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1.
The contribution of fugitive dust from traffic to air pollution can no longer be ignored in China. In order to obtain the
road dust loadings and to understand the chemical characteristics of PM10 and PM2.5 from typical road dust, different paved roads in eight districts of Beijing were selected for dust collection during the
four seasons of 2005. Ninety-eight samples from 28 roads were obtained. The samples were resuspended using equipment assembled
to simulate the rising process of road dust caused by the wind or wheels in order to obtain the PM10 and PM2.5 filter samples. The average road dust loading was 3.82 g m − 2, with the highest of 24.22 g m − 2 being in Hutongs in the rural–urban continuum during winter. The road dust loadings on higher-grade roads were lower than
those on lower-grade roads. Attention should be paid to the pollution in the rural–urban continuum areas. The sums of element
abundances measured were 16.17% and 18.50% for PM10 and PM2.5 in road dust. The average abundances of OC and EC in PM10 and PM2.5 in road dust were 11.52%, 2.01% and 12.50%, 2.06%, respectively. The abundance of elements, water-soluble ions, and OC, EC
in PM10 and PM2.5 resuspended from road dust did not change greatly with seasons and road types. The soil dust, construction dust, dust emitted
from burning coal, vehicle exhaust, and deposition of particles in the air were the main sources of road dust in Beijing.
Affected by the application of snow-melting agents in Beijing during winter, the amount of Cl − and Na + was much higher during that time than in the other seasons. This will have a certain influence on roads, bridges, vegetations,
and groundwater. 相似文献
2.
Pasture selection by livestock is an essential topic for rangeland management, especially in trace element-contaminated soils.
We have studied the composition (nutrients and trace elements) of a grass-based diet from soils affected by a mine spill at
different growth stages (October 2008 to May 2009). A diet based on other plants (mainly Compositae species) was also studied (May 2009) for comparison. Faeces and mane hair of horses feeding on these pastures were also analysed.
Micronutrient (Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn) and potentially toxic trace element (As, Cd, Pb, Tl) concentrations were below the maximum
tolerable levels (MTL) for horses, except for Fe (at early growth of pastures) and Cd (in the diet based on ‘other’ plants).
Values of potential ingestion of Fe by horses were higher than 10 mg kg body weight − 1 day − 1. Cadmium concentrations in some pasture samples (those composed of Compositae species) were higher than 3 mg kg − 1. Potential toxicity of such Cd levels in pastures is uncertain, since a high disparity of criteria about MTL by cattle exists
(between 0.5 and 10 mg kg − 1 diet). Nutrient concentrations were adequate for horses, which could counteract possible harmful effects derived from trace
element ingestion. The analyses of excreta and mane hair point to the low risk of toxicity derived from the consumption of
these contaminated pastures. However, the ingestion of regenerating pastures (autumnal samples) should be avoided due to the
greater risk of ingestion of contaminated soil attached to the plant material. Management of these pastures by grazing requires
periodic monitoring. Special attention should be given to Fe and particularly Cd (non-essential element) which accumulates
in animal organs, where it could provoke uncertain long-term effects. 相似文献
3.
Heavy metal pollution of water resources can be apprehended in East Singhbhum region which is a highly mineralised zone with
extensive mining of copper, uranium and other minerals. Ten groundwater samples were collected from each site and the heavy
metal analysis was done by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Analysis of the results of the study reveals that the concentration
of iron, manganese, zinc, lead, copper and nickel in groundwater of Bagjata mining area ranged 0.06–5.3 mg l − 1, 0.01–1.3 mg l − 1, 0.02–8.2 mg l − 1, 1.4–28.4 μg l − 1, 0.78–20.0 μg l − 1 and 1.05–20.1 μg l − 1, respectively. In case of Banduhurang mining area, the range was 0.04–2.93 mg l − 1, 0.02–1.1 mg l − 1, 0.01–4.68 mg l − 1, 1.04–33.21 μg l − 1, 1.24–18.7 μg l − 1 and 1.06–14.58 μg l − 1, respectively. The heavy metals were found to be below the drinking water standards (IS:10500 1993) except iron (0.3 mg l − 1) and manganese (0.1 mg l − 1). The hazard quotients of the heavy metals for drinking water were below 1 posing no threat due to intake of water to the
people for both the areas. 相似文献
4.
