水稻化感品种和非化感品种对稗草伴生的响应差异

利用作物自身的化感作用控制农田杂草是生态安全条件下农田杂草综合防治的有效途径,但在水稻Oryza sativa和稗草Echinochloa crusgalli的种间关系研究中化感作用对资源竞争的影响常被忽略。通过研究田间稗草伴生条件下,水稻化感品种和非化感品种生物量及形态特征的变化,结合水稻和稗草植株养分含量及根区土壤养分含量,分析水稻化感品种和非化感品种对稗草竞争的响应差异。稗草混种后,水稻化感品种根系生物量提高、叶面积增大;非化感品种生物量、株高、叶面积显著下降。与水稻化感品种混种,稗草株高、生物量、叶面积与单种对照差异不显著;而与非化感水稻混种,稗草株高、生物量、叶面积显著升高。水稻化感品种和稗草混种,水稻植株磷含量和根区土壤铵态氮含量增加,稗草根区土壤养分含量降低;而水稻非化感品种和稗草混种,水稻根区土壤铵态氮含量和植株氮含量下降,稗草茎叶氮含量增加,根区土壤养分含量与单种差异不显著。水稻化感品种对稗草的相对总产量和养分竞争比例显著高于非化感品种。可见,水稻化感品种和非化感品种对伴生稗草的响应和影响不同,水稻和稗草伴生系统中化感品种较非化感品种对稗草更具有竞争优势,二者形态特征及其对稗草根区土壤养分影响的差异,影响了其自身对伴生稗草的竞争能力。     

稗草根系分泌物诱导下水稻化感抑草潜力及根际土壤微生物多样性变化

采用土壤抑草圈法研究水稻/稗草共培下,稗草种植液诱导对水稻化感抑草潜力及根际土壤微生物多样性的影响.结果表明,稗草种植液诱导显著提升了化感水稻PI312777和非化感水稻Lemont对稗草生长的抑制作用. PI312777对稗草株高、鲜重和干重的抑制率分别增加5.17%、5.03%和5.77%;Lemont分别增加7.18%、5.49%和1.99%.诱导处理后2种水稻根际土壤细菌、真菌和放线菌数量均没有显著变化,但诱导后非化感水稻Lemont根际真菌/细菌比率更接近化感水稻PI312777.诱导处理提高了2种水稻根际微生物碳源利用率,化感水稻PI312777根际土壤微生物对氨基酸类、羧酸类、胺类和多聚物类碳源的利用程度都显著提高,分别提高1.16、1.44、1.1倍和1.33倍;非化感水稻Lemont根际土壤微生物对糖类、氨基酸类、羧酸类和胺类碳源的利用程度都显著提高,分别提高1.80、1.90、2.54和1.61倍.相关性分析表明,水稻根际土壤微生物对酚酸类、羧酸类和胺类碳源的利用程度与稗草抑制率呈显著正相关.本研究结果表明诱导提高水稻化感抑草潜力与根际土壤微生物的变化密切相关,诱导提高水稻酚酸类物质分泌释放引起了土壤微生物变化,对水稻化感抑草作用起重要的调节作用.(图3表3参36)     

外源脱落酸对水稻苗期根系形态建成及其诱导化感作用的影响

外源添加化学物质诱导可提高水稻化感潜力,是一种可被开发利用的可持续除草模式.在透明玻璃根箱中进行水稻/稗草共培种植,研究外源脱落酸对化感水稻PI312777和非化感水稻Lemont的根系形态建成及其诱导化感作用的影响.结果表明,3μmol/L脱落酸诱导后的化感水稻PI和非化感水稻Le对稗草株高的总化感作用（TA）值较遗传化感作用（GA）显著提高,且Le的诱导化感作用（IA）占其TA的比值（23%-31%）趋近于PI的占比（24%-35%）.诱导处理后两种水稻在地下的根系行为均由躲避模式变为侵入模式,且两种水稻的根系总根长、总表面积、总体积都显著提高.此外,诱导处理后化感水稻PI和非化感水稻Le水稻叶片中8种酚酸总含量均显著增加,分别提高了20.22%、20.47%.化感水稻PI32777根系总根长、总体积、叶片中8种酚酸总含量与稗草抑制率呈显著正相关,非化感水稻Lemont总根长、总根尖数、叶片中8种酚酸总含量与稗草抑制率呈显著正相关.上述研究结果表明外源脱落酸诱导促进了水稻的根系形态建成,提高了水稻酚酸类物质分泌释放,增加了水稻的化感潜力,更重要的是使非化感水稻的诱导化感作用趋于化感...     

