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1.
The aim of this study is to determine the possibility of using Rinodina sophodes (Ach.) Massal., a crustose lichen as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) bioaccumulator for evaluation of atmospheric
pollution in tropical areas of India, where few species of lichens are able to grow. PAHs were identified, quantified and
compared to evaluate the potential utility of R. sophodes. The limit of detection for different PAHs was found to be 0.008–0.050 μg g − 1. The total PAHs in different sites were ranged between 0.189 ± 0.029 and 0.494 ± 0.105 μg g − 1. The major sources of PAHs were combustion of organic materials, traffic and vehicular exhaust (diesel and gasoline engine).
Significantly higher concentration of acenaphthylene and phenanthrene indicates road traffic as major source of PAH pollution
in the city. Two-way ANOVA also confirms that all PAHs content showed significant differences between all sampling sites (P
1%). This study establishes the utility of R. sophodes in monitoring the PAHs accumulation potentiality for development of effective tool and explores the most potential traits
resistant to the hazardous environmental conditions in the tropical regions of north India, where no such other effective
way of biomonitoring is known so far. 相似文献
2.
The fertigation effect of distillery effluents concentrations such as 5%, 10%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% were studied on Trigonella foenu-graecu (Pusa early bunching) along with control (bore well water). On irrigation of soil with different effluents up to 90 days
of harvesting, it was observed that there was a significant effect on moisture content (P < 0.001), EC, pH, Cl − , total organic carbon (TOC), HCO3-_{3}^{-}, CO3-2_{3}^{-2}, Na + , K + , Ca2 + , Mg2 + , Fe2 + , TKN, NO32-_{3}^{2-}, PO43-_{4}^{3-}, and SO42-_{4}^{2-} (P < 0.0001) and insignificant effect on WHC and bulk density (P > 0.05).There was no significant change in the soil texture
of the soil. Among various concentrations of effluent irrigation, the irrigation with 100% effluent concentration decreased
pH (16.66%) and increased moisture content (30.82%), EC(84.13%), Cl − (292.37%), TOC (4311.61%), HCO3-_{3}^{-} (27.76%), CO3-2_{3}^{-2} (32.63%), Na + (273%), K + (31.59%), Ca2 + (729.76%), Mg2 + (740.47%), TKN (1723.32%), NO32-_{3}^{2-} (98.02%), PO43-_{4}^{3-} (337.79%), and SO42-_{4}^{2-} (77.78%), Fe2 + (359.91%), Zn (980.48%), Cu (451.51%), Cd (3033.33%), Pb (2350.00%), and Cr (2375.00%) in the soil. The agronomical parameters
such as shoot length, root length, number of leaves, flowers, pods, dry weight, chlorophyll content, LAI, crop yield, and
HI of T. foenum-graecum were recorded to be in increasing order at low concentration of the effluent, i.e., from 5% to 50% and in decreasing order
at higher effluent concentration, i.e., from 75% to 100% as compared to control. The enrichment factor of various heavy metals
was ordered for soil Cd>Cr> Pb>Zn>Cu>Fe and for T. foenum-graecum plants Pb>Cr>Cd>Cu>Zn>Fe after irrigation with distillery effluent. 相似文献
3.
Disturbance by military maneuvers over short and long time scales may have differential effects on grassland communities.
We assessed small mammals as indicators of disturbance by military maneuvers in a mixed prairie in southern Oklahoma USA.
We examined sites on two soil series, Foard and Lawton, across a gradient of disturbance intensity. A MANOVA showed that abundance
of small mammals was associated (p = 0.03) with short-term (cover of vehicle tracks) disturbance but was not associated (p = 0.12) with long-term (loss of soil organic carbon, SOC) disturbance intensity. At the individual species level, Sigmodon hispidus (cotton rat) and Peromyscus maniculatus (deer mouse) occurred across all levels of disturbance and in both soil types. Only P. maniculatus abundance changed (p < 0.01) with short-term disturbance and increased by about one individual per 5% of additional track-cover. Abundance of
P. maniculatus also increased (p = 0.04) by about three individuals per 1% increase in soil carbon. Chaetodipus hispidus (hispid pocket mouse) and Reithrodontomys fulvescens (fulvous harvest mouse) only occurred in single soil types limiting their potential as more general indicators. Abundance
of P. maniculatus was positively related to shifts in plant species composition and likely reflected changes in vegetation structure (i.e.
litter depth) and forage availability resulting from disturbance. Peromyscus maniculatus may be a useful biological indicator of ecosystem change because it responded predictably to both long-term and short-term
disturbance and, when coupled with soil, plant, and disturbance history variables, can reveal land condition trends. 相似文献
4.