Nagpur City located in semiarid area of central India is a fast-growing industrial centre. In recent years, rapid development
has created an increased demand for drinking water, which is increasingly being fulfilled by groundwater abstraction. The
present study was undertaken to assess major ion chemistry of shallow groundwater to understand geochemical evolution of groundwater
and water quality for promoting sustainable development and effective management of groundwater resources. A total of 47 water
samples were collected from shallow aquifer of selected parts of the city and the water chemistry of various ions viz. Ca2 + , Mg2 + , Na + , K + , CO3 2-_{3}^{\ \, 2-}, HCO3 -_{3}^{\ \, -}, Cl − , SO4 2-_{4}^{\ \,2-} and NO3 -_{3}^{\ \,-} are carried out. The chemical relationships in Piper diagram identify Ca–HCO3–Cl and mixed Ca–Na–HCO3–Cl as most prevalent water types. Alkaline earth exceeds alkalis and weak acids exceed strong acids. Ionic ratios and Gibb’s
diagram suggest that silicate rock weathering and anthropogenic activities are the main processes that determine the ionic
composition in the study area. The nitrate appeared as a major problem of safe drinking water in this region. We recorded
highest nitrate concentration, i.e., 411 mg/l in one of the dug well. A comparison of groundwater quality in relation to drinking
water quality standards revealed that about half of the shallow aquifer samples are not suitable for drinking. 相似文献
5.
Padmalal D Remya SI Jyothi SJ Baijulal B Babu KN Baiju RS 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2012,184(3):1541-1557
The southwestern coast of India is drained by many small rivers with lengths less than 250 km and catchment areas less than
6,500 km2. These rivers are perennial and are also the major drinking water sources in the region. But, the fast pace of urbanization,
industrialization, fertilizer intensive agricultural activities and rise in pilgrim tourism in the past four to five decades
have imposed marked changes in water quality and solute fluxes of many of these rivers. The problems have aggravated further
due to leaching of ionic constituents from the organic-rich (peaty) impervious sub-surface layers that are exposed due to
channel incision resulting from indiscriminate instream mining for construction-grade sand and gravel. In this context, an
attempt has been made here to evaluate the water quality and the net nutrient flux of one of the important rivers in the southwestern
coast of India, the Manimala river which has a length of about 90 km and catchment area of 847 km2. The river exhibits seasonal variation in most of the water quality parameters (pH, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen,
total dissolved solids, Ca, Mg, Na, K, Fe, HCO3, NO2-N, NO3-N, P
\text-inorg_{\rm \text{-}inorg}, P
\text-tot_{\rm \text{-}tot}, chloride, SO4, and SiO2). Except for NO3-N and SiO2, all the other parameters are generally enriched in non-monsoon (December–May) samples than that of monsoon (June–November).
The flux estimation reveals that the Manimala river transports an amount of 2,308 t y − 1 of dissolved inorganic nitrogen, 87 t y − 1 dissolved inorganic phosphorus, and 9246 t y − 1 of SO4, and 1984 t y − 1 K into the receiving coastal waters. These together constitute about 23% of the total dissolved fluxes transported by the
Manimala river. Based on the study, a set of mitigation measures are also suggested to improve the overall water quality of
small catchment rivers of the densely populated tropics in general and the south western coast in particular. 相似文献
6.
von Bobrutzki K Ammon C Berg W Einert P Fiedler M Müller HJ Scherer D Strohbach B 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2012,184(6):3775-3787
Agricultural NH3 emissions affect air quality and influence the nitrogen cycle. In the subject study, NH3 emissions from a broiler farm and the resulting atmospheric concentrations in the immediate vicinity during three growing
cycles have been quantified. Additionally, vegetation along a transect in an adjacent woodland was analysed. The emissions
were as high as 10 kg NH3 h−1 and the atmospheric concentrations ranged between 33 and 124 μg NH3 m−3 per week in the immediate vicinity. Measurements of the atmospheric concentrations over 7 weeks showed a substantial decline
of mean concentrations (based on a 3-week average) from ∼13 to <3 μg NH3 m−3, at 45- and 415-m distance from the farm. Vegetation surveys showed that nitrophilous species flourished when they grew closest
to the farm (their occurrence sank proportionately with distance). A clearly visible damage of pine trees was observed within
200 m of the farm; this illustrated the significant impact of NH3 emissions from agricultural sources on the sensitive ecosystem. 相似文献
7.
