗脱分离。方法的回收率为53.6%～96.2%。方法的最低检出限除磺胺噻唑(STZ)为0.3 ng/L外,其余均为0.1 ng/L,本方法的RSD为4.7%～9.3%,该方法适用于水体中磺胺类抗生素的残留检测。     

低温捕集/热解吸气相色谱法分析废气中挥发性硫化物

采用低温捕集/热解吸/火焰光度检测填充柱气相色谱法可分析废气中挥发性硫化物。标准气浓度为2.80g/L～38.10g/L时,硫化氢、甲硫醇、乙硫醇、甲硫醚和二甲二硫的平均回收率及相对标准偏差分别为92.1%～106.8%及0.5%～6.0%,采样体积为1.0L时,上述挥发性硫化物的最低检出浓度为0.08ng/L～0.65ng/L。该分析测定了炼油厂某些污染源和催化燃烧脱硫中试装置废气中挥发性硫化物组成,验证了方法的适用性。     

垂直流人工湿地处理稠油废水的实验研究

采用垂直流人工湿地模拟装置对新疆油田外排含盐稠油废水进行了处理。实验表明:对于进水CODCr为402～406mg/L,盐度5701～5712mg/L,石油类40.62mg/L的含盐稠油废水,该系统的出水指标为CODCr35～38mg/L,盐度1535～1542mg/L,湿地系统对CODCr和盐分的去除率达到91%和73%;当水力停留时间为11d以上,出水石油类<5mg/L,处理后出水CODCr、石油类达到《污水综合排放标准》(GB8978-1996)的一级标准。     

近30年鄱阳湖营养盐时空异质性演变趋势研究

为了分析鄱阳湖水体的水质变化特征以及预测鄱阳湖水质演变趋势,以鄱阳湖为研究区域,基于1988至2018年长序列野外实测数据,分析了近30年来鄱阳湖营养盐浓度特征。运用重标极差分析法,定量评估了各主要控制点位演变趋势特征;并采用Pearson系数计算各控制点位营养盐负荷的相关性特征。结果表明:(1)鄱阳湖营养盐浓度随时间变化明显,氨氮年均浓度2000年以前小于0.15mg/L,为Ⅰ类水浓度水平,2000年以后浓度呈显著增加趋势,在2014年达到峰值,全湖浓度平均值为0.814 mg/L,2015～2018年期间围绕在一定浓度水平小幅度波动,处于Ⅲ、Ⅳ类水浓度水平;总磷浓度近30年整体呈现出先下降再上升再下降的趋势,近30年呈现出两次最大值,分别在1993年和2014年,年均浓度分别达到0.071 mg/L,0.105 mg/L,为Ⅳ～Ⅴ类水浓度标准。(2)不同湖区空间差异性明显,北部湖区水质相对较好,南部主湖区受5条主要入湖河流携带的污染物影响承纳了大量的污染物,而鄱阳湖主湖体起到了很好的调蓄和净化作用。(3)鄱阳湖各监测站点营养盐时间序列R/S分析Hurst指数均大于0.5,呈现出较强的持续性。     

大气降尘中多环芳烃的分布特征及源解析

为探讨大气降尘中多环芳烃的污染水平和来源的解析,于2008年冬、春、夏、秋四个季节采集了北京昌平地区大气降尘样品,采用超声抽提方法,使用GC/MS测定了样品中PAHs的含量。结果表明,冬、春、夏、秋四个季节样品中多环芳烃总量分别为18.6μg/g、17.3μg/g、15.1μg/g和11.0μg/g,单体化合物均值分别为1.04μg/g、0.96μg/g、0.84μg/g和0.61μg/g。与其他城市监测结果比较可知:昌平地区大气降尘中PAHs含量相对较低。使用多种方法对降尘中的PAHs来源进行解析,结果表明:化石燃料燃烧在不同季节中的贡献相对稳定,燃煤在冬季为多环芳烃主要来源之一,在其他季节贡献相对较低。     

A critical appraisal of PAH indices as indicators of PAH source and composition in Elelenwo Creek,southern Nigeria

The survey of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their relation to potential pollution sources were investigated in suspended particulate matter (SPM), surface waters, and sediments from Elelenwo Creek, southern Nigeria. Total PAH concentrations varied from 2,021.35 to 3,926.84 μg/kg dry weights in SPM and from 4,238.00 to 5,490.84 μg/kg dry weights in sediments. Furthermore, concentration levels of PAHs varied from 720.46 to 857.65 μg/l in the surface waters, which indicates that the aquatic ecosystem is polluted by PAHs. The 2, 3-ring PAHs were not dominant in SPM (34.73%), surface water (40.09%), and sediments (22.43%). While anthracene was more abundant, of the 2, 3-ring PAHs in SPM, the most abundant in the surface waters and sediments were fluorene and acenaphthylene. Four origin indices or concentration ratios of PAH isomer pairs were used to evaluate the suitability of these compounds as tracers to distinguish between the contamination arising from different sources. A critical appraisal of the PAH indices, therefore, suggested that biomass combustion is the major PAH source in the environmental matrices. Relative PAH patterns in the environmental matrices were also evaluated using principal component analysis, and were found to correlate with the PAH patterns of the different potential contamination sources.     