Health risk assessment of heavy metals for edible parts of vegetables grown in sewage-irrigated soils in suburbs of Baoding City,China 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Zhan-Jun Xue Shu-Qing Liu Yan-Ling Liu Yong-Lu Yan 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2012,184(6):3503-3513
With the long-term application of wastewater to vegetable production fields, there is concern about potential health risks
of heavy metals contaminating the edible parts of vegetables grown in contaminated soils in the suburban areas of Baoding
City, China. The average concentration of elemental Zn in sewage-irrigated soil was the highest (153.77 mg kg−1), followed by Pb (38.35 mg kg−1), Cu (35.06 mg kg−1), Ni (29.81 mg kg−1), and Cd (0.22 mg kg−1) which were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those in the reference soil. The results showed that long-term sewage irrigation had led to a growing accumulation
of heavy metals in the soils, especially for Cd, Zn, and Pb. Furthermore, the concentrations of elemental Cd, Zn, and Ni in
vegetables (e.g., Beassica pekinensis L., Allium fistulosum L., Spinacia oleracea L.) collected from the wastewater-irrigated soils exceeded the maximum permissible limits, and this also increased the daily
intake of metals by food. However, compared with the health risk index of <1 for heavy metals, the ingestion of vegetables
from the soils irrigated with sewage effluent posed a low health risk. Nevertheless, heavy metal concentrations should be
periodically monitored in vegetables grown in these soils together with the implementation effective remediation technologies
to minimize possible impacts on human health. 相似文献
5.
Chrastný V Vaněk A Teper L Cabala J Procházka J Pechar L Drahota P Penížek V Komárek M Novák M 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2012,184(4):2517-2536
The soils adjacent to an area of historical mining, ore processing and smelting activities reflects the historical background
and a mixing of recent contamination sources. The main anthropogenic sources of metals can be connected with historical and
recent mine wastes, direct atmospheric deposition from mining and smelting processes and dust particles originating from open
tailings ponds. Contaminated agriculture and forest soil samples with mining and smelting related pollutants were collected
at different distances from the source of emission in the Pb–Zn–Ag mining area near Olkusz, Upper Silesia to (a) compare the
chemical speciation of metals in agriculture and forest soils situated at the same distance from the point source of pollution
(paired sampling design), (b) to evaluate the relationship between the distance from the polluter and the retention of the
metals in the soil, (c) to describe mineralogy transformation of anthropogenic soil particles in the soils, and (d) to assess
the effect of deposited fly ash vs. dumped mining/smelting waste on the mobility and bioavailability of metals in the soil.
Forest soils are much more affected with smelting processes than agriculture soils. However, agriculture soils suffer from
the downward metal migration more than the forest soils. The maximum concentrations of Pb, Zn, and Cd were detected in a forest
soil profile near the smelter and reached about 25 g kg − 1, 20 g kg − 1 and 200 mg kg − 1 for Pb, Zn and Cd, respectively. The metal pollutants from smelting processes are less stable under slightly alkaline soil
pH then acidic due to the metal carbonates precipitation. Metal mobility ranges in the studied forest soils are as follows:
Pb > Zn ≈ Cd for relatively circum-neutral soil pH (near the smelter), Cd > Zn > Pb for acidic soils (further from the smelter).
Under relatively comparable pH conditions, the main soil properties influencing metal migration are total organic carbon and
cation exchange capacity. The mobilization of Pb, Zn and Cd in soils depends on the persistence of the metal-containing particles
in the atmosphere; the longer the time, the more abundant the stable forms. The dumped mining/smelting waste is less risk
of easily mobilizable metal forms, however, downward metal migration especially due to the periodical leaching of the waste
was observed. 相似文献
6.