Removal of hexavalent chromium from contaminated ground water using zero-valent iron nanoparticles 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Ritu Singh Virendra Misra Rana Pratap Singh 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2012,184(6):3643-3651
Batch experiments were conducted on ground water samples collected from a site contaminated with Cr(VI) to evaluate the redox
potential of zero-valent iron (Fe0) nanoparticles for remediation of Cr(VI)-contaminated ground water. For this, various samples of contaminated ground water
were allowed to react with various loadings of Fe0 nanoparticles for a reaction period of 60 min. Data showed 100% reduction of Cr(VI) in all the contaminated ground water
samples after treatment with 0.20 gL−1 of Fe0 nanoparticles. An increase in the reduction of Cr(VI) from 45% to 100% was noticed with the increase in the loading of Fe0 nanoparticles from 0.05 to 0.20 gL−1. Reaction kinetics of Cr(VI) reduction showed pseudo first-order kinetics with rate constant in the range of 1.1 × 10−3 to 3.9 × 10−3 min−1. This work demonstrates the potential utility of Fe0 nanoparticles in treatment and remediation of Cr(VI)-contaminated water source. 相似文献
8.
Vasanthavigar M Srinivasamoorthy K Prasanna MV 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2012,184(1):405-420
The Thirumanimuttar sub-basin forms an important groundwater province in south India, facing serious deficiency in both quality
and quantity of groundwater due to increased demand associated with rapid population explosion, agricultural growth and industrial
activities. A total of 194 groundwater samples were collected and 15 water quality parameters were analyzed using standard
procedures. Na + , Cl − , Ca2 + , HCO3-_{3}^{-}, Mg2 + and SO42-_{4}^{2-} concentration ions are more dominant in both seasons. The total dissolved solids and electrical conductivity was observed
good correlation with Na + , Cl − , HCO3-_{3}^{-}, Ca2 + , Mg2 + , Cl − , PO43-_{4}^{3-} and NO3- _{3}^{- } ions indicating dominance of plagioclase feldspar weathering, anthropogenic input and over drafting of groundwater irrespective
of seasons. The Hill–Piper diagram indicates alkaline earths exceed the alkalis, an increase of weak acids was noted during
both the seasons. For assessing the groundwater for irrigation suitability parameters like total hardness, sodium adsorption
ratio, residual sodium carbonate (RSC), permeability index, and sodium percentage are also calculated. Permanent hardness
was noted in higher during both the seasons due to discharge of untreated effluents and ion exchange process. The RSC indicates
56% of the samples are not suitable for irrigation purposes in both seasons, if continuously used will affect the crop yield.
From the results, nearly 72% of the samples are not suitable for irrigation. 相似文献
9.
A solid phase extraction method for the determination of gold(III) at trace levels by flame atomic absorption spectrometer
(FAAS) was developed. The method was based on retention of gold as chloro complexes through the Amberlite XAD-2000. The effect
of some analytical parameters including hydrochloric acid concentration, sample volume, sample and eluent flow rates, eluent
volume, eluent concentration and interfering ions on the recovery of gold(III) was investigated. The retention of gold(III)
from 1.5 mol l−1 HCl solution and the recovery of gold with 0.07 mol l−1 NH3 solution were quantitative (≥95%). The relative standard deviation (RSD) was calculated as 3.2% (n = 10). The detection limit for gold was 2 μg l−1. The accuracy was checked with the determination of gold spiked an artificial seawater and a pure copper samples. 相似文献
10.
Lakhani A Parmar RS Satsangi GS Prakash S 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2007,133(1-3):435-445
Fog water samples were collected in the months of December and January during 1998–2000 at Agra, India. The samples were analyzed
for pH, major anions (F−, Cl−, SO4
2−, NO3
−, HCOO− and CH3COO−), major cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+ and K+) and NH4
+ using ion chromatography, ICP-AES and spectrophotometer methods, respectively. pH of fog water samples ranged between 7.0
and 7.6 with a volume weighted mean of 7.2, indicating its alkaline characteristic. NH4
+ contributed 40%, SO4
2− and NO3
− accounted for 28%, while Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+ and K+ accounted for 16% of the total ionic concentration. The ratios of Mg2+/Ca2+ and Na+/Ca2+ in fog water indicates that 50–75% of fog water samples correspond to the respective ratios in local soil. Significant correlation
between Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+ and K+ suggests their soil origin. The order of neutralization, NH4
+ (1.4) > Ca2+ (0.28) > Mg2+ (0.12), indicates that NH4
+ is the major neutralizing species. Fog water and atmospheric alkalinity were also computed and were found to be 873 and 903 neqm−3, respectively. Both of these values are higher than values reported from temperate sites and thus indicate that at the present
level of pollutants, there is no risk of acid fog problem. The study also shows that the alkaline nature of fog water is due
to dissolution of ammonia gas and partly due to interaction of fog water with soil derived aerosols. 相似文献
11.
