基于ArcGIS的牛栏江—滇池补水工程对滇池水环境改善效果分析

利用2009—2015年滇池水质监测资料,结合ArcGIS空间插值方法,分析评价牛栏江-滇池补水工程对滇池水环境改善效果。结果表明:牛栏江-滇池补水工程运行后,滇池外海的氨氮、总氮、高锰酸盐指数和总磷平均浓度分别下降47.9%、28.3%、22.0%和48.2%,水质明显好转;滇池外海中部、南部水域水质优于北部水域,西部水质优于东部,补水工程对滇池水环境改善效果明显。     

湖泊水质时空变化特征识别的贝叶斯方差分析方法

精细识别湖泊水质的时空变化特征是确定流域污染调控措施的基础.贝叶斯方差分析具有灵活的模型结构,可直接表征变量的时空动态特征.本文据此提出了基于该方法的湖泊水质时空变化特征识别的方法框架,研究了异龙湖稳态转换条件下富营养化指标的变化特征和滇池外海特征污染物达标率的时空变化2个案例,验证了该方法在总体服从正态分布和二项分布时的适用性.针对参数可交换性假设被忽视的问题,本文提出了一种基于模型选择准则的判定方法,并将其应用于滇池案例中.结果表明:(1)相对于清水稳态,异龙湖在浊水稳态时3种富营养化指标浓度更高,且年际方差所占总方差比例减小;(2)滇池外海总氮浓度超标率由2007—2013年间的40%左右降到2014—2016年间的10%左右,且波动性降低.随着监测数据的积累和监测时空精度的增加,贝叶斯方差分析在湖泊水质时空变化特征识别中具有广阔的应用前景.     

汉江中下游水质变化趋势研究

利用汉江中下游干流河段例行监控断面2001-2011年水质监测资料中的高锰酸盐指数、氨氮和总磷3项水质指标,对汉江中下游干流水质状况、时空变化趋势进行分析和评价。研究结果表明:(1)汉江中下游干流水质总体状况良好,除罗汉闸断面总磷为Ⅲ类,其余断面各项水质指标均为Ⅱ类;(2)2001-2011年,沈湾、罗汉闸断面氨氮浓度显著下降趋势;余家湖断面高锰酸盐指数、氨氮和总磷浓度显著下降趋势;泽口断面高锰酸盐指数浓度显著下降趋势;(3)汉江干流河段高锰酸盐指数、氨氮和总磷等3项水质指标在白家湾断面以上相对较低,余家湖断面以下相对较高,中游河段水质优于下游。     

干季滇池水质与盘龙江水质的研究

通过对滇池水域和盘龙江下游水质进行采样,分析了水中pH值、浊度、溶解氧(DO)、电导率、叶绿素、化学需氧量(COD)、总磷(TP)、氨态氮(NH3-N)等8个指标。研究表明,滇池近岸水域中pH值偏碱性、浊度大、叶绿素含量和化学需氧量高、总磷量高、溶解氧过饱和;在滇池外海水域,除溶解氧、叶绿素较高外,其余指标大多在水质标准(Ⅲ类)范围内;而在盘龙江下游区域内,水质差,各项指标都超过地表水Ⅴ类标准,这一事实可能会加重滇池的水体污染。     

滦河流域上游地区主要河流水污染特征及评价

在水资源管理与污染控制的研究过程中,进行水质特征分析与评价具有重要意义.本研究选取滦河流域上游地区29个监测站点,在2010年对河流溶解氧、氨氮、高锰酸盐指数等14项指标进行监测,并分别采用了单因子评价法、综合污染指数法、分级评价法、内梅罗污染指数法、模糊综合评价法及水质标识指数法6种方法对该地区主要河流水污染特征进行分析及评价.结果表明,水质标识指数法比较适于滦河流域上游地区河流的评价.单因子水质标识指数显示,该地区的主要污染物为总氮、氨氮、总磷和高锰酸盐指数,基本呈现富营养化状态;29个站点中小东区水质最差,达到劣Ⅴ类水质,且出现黑臭现象;波罗诺、窑沟门、下板城和平泉4个站点水质最好,均达到Ⅰ类标准;在河流总体评价中,柳河污染最为严重.根据评价结果将所有监测站点分为达标和未达标两类,并应用主成分分析和多元线性回归进行分析,结果表明达标站点和未达标站点的污染物的最大贡献者分别是生活污水和工业废水.研究结果对指导滦河流域水污染防治及水资源管理具有重要意义.     