豆科牧草对4种农田常见杂草和水稻化感作用的研究

采用室内生测试验评价了白三叶、紫花苜蓿和毛苕子等3种豆科牧草新鲜茎叶的水浸提液对狗牙根、稗草、马唐和牛筋草等4种农田常见杂草种子萌发和幼苗生长的化感作用。利用盆栽试验研究3种豆科牧草的茎叶按不同比例与土混匀后对水稻秧苗生长的影响。结果表明：供体豆科牧草茎叶的水浸提液对狗牙根、稗草、马唐和牛筋草等的萌发率和幼苗生长均有不同程度的抑制作用,且随着水浸提液质量浓度的增加其抑制作用增强。浸提液质量浓度为0.1 g.mL-1时,毛苕子对稗草种子萌发的抑制作用强于其它3种,抑制率达50.8%;毛苕子对牛筋草幼苗根的抑制作用最强,抑制率达59.9%;白三叶对稗草幼苗茎的抑制率达54.3%。同时将豆科牧草的m（新鲜茎叶）-m（土）为1%和2%时,对水稻的苗高和地上部分的生物量有促进作用,3%时则抑制了水稻的生长。研究表明：施用适量的豆科牧草可以促进水稻生长,同时可有效控制稻田杂草。     

低磷诱导水稻化感抑草能力增强的分子生理特性

以化感水稻PI312777和非化感水稻Lemont为供体,以无芒稗(Echinochloa crusgalli L.)为受体,采用水培的方法研究低磷(P,0.5 mg L-1)胁迫下稻/稗共培体系中水稻化感抑草作用的分子生理机制.结果表明,低磷条件下,化感水稻PI312777抑草效应增强,对稗草的保护酶活性及其它生理生化指标呈明显的抑制作用.进一步分析发现,低磷条件下,化感水稻PI312777根和叶组织中苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性及总酚含量上升,且明显高于非化感水稻Lemont.对水稻根系分泌物中酚类物质的HPLC分析结果表明,低磷条件下,从化感水稻PI312777根系分泌物中检出的酚酸类物质总量是正常磷素条件下的2.89倍,而非化感水稻Lemont中的则是正常磷素条件下的1.17倍.两个水稻品种根部和叶部酚酸代谢途径关键酶基因的差异表达分析结果表明,化感水稻PI312777酚酸代谢途径的4个关键酶基因均上调表达,而非化感水稻Lemont中只有苯丙氨酸解氨酶基因上调,其余均下调.可见,低磷条件下,化感水稻PI312777化感抑草能力增强与其酚酸代谢途径关键酶基因增强表达,代谢途径旺盛,进而导致酚酸类物质含量增加有关.     

入侵物种三裂叶蟛蜞菊挥发物的化感作用研究

对华南地区重要外来入侵物种三裂叶蟛蜞菊挥发物的化感作用进行了研究,以揭示该物种的入侵机制。采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取三裂叶蟛蜞菊地上部分的挥发油,提取率为2.58‰(质量比)。以稗草、三叶鬼针草和青葙3种杂草种子为供试对象,用种子萌发法测定了三裂叶蟛蜞菊挥发物的化感作用活性。结果表明:三裂叶蟛蜞菊的茎叶在密闭系统中产生的挥发性物质对稗草、三叶鬼针草和青葙的幼苗生长有显著抑制作用。稗草的根长、苗高和鲜质量分别比对照减少49.1%、35.0%和27.3%,三叶鬼针草的分别比对照减少18.8%、20.9%和28.6%,青葙的分别比对照减少62.9%、21.2%和50.0%。水蒸气蒸馏法所得的挥发油对稗草、三叶鬼针草和青葙的幼苗生长也有显著抑制作用,且抑制作用随着浓度的增大而增强。稗草的根长、苗高和鲜质量分别比对照减少88.2%、58.3%和45.5%,三叶鬼针草的根长、苗高和鲜质量分别比对照减少38.6%、34.5%和71.4%,青葙的根长、苗高和鲜质量分别比对照减少83.7%、51.5%和75.0%。结论:三裂叶蟛蜞挥发物具有化感作用,其作用机理值得深入研究。     