A sensitive spectrophotometric method has been developed for determination of ametryn in agricultural samples. The proposed
method was based on reaction with pyridine and further coupling with sulfanilic acid to form a colored product. The absorbance
was measured at 400 nm with a molar absorptivity of 2.1 × 105 L mol−1 cm−1. The method shows a linear range from 0.2–20 μg mL−1 with limit of detection and limit of quantification 0.16 and 0.54 μg mL−1, respectively. The method has been successfully applied to the determination of ametryn in sugarcane juice and commercial
formulations after separation of ametryn from triazine herbicides based on solvent extraction. Recovery values were found
to be in the range of 96.0 ± 0.2% to 98.4 ± 0.1%. 相似文献
12.
Accumulation and tolerance characteristics of cadmium in Chlorophytum comosum: a popular ornamental plant and potential Cd hyperaccumulator 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
The effects on the growth, physiological indexes and the cadmium (Cd) accumulation in Chlorophytum comosum under Cd stress were examined by pot-planting. The results showed that the tolerance index (TI) of C. comosum were all above 100 in soil Cd concentration of 100 mg kg − 1. The O2·-_{2^{\bullet}}^{-} production rate and electrical conductivity of C. comosum were significantly positively correlated to Cd adding-concentration while the MDA content increased and had significant differences
with the control. The activities of SOD, CAT, and POD all rose significantly in lower Cd concentration and the Cd threshold
of them were around 10, 50 and 20 mg kg − 1, respectively. The Cd in C. comosum root and aboveground part reached 1,522 and 865·5 mg kg − 1, respectively, in Cd concentration of soil up to 200 mg kg − 1. For the advantages of high tolerance, high accumulation, and high ornamental value, C. comosum may have tremendous application value in the treatment of Cd-contaminated soils. 相似文献
13.
Water quality assessment: surface water sources used for drinking and irrigation in Zaria,Nigeria are a public health hazard 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Chigor VN Umoh VJ Okuofu CA Ameh JB Igbinosa EO Okoh AI 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2012,184(5):3389-3400
We assessed the quality and pollution status of source surface waters in Zaria, Nigeria by monitoring the nature, cause and
extent of pollution in Samaru stream, Kubanni River and Kubanni dam over a period of 10 months, between March and December
2002. A total of 228 water samples was collected from 12 sites and analysed for a total of ten physicochemical and one bacteriological
quality indicators, using standard methods. Aesthetic water quality impairment parameters were also observed. The mean values
of most water quality parameters were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in both the stream and river than in the dam. There was no significant correlation between faecal coliform counts
(FCC) and water temperature (in the range 15–33°C); pH (5.77–7.32); and turbidity (1.4–567 NTU). The high FCC ranged from
2.0 × 101 to 1.6 × 106 MPN/100 ml and exceeded the WHO standards for drinking water and water used for fresh-produce irrigation, and correlated
positively (P < 0.05) with conductivity (in the range 68–1,029 μS/cm); TDS (10.0–70.0 mg/l); TSS (10.0–70.0 mg/l); Cl (7.5–181 mg/l); PO4−P (0.01–0.41 mg/l); NO3−N (0.6–3.8 mg/l) and BOD5 (0.1–14.9 mg/l). The main pollution sources were municipal wastewater, stormwater runoffs, the ABU sewage treatment plant,
abattoir effluents and irrigation farms treated with chemical fertilisers. We conclude that these water bodies are potentially
hazardous to public health and that proper sewage treatment and river quality monitoring are needed to warn against hazards
to public health. 相似文献
14.
An experiment was conducted under laboratory conditions to investigate the effect of two systemic herbicides viz., pendimethalin
and quizalofop, at their recommended field rates (1.0 kg and 50 g active ingredient ha − 1, respectively) on the growth and activities of non-symbiotic N2-fixing bacteria in relation to mineralization and availability of nitrogen in a Typic Haplustept soil. Both the herbicides, either singly or in a combination, stimulated the growth and activities of N2-fixing bacteria resulting in higher mineralization and availability of nitrogen in soil. The single application of quizalofop
increased the proliferation of aerobic non-symbiotic N2-fixing bacteria to the highest extent while that of pendimethalin exerted maximum stimulation to their N2-fixing capacity in soil. Both the herbicides, either alone or in a combination, did not have any significant difference in
the stimulation of total nitrogen content and availability of exchangeable NH4
+ while the solubility of NO3
− was highly manifested when the herbicides were applied separately in soil. 相似文献
15.