Seasonal variation of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons along the Kaohsiung coast

Thirty-three air samples were collected by high-volume samplers from May 2007 to June 2008 in the coastal area of southwest Taiwan and analyzed for total suspended particulates (TSP) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Concentrations of TSP and total PAHs ranged from 40.4 to 251 μg m(-3) and 1.86-56.4 ng m(-3), respectively. Except for joss paper burning during the religious celebration of Ghost Month, which resulted in the highest concentration of PAHs in the summer of 2007, a seasonal variation in total PAH concentration was observed over this study period, with the highest concentrations in winter and the lowest in summer. Because of the geographical and climatic characteristics of the sampling site, monsoon activities modulate the seasonal variations of PAHs. Diagnostic ratios showed that PAHs in the atmosphere of the Kaohsiung coastal area arose predominantly from vehicle emissions (mainly from diesel exhaust), joss paper burning, and coal/wood combustion. The results of hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that the sampling days could be divided into three groups and that the major source identification of PAHs was the same as the identification by diagnostic ratios. In addition, the results of HCA and PCA suggest that the samples collected with a prevailing northerly or northeasterly wind direction contain both local emissions and those from neighboring sources. On the other hand, the cases related to westerly or northwesterly winds indicated that local emission was the major source for the sampling site.     

SPE-HPLC/MS联用法测定地表水中的PFOA及PFOS含量

本文建立了固相萃取与高效液相色谱／质谱（HPLC／MS）联用的方法来测定地表水中全氟辛酸（PFOA）及全氟辛烷基磺酸（PFOS）的含量。此方法中PFOA在水样中的线性范围为40ng／L到500ng/L，线性相关系数0．9986，PFOS在水样中的线性范围为5n异／L到500ng/L，线性相关系数0．9905。此方法中全氟辛酸及全氟辛烷基磺酸的平均回收率分另13为83.91％和86.63％。水样中全氟辛酸和全氟辛炕基磺酸的检出限均为0.5ng／L。方法准确、可靠，分析结果令人满意。采用此方法测定了上海部分地区地表水中全氟辛酸及全氟辛烷基磺酸的含量。实验结果表明，上海地区长江入海口处徐六泾段全氟辛酸的平均浓度是46．88ng／L，全氟辛烷基磺酸未检出；黄浦江段全氟辛酸及全氟辛烷基磺酸的平均浓度分别是1594．83ng／L（前处理后需稀释10倍以确保在方法线性范围内）和20．46ng/L。可见长江及黄浦江流域的全氟辛酸及全氟辛烷基磺酸的控制与治理亟待提上议程。     

Application of Eichhornia crassipes and Pistia stratiotes for treatment of urban sewage in Israel

The effectiveness of sewage purification by aquatic plants, such as water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) and water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes), was tested on laboratory and pilot scales. Cascade and semi-continuous pilot experiments verified that the plants are capable of decreasing all tested indicators of water quality to levels that permit the use of the purified water for irrigation of tree crops. This applies to biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS), and turbidity. The laboratory-scale tests confirm the capacity of the plants to reach and hold reasonably low levels of BOD (5-7 mg L(-1)) and COD (40-50 mg L(-1)) and very low levels of TSS (3-5 mg L(-1)) and turbidity (1-2 NTU). In the experimental pilot setup, with circulation, COD decreased from 460 to 100 mg L(-1) after 2.5-4 days of treatment, while 6-7 days were required to this end without circulation. This doubled the active pond area and provided a two-level hydraulic loading (8 and 12 L min(-1)) with circulation that proved to be effective during the summer as well as the winter season. The outflow concentrations were 50-85 mg L(-1) of COD and 4-6 mg L(-1) of BOD. The results show that the use of this free water surface flow system (FWS) and its low maintenance system for treatment of urban and agricultural sewage is a viable option.     