An experiment was conducted under laboratory conditions to investigate the effect of two systemic herbicides viz., pendimethalin
and quizalofop, at their recommended field rates (1.0 kg and 50 g active ingredient ha − 1, respectively) on the growth and activities of non-symbiotic N2-fixing bacteria in relation to mineralization and availability of nitrogen in a Typic Haplustept soil. Both the herbicides, either singly or in a combination, stimulated the growth and activities of N2-fixing bacteria resulting in higher mineralization and availability of nitrogen in soil. The single application of quizalofop
increased the proliferation of aerobic non-symbiotic N2-fixing bacteria to the highest extent while that of pendimethalin exerted maximum stimulation to their N2-fixing capacity in soil. Both the herbicides, either alone or in a combination, did not have any significant difference in
the stimulation of total nitrogen content and availability of exchangeable NH4
+ while the solubility of NO3
− was highly manifested when the herbicides were applied separately in soil. 相似文献
7.
Needles of three pine species (Pinus halepensis, Pinus pinea and Pinus nigra) were analysed to assess the occurrence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in 34 sites located throughout the Ebro
River, in Northeast Spain. Overall, the concentration varied between 55 and 808 ng g − 1 (dry weight). The three- and four-ring PAHs were the most representative, with phenanthrene having 43% of the total PAH load
and naphthalene showing a high incidence in rural areas. Despite matrix apparent similarities, P. halepensis needles revealed higher entrapment levels than P. nigra and P. pinea, the latter showing the lowest levels. The assessment of possible sources using PAH ratios (phenanthrene/anthracene and fluoranthene/pyrene)
did not reveal a clear tendency regarding the distinction of petrogenic and pyrogenic sources in general, reflecting heterogeneous
sources of PAHs in the Ebro area. 相似文献
8.
Mohanty M Pattnaik MM Mishra AK Patra HK 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2012,184(2):1015-1024
Mine waste water at South Kaliapani usually contains toxic levels of hexavalent Cr(VI). The present in situ study was conducted at South Kaliapani chromite mine area in Orissa state, India, to assess the phytoremediation ability
of three plants, namely, rice (Oryza sativa L.), paragrass (Brachiaria mutica), and an aquatic weed (Eichhornia crassipes), in attenuating Cr(VI) from mine waste water and to correlate the bio-concentration factors (BCF) of Cr. Water hyacinth
(E. crassipes) showed 24% to 54% reduction whereas paragrass (B. mutica) was able to reduce 18% to 33% of Cr(VI) from mine water. This reduction was studied over a period of 100 days of plant growth.
The reduction was observed through a passage of a sum total of 2,000 sq. ft. cultivated plots and ponds separately. Reduction
in Cr(VI) content in mine water varies with plant age as well as with the distance of passage. Cr accumulation and BCF values
increased with high soil Cr levels as well as the age of plants. High BCF and transportation index (Ti) values, i.e., 10,924
and 32.09, respectively, were noted for water hyacinth. The Ti values indicated that the root-to-shoot translocation of Cr
was very high after 100 days of growth. The total accumulation rate was maximum (8.29 mg Cr kg dry biomass − 1 day − 1) in paragrass. The BCF values for roots were noted to be higher than those of leaves, stems, and grains of the 125-day-old
plants. Hence, paragrass and water hyacinth may be used as tools of phytoremediation to combat the problem of in situ Cr contamination. 相似文献
9.
This study investigated the presence of total mercury (Hg) and organic mercury levels in the muscle of 19 common fresh water
fish species captured from river Ganges, West Bengal, India. The total mercury level found in our study may not cause any
toxic effect, but the methyl mercury (MeHg) level in some freshwater fish species was surprisingly very high and toxically
unacceptable. The results of mercury analysis in various specimens indicated that some fish muscles tended to accumulate high
levels of Hg, and approximately 50–84% of Hg was organic mercury. A strong positive correlation between mercury levels in
muscle with food habit and fish length (age) was found. Wallago attu possessed the highest amount of organic mercury in their muscle tissues, and it was 0.93 ± 0.61 μg Hg/g of wet weight. Whereas
in small-sized fishes Eutropiichthys murius, Puntius sarana, Cirrhinus mrigala, Mystus vittatus or Mystus gulio, and Tilapia mossambicus, it was below the detection limit. Contamination in Catla catla (0.32 ± 0.11), Anguilla bengalensis bengalensis (0.26 ± 0.07 μg Hg/g), Chitala chitala (0.25 ± 0.18), Rita rita (0.34 ± 0.14), and Ompok pabda (0.26 ± 0.04) was also above the 0.25 μg Hg/g of wet weight, the limit set by the PFA for the maximum level for consumption
of fish exposed to MeHg. Though in Labeo rohita (0.12 ± 0.03), Mastacembelus armatus (0.17 ± 0.02), Pangasius pangasius (0.12 ± 0.16), Bagarius bagarius (0.12 ± 0.01), and Clupisoma garua (0.1 ± 0.01), concentration was below the recommended level, in Lates calcarifer (0.23 ± 0.0) and Mystus aor (0.23 ± 0.1), it was threatening. Interestingly, a low concentration of Hg was found in post-monsoon samples. 相似文献
10.