田间直播下化感水稻抑草作用及其根际土壤微生物生理特性动态

在人工除草与不除草的田间种植模式下,研究化感水稻PI312777和非化感水稻Lemont苗期对田间杂草的抑制作用、根际土壤的化感潜力以及根际土壤微生物生理特性动态.结果显示,PI312777的田间抑草率在7叶期达85.82%.土壤-琼脂三明治法实验表明,5叶期的PI312777根际土壤对稗草干重抑制率显著高于3叶期,不除草处理下5叶期比3叶期增加了20.16%.在相同叶期下,PI312777的根际土壤微生物生物量碳及呼吸强度、细菌数量和土壤酶(脲酶、蛋白酶和蔗糖酶)活性均远高于Lemont,且不除草处理下显著高于除草处理.PI312777根际土壤抑草率和土壤微生物生理指标均表现为3叶期到5叶期之间的增幅最大.不除草处理下,化感水稻PI312777根际土壤微生物生物量碳、呼吸强度、细菌数量、脲酶活性、蛋白酶活性和蔗糖酶活性,5叶期比3叶期分别增加了53.11%、51.56%、38.97%、44.83%、60.00%和41.92%.本研究结果表明水稻化感作用与根际土壤微生物活动关系紧密,水稻化感物质引起土壤微生物变化,水稻化感作用是一个植物-土壤之间的相互作用过程.     

密度和品种对玉米田杂草及玉米产量的影响

通过对玉米田杂草的调查,研究了不同密度和品种对玉米田杂草种类和生物量变化及玉米产量的影响。结果表明:在玉米全生育期内共发现以稗草(Echinochloa colonum(Linn.)Link)、水花生(Alternanthera philoxeroides)、水芹(Lepidiumsativum)等为主的21种杂草,以水芹的重要值最高;随密度的增加杂草的总数量和鲜质量减少;半紧凑型品种对杂草数量和生物量的抑制作用大于紧凑型品种,且产量高出了21.99%。密度对玉米产量的影响差异不显著,以B3(57 000株/hm2)产量最高,比常规密度B1(42 000株/hm2)和高密度B4(64 500株/hm2)的产量提高了14.17%和0.6%。可见,应根据玉米的品种类型,因地制宜地确定适宜的种植密度,以利于高产稳产。     

密度和品种对玉米田杂草及玉米产量的影响

通过对玉米田杂草的调查,研究了不同密度和品种对玉米田杂草种类和生物量变化及玉米产量的影响。结果表明：在玉米全生育期内共发现以稗草（Echinochloa colonum（Linn.）Link）、水花生（Alternanthera philoxeroides）、水芹（Lepidiumsativum）等为主的21种杂草,以水芹的重要值最高;随密度的增加杂草的总数量和鲜质量减少;半紧凑型品种对杂草数量和生物量的抑制作用大于紧凑型品种,且产量高出了21.99%。密度对玉米产量的影响差异不显著,以B3（57 000株/hm2）产量最高,比常规密度B1（42 000株/hm2）和高密度B4（64 500株/hm2）的产量提高了14.17%和0.6%。可见,应根据玉米的品种类型,因地制宜地确定适宜的种植密度,以利于高产稳产。     

不同品种水稻糙米含镉量差异

采用盆栽土培法研究7个类型共46种水稻糙米含镉量的差异。结果表明,不同水稻品种糙米含镉量差异显著。在土壤含镉量为2 mg.kg-1时,46种水稻糙米含镉量变化范围为0.428~2.558 mg.kg-1。7种类型水稻糙米含镉量从高到低依次为特种稻、常规早籼稻、三系杂交晚稻、两系杂交晚稻、常规晚籼稻、常规粳稻、爪洼稻。     

沈阳地区水田主要杂草种群的消长动态及生态位分析

对沈阳地区水田主要杂草群落的种类组成、消长动态规律及其生态位的研究结果表明 :沈阳地区水田杂草群落主要由稗 (Echinochloacrusgalli)、大狼把草 (Bidensfrondosa)、耳基水苋 (Ammanniaarenaria)、丁香蓼 (Lud wigiaprostrata)、牛毛毡 (Eleocharisacicularis)、鹅肠菜 (Myosotonaquaticum)、风花菜 (Rorippaislandica)和石胡荽(Centipedaminima)组成 ,其中 ,稗、大狼把草、丁香蓼和耳基水苋为主要危害种群 ;从时间、水平和垂直生态位宽度值来看 ,稗和大狼把草为本地区水田杂草群落中的优势种群 ,且 2者的生态位重叠值较高 ,若单独使用杀稗类除草剂 ,必然会导致大狼把草等阔叶杂草的猖獗和蔓延     