Mann-Kendall检验法在抚仙湖水质趋势分析中的应用

采用玉溪市环境监测站2003—2013年抚仙湖水质监测资料,应用Mann-Kendall检验法对主要水质指标的年际变化、月际变化特征及趋势,以及趋势变化的空间差异进行分析。结果表明:2003—2013年抚仙湖综合污染指数、总氮、透明度、叶绿素a等4项指标随时间呈上升趋势,但变化不显著。哨嘴综合污染指数上升较为明显一些,湖心叶绿素a存在显著的上升趋势。哨嘴、尖山两个测点总氮上升趋势较为突出一些,但变化不显著。     

生物监测与昆明环境

生物监测项目多、功能全，对环境污染具有综合性、累积性反映的特点。对滇池中浮游植物、浮游动物和底栖动物的监测结果表明，滇池富营养化进程仍在发展，并对外海带来严重影响。盘龙江水质仍在下降，而螳螂川水质９２年较９１年略有改善。利用紫露草微核技术监测的结果还表明了三个水厂水源受污染程度的变化。     

“十三五”期间入滇河道水质变化趋势分析

文章分析了“十三五”期间滇池流域24条主要入滇河道水质和主要污染物超标指标的变化趋势,以及牛栏江-滇池生态补水工程对盘龙江水质影响。结果表明,“十三五”期间滇池流域主要24条入滇河道水质总体呈好转趋势,劣Ⅴ类水质断面明显下降,由70.8%下降为8.3%;优良水质（Ⅰ-Ⅲ类）断面占比逐年上升,由0%上升为41.7%。滇池流域整体水质状况由重度污染转为轻度污染,主要污染物断面超标率逐年下降,CODCr、总磷、溶解氧三项指标超标率分别下降了83.3%、45.8%、33.3%,LAS已不再是污染因子;但氨氮、总磷、CODMn等仍是入滇河道水质提升的主要限制因子。盘龙江水质逐年向好,牛栏江-滇池生态补水工程是盘龙水质改善的影响因子,但不是决定因子,相应的合流制溢流污染控制、完善优化排水系统、防洪调蓄、河道管理能力提升是水质向好的主要原因。     

陕西省渭河流域水质变化分析研究

针对陕西省渭河流域水质变化问题,采集该流域内2010年-2016年7个监测断面的水质数据,采用综合污染指数法对水质主要污染指标化学需氧量、氨氮的变化特征进行分析,分析结果表明选取的各断面6年间综合污染指数值总体呈下降趋势,最少的下降56.7％,最多的甚至下降90.6％,且渭河陕西干流断面水质明显优于支流断面水质.说明陕西省渭河流域水质逐年好转.最后根据水质监测与分析结果,给出水质污染状况变化的可能原因,并提出了一些水污染治理建议措施.     

2003—2022年柴窝堡湖水环境质量特征分析

探究柴窝堡湖水环境质量时空不连续数据历史变化情况可为后续水环境治理提供依据.基于柴窝堡湖2003—2022年水质、面积、矿化度等数据,采用单因子水质标识指数、综合水质标识指数、Spearman相关系数和Mann-Kenndall检验等方法,分析讨论了柴窝堡湖水环境因子的变化特征.结果表明：2003—2022年柴窝堡湖的综合水质标识指数随时间呈先上升后下降的趋势,2022年较2013年最大值下降了50.68%.22项指标中超标因子的数量呈先上升后下降再上升后保持平稳的趋势.至2022年,DO、砷和氨氮已达到III类水目标,其他指标均呈下降趋势,但单因子水质标识指数仍是劣V类或V类.超标因子高锰酸盐指数、COD和BOD5彼此之间都与矿化度呈显著相关且相关系数较高,这一关联在污染严重的进水区和岸边区尤为明显.综合来看,柴窝堡湖水环境经过治理在逐渐变好,但水环境质量仍存在较大挑战.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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