Accumulation and tolerance characteristics of cadmium in Chlorophytum comosum: a popular ornamental plant and potential Cd hyperaccumulator 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
The effects on the growth, physiological indexes and the cadmium (Cd) accumulation in Chlorophytum comosum under Cd stress were examined by pot-planting. The results showed that the tolerance index (TI) of C. comosum were all above 100 in soil Cd concentration of 100 mg kg − 1. The O2·-_{2^{\bullet}}^{-} production rate and electrical conductivity of C. comosum were significantly positively correlated to Cd adding-concentration while the MDA content increased and had significant differences
with the control. The activities of SOD, CAT, and POD all rose significantly in lower Cd concentration and the Cd threshold
of them were around 10, 50 and 20 mg kg − 1, respectively. The Cd in C. comosum root and aboveground part reached 1,522 and 865·5 mg kg − 1, respectively, in Cd concentration of soil up to 200 mg kg − 1. For the advantages of high tolerance, high accumulation, and high ornamental value, C. comosum may have tremendous application value in the treatment of Cd-contaminated soils. 相似文献
11.
Mark L. Wildhaber Christopher J. Schmitt 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》1996,41(3):255-289
We developed and evaluated a total toxic units modeling approach for predicting mean toxicity as measured in laboratory tests for Great Lakes sediments containing complex mixtures of environmental contaminants (e.g., polychlorinated biphenyls, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, pesticides, chlorinated dioxins, and metals). The approach incorporates equilibrium partitioning and organic carbon control of bioavailability for organic contaminants and acid volatile sulfide (AVS) control for metals, and includes toxic equivalency for planar organic chemicals. A toxic unit is defined as the ratio of the estimated pore-water concentration of a contaminant to the chronic toxicity of that contaminant, as estimated by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Ambient Water Quality Criteria (AWQC). The toxic unit models we developed assume complete additivity of contaminant effects, are completely mechanistic in form, and were evaluated without any a posteriori modification of either the models or the data from which the models were developed and against which they were tested. A linear relationship between total toxic units, which included toxicity attributable to both iron and un-ionized ammonia, accounted for about 88% of observed variability in mean toxicity; a quadratic relationship accounted for almost 94%. Exclusion of either bioavailability components (i.e., equilibrium partitioning control of organic contaminants and AVS control of metals) or iron from the model substantially decreased its ability to predict mean toxicity. A model based solely on un-ionized ammonia accounted for about 47% of the variability in mean toxicity. We found the toxic unit approach to be a viable method for assessing and ranking the relative potential toxicity of contaminated sediments.The U.S. Government right to retain a non-exclusive royalty free licence in and to any copyright is acknowledged. 相似文献
12.
Al-Tayar NG Nagaraja P Vasantha RA Shresta AK 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2012,184(1):181-191
A simple, rapid, and sensitive method involving the interaction of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine with imipramine hydrochloride
in presence of vanadium (V) in sulfuric acid medium has been proposed for the determination of vanadium. The purple-colored
product developed showed an absorption maximum at 560 nm and was stable for 24 h. The working curve was linear over the concentration
range of 0.1–2.8 μg ml − 1, with sensitivity of detection of 0.0124 μg ml − 1. Molar absorptivity and Sandell’s sensitivity were found to be 2.6 × 104 l/mol cm and 0.0039 μg cm − 1, respectively. The accuracy of the proposed method was assessed by Student’s t test and variance ratio F test, and the results were on par with the reported method. The method was successfully used in the determination of V in
water, human urine, soil, and plant samples, and it was free from interference by various concomitant ions. 相似文献
13.