Field tests to study the dynamics of weed inhibition of allelopathic rice and microbial physiological traits of rice rhizospheric soils北大核心CSCD

The weed inhibition of allelopathic rice PI312777 and nonallelopathic rice Lemont, allelopathic potential of rice rhizospheric soils, as well as the microbial physiological traits of rice rhizospheric soils, were studied by field tests after weedremoving and weed treatments. The results showed that the inhibitory rate of PI312777 at the 7-leaf stage on paddy weeds was 85.82%. Results of the Soil-Agar Sandwich method revealed that the allelopathic potential of PI312777 rhizospheric soils on the inhibitory rate of plant dry weight of barnyard grass was significantly higher at the 5-leaf stage than that at the 3-leaf stage, and increased by 20.16% from the 3-leaf stage to the 5-leaf stage after weed treatment. When at the same leaf stage, the soil microbe biomass carbon and soil respiration, the number of soil bacteria, and activity of soil enzymes (urease, protease, and sucrase) were significantly higher in PI312777 rhizospheric soils than in Lemont rhizospheric soils; they were also higher after the weed-removing treatment than after weed treatment. The largest increase of soil allelopathic potentials and soil microbial physiological indexes in PI312777 rhizospheric soils appeared from the 3-leaf stage to the 5-leaf stage. In case of weed treatment, the allelopathic potential of PI312777 rhizospheric soils on the soil microbe biomass carbon, soil respiration, the number of soil bacteria, activity of urease, activity of protease, and activity of sucrase increased by 53.11%, 51.56%, 38.97%, 44.83%, 60.00%, and 41.92%, respectively, from the 3-leaf stage to the 5-leaf stage. These results indicated that rice allelopathy had a close relationship with the activity of rhizospheric soils. Rice allelochemicals lead to the change of soil microbes; rice allelopathy is a process based on plant-soil interaction. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

入侵物种三裂叶蟛蜞菊挥发物对杂草叶绿素含量的影响

研究了华南地区外来入侵植物三裂叶蟛蜞菊（Wedelia trilobata L.）挥发物对本地区3种主要杂草的叶绿素含量的影响,以揭示其化感作用的机理。结果表明：三裂叶蟛蜞菊植株挥发物和挥发油对稗草（Echinochloa crusgalli（L.）Beauv.）、三叶鬼针草（Bidens pilosa L.）和青葙（Celosia argentea L.）叶绿素含量有明显的抑制作用。在同一实验条件下,250.0 g三裂叶蟛蜞菊新鲜茎叶及含有0.10 mL、0.25 mL和0.50 mL挥发油容器中生长的稗草、三叶鬼针草和青葙的叶绿素含量明显减少,稗草的叶绿素含量分别比对照减少56.5%、41.9%、49.6%和64.9%;三叶鬼针草的叶绿素含量分别比对照减少6.45%、4.35%、15.3%和24.8%;青葙的叶绿素含量分别比对照减少53.3%、17.6%、33.3%和71.5%。结论：三裂叶蟛蜞菊挥发物的化感作用可使受体植物的叶绿素含量减少。其作用机理值得深入研究。     

Allelopathy,a chance for sustainable weed management

The exploitation of crop allelopathy against weeds may be useful to reduce issues related to the use of herbicides. Several crops, such as alfalfa, barley, black mustard, buckwheat, rice, sorghum, sunflower and wheat, demonstrate strong weed suppression ability, either by exuding allelochemical compounds from living plant parts or from decomposing residues. As well as the positive effect on weed reduction, the introduction in agronomic rotations of allelopathic crops, their use as a mulch to smother crops or as a green manure may also be helpful in reduction of other agricultural problems, such as environmental pollution, use of unsafe products and human health concerns, through a reduction in chemical inputs. Knowledge of allelopathic properties of crops may also be advantageous in mitigation of soil sickness. Moreover, information on weed allelopathy may be profitable in preventing serious crop damage if the weed biomass is buried in the soil, and a crop susceptible to allellochemicals is planned for the following year. The use of allelopathic traits from crops or cultivars with important weed inhibition qualities, together with common weed control strategies, can play an important role in the establishment of sustainable agriculture.     