Environmental assessment of mercury dispersion, transformation and bioavailability in the Lake Victoria Goldfields, Tanzania

Environmental dispersion and transformation of mercury discharged from gold mining operations has been investigated in field and laboratory studies in order to provide better understanding of the degree of mercury (Hg) pollution and bioavailability in the Lake Victoria goldfields (LVGF) ecosystems. This paper reviews results already published elsewhere and presents additional data on Hg dynamics in the LVGF. Studies conducted at the Mugusu and Rwamagaza artisanal mines indicated different degrees of Hg contamination and dispersion in environmental matrices. Mercury concentration in contaminated river sediments near the Mugusu mine varied from 6.0 to 0.5 mg/kg on a dry weight basis. The highest Hg contamination levels (165-232 mg/kg) were associated with mine tailings at the Rwamagaza mine. Mercury concentrations in fish representing different dietary habits on the southwestern shore of Lake Victoria at the Nungwe Bay were very low (2-35 microg/kg) and thought to represent background levels. These and other results suggested that the use of Hg in gold extraction in the LVGF has not caused high Hg levels in lake fish. The study of Hg in lichens showed Parmelia lichen to be an effective bioindicator for atmospheric Hg contamination due to Hg emissions from gold-amalgam firing and purification operations. The Hg levels in the lichens around the Mugusu mine ranged from 3.1 to 0.1 microg/g; the highest levels were recorded in the lichens sampled close to gold-amalgam processing sites. The regional background level in the Parmelia lichen was 0.05-0.10 microg/g, with a mean level of 0.07 microg/g. Studies of Hg transformation in the mine tailings revealed unexpectedly high methylmercury (MeHg) levels in the tailings (629-710 ng/g), which indicated that oxidation and methylation of metallic Hg in the tailings occurred at significant levels under tropical conditions. Re-equilibration of the tailings with freshwater (FW) indicated the MeHg was firmly bound in the tailings and therefore very little MeHg was released to the water column (0.2-1.5 ng/L). The methylation of Hg in tropical loamy clay soil contaminated with HgCl(2) (5 mg Hg/kg) yielded MeHg concentrations of 11 and 14 ng/g when inundated with seawater and FW, respectively, for 4 weeks. Little MeHg was transferred from the soil to the equilibrated water (< or = 0.4 ng/L). Atmospheric exposure of the soil pre-inundated with FW resulted in net degradation of MeHg during the 1st week of exposure, followed by net production and accumulation of MeHg in the soil (up to 15.5 ng/g) during atmospheric desiccation. Mercury uptake by fish from the Hg(0)-contaminated aquatic sediment-tailings system in the aquarium experiment was found to be low, suggesting the low availability of MeHg for bioaccumulation in the system. These and other results provide useful insights into Hg transformation, mobility and bioavailability in tropical aquatic systems affected by Hg pollution from gold mining operations.     

饮用水中消毒副产物-卤化酮的生成特性与控制研究进展

卤化酮（haloketones）具有较强的致癌、致畸和致突变性,是饮用水处理领域颇为关注的一类卤代消毒副产物。这类物质可广泛存在于经消毒后的出厂水中,其含量仅次于三卤甲烷、卤乙酸和卤代腈,浓度一般在ng/L与μg/L的水平。鉴于卤化酮具有较强的致癌、致畸和致突变性,是饮用水处理领域颇为关注的一类卤代消毒副产物,本文对其分类特性、检测方法、生成机理、遗传毒性和致癌性、控制方法等进行了综述,这对于国内开展该方向的研究具有参考价值。     

Removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from aqueous solution on soybean stalk-based carbon

Soybean [ (L.) Merr.] stalk-based carbons were prepared by phosphoric acid activation at different carbonization temperatures. Characteristics of the prepared carbon, including specific surface area, iodine number, and amount of methylene blue sorption, were determined. Experiments on phenanthrene, naphthalene, and acenaphthene, as representatives of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), removal from aqueous solution by the prepared carbon were conducted at different levels of carbon addition. The results indicated that the specific surface area, iodine number, and amount of methylene blue sorption increased with an increase of carbonization temperature. The maximum values were observed at 700°C and were 287.63 m g, 508.99 mg g, and 90.14 mg g, respectively. The removal efficiencies of phenanthrene, naphthalene, and acenaphthene tended to increase with increasing carbon amounts and carbonization temperature. The optimal removal performance was obtained under the experimental conditions of carbon concentrations of 0.04 g 32 mL and carbonization temperature of 700°C, and the removal efficiencies of phenanthrene, naphthalene, and acenaphthene were 99.89, 100, and 95.64%, respectively. The performance of the prepared carbon was superior to that of commercial activated carbon. Additionally, for the same carbon concentrations, the removal efficiency of PAHs on prepared carbons followed the order: phenanthrene > naphthalene > acenaphthene. Results obtained from this work provide some insight into the reuse of an agricultural residue, and also provide a new application for the treatment of PAHs in contaminated water utilizing activated carbon prepared from agricultural residues.