The main purpose of this paper was to carry out a source apportionment of suspended particulate matter (SPM) samples using
positive matrix factorization procedure. The central and local Government of Japan introduced strict emission regulations
in 2002/10 and 2003/10, respectively, in curbing SPM pollution from major metropolitans. This paper also highlighted the impact
of the measures taken by the central and local Government of Japan on the reduction of SPM and the contributions of sources.
SPM samples were collected for 6 years starting from 1999 to 2005 at two sites, i.e., site A (urban) and site B (suburban)
of Yokohama, Japan. Microwave digestion and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS) were employed to measure
Mg, Al, Ca, V, Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, As, Se, Rb, Sr, Ag, Cd, Cs, Ba, Pb and Bi, while water soluble ions (Na + , NH4 +_{4}^{\ \,+}, K + , Ca2 + , Mg2 + , Cl − , NO3 -_{3}^{\ \,-} and SO4 2-)_{4}^{\ \,2-}) as well as carbonaceous mass (EC and OC) were analyzed using ion chromatograph and CHN analyzer, respectively. The sources
identified at two sites were automobile, soil dust, marine aerosol, mixed sources, and secondarily formed aerosol. Also, source
quantification was performed. Automobile and soil dust were striking contributors at site A. Automobile and soil dust of SPM
aerosol might be produced from local origin at current study areas. Besides, Asian dust had an impact on high concentrations
of SPM aerosol in some certain period of the year due to the outflows of East Asian emission. In contrast, secondary aerosol
in the form of sulfate and ammonium as well as mixed sources (coal, long-transported Cs, and other unknown sources) were remarkable
at site B. Stationary/industrial combustion has apparently more impact on the release of SPM components at site B than A.
Automobile regulations in 2002 and 2003, respectively, resulted in reduction of SPM by 28% for site A and 16% for site B.
There was also net reduction of automobile contribution at both sites due to the above measures being implemented. 相似文献
14.
Remeteiová D Rusnák R Kucanová E Fióová B Ružičková S Fekete I Horváth M Dirner V 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2012,184(2):1121-1130
In this work are presented results of the complex study of two significant solid environmental samples: gravitation dust sediments
(industrial pollutants, potential source of risk elements input to soils) and soils (component of the environment, potential
source of risk elements input to food web). The first phase of this study was focused on the study of the significant chemical
properties (phase composition, content of organic and inorganic carbon) of the dust and soil samples. In the second phase,
the fractionation analysis was used on the evaluation of the mobility of chosen risk elements (Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn) in the studied
samples. The single-step extractions were applied in the order of the isolation of the element forms (fractions), with different
mobilities during defined ecological conditions by utilization of the following reagents: 1 mol dm − 3 NH4NO3 for isolation of the “mobile” fraction, 0.05 mol dm − 3 ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and 0.43 mol dm − 3 CH3COOH for isolation of the “mobilizable” fraction, and 2 mol dm − 3 HNO3 for isolation of all releasable forms. On the basis of the results obtained in this study, it is possible to state that different
origins and positions of solid environmental samples in the environment reflect in different chemical properties of their
matrix. The different properties of the sample matrix result in different mobilities of risk elements in these kinds of samples.
The fractionation analysis with single-step extraction for isolation element fractions is the method most suitable for easy
checking of environmental pollution and for evaluation of risk elements cycle in the environment. 相似文献
15.
Herrero-Hernández E Andrades MS Rodríguez-Cruz MS Arienzo M Sánchez-Martín MJ 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2012,184(5):3359-3371
The long-term variability of total Cu content from fungicides applied in a certified wine region of Spain (La Rioja) and of
other metals (Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb, and Zn) was evaluated in three young vineyard soils and subsoils unamended and amended with
spent mushroom substrates (SMS) over a 3-year period (2006–2008). SMS is a promising agricultural residue as an amendment
to increase the soil organic matter content but may modify the behaviour of metals from pesticide utilisation in vineyards.
Fresh and composted SMS was applied each year at a rate of 25 t ha−1 (dry-weight). Copper concentrations in the three unamended soils were 21.2–88.5, 25.5–77.1, and 29.4–78.4 mg kg−1. They exceeded natural Cu concentrations of the region and reference sub-lethal hazardous concentration for soil organism.