Studies on seed germination and growth in weed species of rice field under salinity stress

An investigation was made to see the salt tolerance of 10 weed species of rice. Properly dried and treated seeds of weed species were placed on 9 cm diameter petridishes lined with Whatman No. 1 filter paper under 6 salinity regimes, viz. 0 (control), 4, 8, 16, 24 and 32 dS m(-1). The petri dishes were then kept in germinator at 25 +/- 1.0 degrees C and 12 hr light. The number of germinated seeds were recorded daily. The final germination percentage, germination index (GI), seedling vigour index, mean germination time and time for 50% germination were estimated. Root and shoot lengths of the weed seedlings were measured at 20 days after salt application and relative growth values were calculated. Results revealed that salinity decreased final germination percentage, seed of germination as measured by GI, and shoot and root length in all the species. Germination of most of the weed seeds was completely arrested (0) at 32 dS m(-1) salinity except in E. colona (12%) and C. iria (13.9%). The species C. iria, E. colona, J. linifolia and E. crusgalli showed better germination (above 30%) upto 24 dS m(-1) salinity level and were regarded as salt-tolerant weed species. J. linifolia, F. miliacea, L. chinensis and O. sativa L. (weedy rice) were graded as moderately tolerant and S. zeylanica, S. grosus and C. difformis were regarded as least tolerant weed species.     

五爪金龙凋落叶腐解物的化感潜力研究

采用莴苣种子为受体,测试了五爪金龙凋落叶早期腐解物的化感作用,并与其鲜叶及凋落叶的化感潜力进行了比较分析。结果如下:凋落叶40d的腐解物、鲜叶及凋落叶的水提取液均具有较强的化感潜力,并表现出低促高抑的浓度效应,在FW0.1g﹒mL-1高质量浓度下的综合化感抑制强度为凋落叶未能加土壤的腐解物>鲜叶>凋落叶加土壤的腐解物>凋落叶,而在FW0.005g﹒mL-1低质量浓度下的综合化感促进作用是凋落叶>鲜叶>凋落叶加土壤的腐解物>凋落叶未加土壤的腐解物。鲜叶的抑制强度较凋落叶的大,表明叶片在衰老过程中抑制作用减弱。凋落叶未加土壤仅在空气微生物作用下的腐解物抑制作用最强,促进作用最小,而加入土壤后在土壤微生物作用下的腐解物的抑制作用却有所减弱,抑制强度介于鲜叶和凋落叶的之间,促进作用却小于鲜叶和凋落叶,说明凋落叶腐解过程中微生物的参与对化感作用产生了复杂的影响。     

大气CO2浓度升高对水稻和稗草根系生长的影响

在两种N水平下(低N 10 mg.L-1和常N 30 mg.L-1),采用水培方法比较了分蘖盛期C3植物水稻(O ryzasativa)和C4植物稗草(Echinochloa crusgalli)在CO2浓度升高(550μmol.mol-1)和CO2浓度未升高(350μmol.mol-1)条件下的根系生长变化。结果表明,常N水平下高浓度CO2显著增加水稻和稗草的根干重、根体积、根总长和根直径,水稻对CO2浓度升高的响应强于稗草;低N胁迫时,高浓度CO2显著增加稗草的根干重、根体积和根总长,而对水稻生长无明显促进作用。在两种N水平下,高浓度CO2均显著降低水稻和稗草根系N含量,而C含量上升不明显,导致C/N比值显著增加。高浓度CO2显著降低水稻和稗草单位根重根毛数,这可能是CO2浓度升高条件下根系活力显著降低的形态学原因之一。     

几种菊科入侵植物和非入侵植物的化感作用比较

以萝卜为受体,采用培养皿法比较研究了几种菊科入侵种和非入侵种的化感潜力。结果表明：入侵种和非入侵种都具有化感作用,且入侵种在高浓度下的化感抑制作用强度不一定都大于非入侵种。在0.2 g.mL-1浓度时,艾蒿和黄鹌菜的综合化感作用强度分别是小飞蓬的2.5和3.1倍;而紫茎泽兰和银胶菊则是小飞蓬的3.8和3.5倍。而不同植物浸提液对萝卜的不同检测指标影响不同。其中,紫茎泽兰对萝卜种子发芽和幼苗生长的影响主要表现为化感抑制作用。银胶菊和除0.025 g.mL-1外的黄鹌菜各浸提液都使萝卜种子萌发受较强的抑制,且抑制强度随浸提液浓度的升高而增大,而对幼苗生长则表现为＂低促高抑＂的规律。小飞蓬和苦荬菜对萝卜种子萌发和幼苗根长为抑制作用,但对其苗高和鲜质量为促进作用。除0.025 g.mL-1外,艾蒿对萝卜种子萌发和幼苗根长有较强的抵制,对其苗高和鲜质量则呈＂低促高抑＂的规律。