The concentrations of Cd, Ni, Pb, and Zn were largely below the sub-lethal limits. Thus, although Cu levels were lower than
those of established vineyards, vine performance, and productivity might be affected. The variation in behaviour between different
amendments for each soil was high, so a generic conclusion could not be drawn. The amendment practice seemed to have caused
temporarily Cu mobilization respect to untreated soils. Total zinc concentrations fall within the range of the natural soil
of La Rioja and were significantly affected (p < 0.05) especially by fresh state SMS addition, with increasing up to 75% respect to untreated specimen. The results indicated
a build-up of fresh sites for metal retention at both surface and subsurface level, although no accumulation of metals was
observed in the short-term period. However, the benefit for soils and the negative effects need to be monitored in the long
run. 相似文献
16.
Surface sediment samples (n = 18) were collected from the Algerian Mediterranean coasts and analyzed for seven metals using inductively coupled plasma-optical
emission spectrometry in order to asses the distribution and bioavailability of metals and to study the anthropogenic factors
affecting their concentrations. Sediment samples were size-fractionated into three sizes: 1,080–500 (coarse), 500–250 (medium),
and <250 mm (fine). Bulk sediments were subjected to both sequential extraction and total digestion to evaluate the reliability
of the sequential extraction procedure (SEP), while the fractions have been only sequentially extracted for metals speciation.
The metals were sequentially extracted into five phases namely exchangeable (P1), carbonates (P2), Fe–Mn oxides (P3), organic
(P4) and residual (P5). Metal recoveries in sequential extractions were ±20% of the independently measured total metal concentrations;
the high recovery rates indicate the good reliability of the SEP used in this study. Correlation coefficients indicated that
the grain size has an effect on the distribution of metals in the investigated samples. The order of metal levels in the fractions
was medium > fine > coarse for all the metals. The average total extractable metal concentrations for Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni,
Pb, and Zn were 1.1, 8.8, 4.7, 1,291.3, 13.9, 5.7 and 20.4 μg/g, respectively. The northeastern shelf had the lowest metal
levels while the highest were in northwestern part mainly due to the significant tourism activities in the northwestern part.
Comparison of our results to Earth’s crust values and to previous studies points out that our samples were relatively unpolluted
with respect to the heavy metals investigated; most of the metals are not from anthropogenic sources. Enrichment factors as
the criteria for examining the impact of the anthropogenic sources of heavy metals were calculated, and it was observed that
the investigated samples were not contaminated with Cr, Cu, and Fe, moderately contaminated with Ni, Pb, and Cd, and contaminated
with Cd in some sites. The P5 phase had the highest percents of Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, and Zn. Cadmium and lead were predominant
in the P4 phase, while Cu, Fe and Zn were distributed in the order P5 > P3 > P4 > P2 > P1. The following order of bioavailability
was found with the heavy metals Pb > Cr > Cd > Ni > Zn > Cu > Fe. 相似文献
17.
Nagpur City located in semiarid area of central India is a fast-growing industrial centre. In recent years, rapid development
has created an increased demand for drinking water, which is increasingly being fulfilled by groundwater abstraction. The
present study was undertaken to assess major ion chemistry of shallow groundwater to understand geochemical evolution of groundwater
and water quality for promoting sustainable development and effective management of groundwater resources. A total of 47 water
samples were collected from shallow aquifer of selected parts of the city and the water chemistry of various ions viz. Ca2 + , Mg2 + , Na + , K + , CO3 2-_{3}^{\ \, 2-}, HCO3 -_{3}^{\ \, -}, Cl − , SO4 2-_{4}^{\ \,2-} and NO3 -_{3}^{\ \,-} are carried out. The chemical relationships in Piper diagram identify Ca–HCO3–Cl and mixed Ca–Na–HCO3–Cl as most prevalent water types. Alkaline earth exceeds alkalis and weak acids exceed strong acids. Ionic ratios and Gibb’s
diagram suggest that silicate rock weathering and anthropogenic activities are the main processes that determine the ionic
composition in the study area. The nitrate appeared as a major problem of safe drinking water in this region. We recorded
highest nitrate concentration, i.e., 411 mg/l in one of the dug well. A comparison of groundwater quality in relation to drinking
water quality standards revealed that about half of the shallow aquifer samples are not suitable for drinking. 相似文献
18.
Pasture selection by livestock is an essential topic for rangeland management, especially in trace element-contaminated soils.
We have studied the composition (nutrients and trace elements) of a grass-based diet from soils affected by a mine spill at
different growth stages (October 2008 to May 2009). A diet based on other plants (mainly Compositae species) was also studied (May 2009) for comparison. Faeces and mane hair of horses feeding on these pastures were also analysed.
Micronutrient (Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn) and potentially toxic trace element (As, Cd, Pb, Tl) concentrations were below the maximum
tolerable levels (MTL) for horses, except for Fe (at early growth of pastures) and Cd (in the diet based on ‘other’ plants).
Values of potential ingestion of Fe by horses were higher than 10 mg kg body weight − 1 day − 1. Cadmium concentrations in some pasture samples (those composed of Compositae species) were higher than 3 mg kg − 1. Potential toxicity of such Cd levels in pastures is uncertain, since a high disparity of criteria about MTL by cattle exists
(between 0.5 and 10 mg kg − 1 diet). Nutrient concentrations were adequate for horses, which could counteract possible harmful effects derived from trace
element ingestion. The analyses of excreta and mane hair point to the low risk of toxicity derived from the consumption of
these contaminated pastures. However, the ingestion of regenerating pastures (autumnal samples) should be avoided due to the
greater risk of ingestion of contaminated soil attached to the plant material. Management of these pastures by grazing requires
periodic monitoring. Special attention should be given to Fe and particularly Cd (non-essential element) which accumulates
in animal organs, where it could provoke uncertain long-term effects. 相似文献
19.
Papadopoulos A Paton GI Reid BJ Semple KT 《Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM》2007,9(6):516-522
Biodegradation has been identified as a major loss process for organic contaminants in soils and, as a result, microbial strategies have been developed for the remediation of contaminated land. Prediction of the biodegradable fraction would be important for determining bioremediation end-points in the clean-up of contaminated land. The aim of this study was to investigate the ability of a cyclodextrin extraction to predict the extent to which polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) would be degraded microbiologically in field contaminated soils; further testing the robustness and reproducibility of this extraction in chemically complex systems. Dichloromethane and hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HPCD) extractable fractions were measured together with the PAH biodegradable fraction in each of the six field contaminated soils. The amounts of PAHs degraded by the catabolic activity of the indigenous microflora in each of the soils were correlated with HPCD-extractable PAH concentrations. The regressions showed that the amounts of lower molecular weight PAHs extracted by the HPCD were not significantly (P > 0.05) different to the amounts that were degraded. However, higher molecular weight PAHs that were extracted by HPCD did differ significantly (P < 0.05) from the amounts degraded. Although the HPCD extraction did overestimate the microbially degradable fraction of the higher molecular weight PAHs, overall the correlations between the HPCD extractable fraction and the microbially degradable fraction were very close, with mean values of the slope of line for the six soils equalling 1. This study further describes the robust and reproducible nature of the aqueous-based soil extraction technique reliably measuring the extent to which PAHs will be microbially degraded in soil. 相似文献
20.
Michailova P Warchałowska-Śliwa E Szarek-Gwiazda E Kownacki A 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2012,184(1):1-14
The investigation was carried out on a small pond situated on a recent mine spoil at Bolesław in the Olkusz region with Zn–Pb
ore deposits. Water of the pond had pH 7.2–8.5 and low concentrations of heavy metals. Concentrations of Pb (487 μg g − 1) and Zn (1,991 μg g − 1) in the sediment were very high and potentially could lead to toxicological effects. In the pond, 48 taxa of macroinvertebrates
belonging to Oligochaeta and water stages of Ephemeroptera, Odonata, Megaloptera, Trichoptera, Heteroptera, Coleoptera and
Diptera (mainly Chironomidae family) were found. The influence of heavy metals on macroinvertebrates diversity was not found.
Effect of heavy metal pollution was observed on the appearance of chromosome aberrations in the polytene chromosomes of Chironomidae
larvae. It was manifested by two ways: (1) in Kiefferulus tendipediformis and Chironomus sp. chromosome rearrangements in fixed state (tandem fusion and homozygous inversions), indicated intensive process of speciation;
(2) in Chironomus sp., K. tendipediformis, Glyptotendipes gripekoveni (Chironomidae) somatic chromosome rearrangements (inversions, deficiencies, specific puffs, polyploidy) affected few cells
of every individual. The somatic functional and structural alterations in Chironomidae species are particular suitable as
biomarkers—they can be easily identified and used for detecting toxic agents in the environment. 相似文献