Al-Tayar NG Nagaraja P Vasantha RA Shresta AK 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2012,184(1):181-191
A simple, rapid, and sensitive method involving the interaction of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine with imipramine hydrochloride
in presence of vanadium (V) in sulfuric acid medium has been proposed for the determination of vanadium. The purple-colored
product developed showed an absorption maximum at 560 nm and was stable for 24 h. The working curve was linear over the concentration
range of 0.1–2.8 μg ml − 1, with sensitivity of detection of 0.0124 μg ml − 1. Molar absorptivity and Sandell’s sensitivity were found to be 2.6 × 104 l/mol cm and 0.0039 μg cm − 1, respectively. The accuracy of the proposed method was assessed by Student’s t test and variance ratio F test, and the results were on par with the reported method. The method was successfully used in the determination of V in
water, human urine, soil, and plant samples, and it was free from interference by various concomitant ions. 相似文献
16.
Pore waters play an important role in phosphorus dynamics in aquatic ecosystems. Phosphorus concentrations in pore waters
are much higher than above the bottom. This is confirmed by the results of this study concerning the hypereutrophic lake.
Pore water was analyzed at 11 sampling stations in the upper layer of bottom sediments. This water was separated by centrifugation
and phosphorus level was measured spectrophotometrically with ascorbic acid as a reducer. Total phosphorus concentration in
pore waters ranged from 0.5 to 8.1 mgP l − 1 (mean 3.2 mgP l − 1). Mean phosphorus concentration in pore water samples of this lake was the highest in summer and the lowest in winter. High
concentrations were observed in samples from the pelagial and low from the macrophyte zone. 相似文献
17.
The main purpose of this paper was to carry out a source apportionment of suspended particulate matter (SPM) samples using
positive matrix factorization procedure. The central and local Government of Japan introduced strict emission regulations
in 2002/10 and 2003/10, respectively, in curbing SPM pollution from major metropolitans. This paper also highlighted the impact
of the measures taken by the central and local Government of Japan on the reduction of SPM and the contributions of sources.
SPM samples were collected for 6 years starting from 1999 to 2005 at two sites, i.e., site A (urban) and site B (suburban)
of Yokohama, Japan. Microwave digestion and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS) were employed to measure
Mg, Al, Ca, V, Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, As, Se, Rb, Sr, Ag, Cd, Cs, Ba, Pb and Bi, while water soluble ions (Na + , NH4 +_{4}^{\ \,+}, K + , Ca2 + , Mg2 + , Cl − , NO3 -_{3}^{\ \,-} and SO4 2-)_{4}^{\ \,2-}) as well as carbonaceous mass (EC and OC) were analyzed using ion chromatograph and CHN analyzer, respectively. The sources
identified at two sites were automobile, soil dust, marine aerosol, mixed sources, and secondarily formed aerosol. Also, source
quantification was performed. Automobile and soil dust were striking contributors at site A. Automobile and soil dust of SPM
aerosol might be produced from local origin at current study areas. Besides, Asian dust had an impact on high concentrations
of SPM aerosol in some certain period of the year due to the outflows of East Asian emission. In contrast, secondary aerosol
in the form of sulfate and ammonium as well as mixed sources (coal, long-transported Cs, and other unknown sources) were remarkable
at site B. Stationary/industrial combustion has apparently more impact on the release of SPM components at site B than A.
Automobile regulations in 2002 and 2003, respectively, resulted in reduction of SPM by 28% for site A and 16% for site B.
There was also net reduction of automobile contribution at both sites due to the above measures being implemented. 相似文献
18.
Thriveni T Rajesh Kumar J Sujatha D Sreedhar NY 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2007,128(1-3):359-368
The cyclic voltammograms of terbacil and lenacil at the hanging mercury drop electrode showed a single well defined four electron
irreversible peak in universal buffer of pH 4.0 for both compounds. The peak potentials were shifted to more negative values
on the increase of pH of the medium, implying the involvement of protons in the electrode reaction and that the proton transfer
reaction precedes the proper electrode process. The four electron single peak may be attributed to the simultaneous reduction
of carbonyl groups present in 2 and 4 in pyrimidine ring of terbacil and lenacil to the corresponding hydroxy derivative.
Based on the interfacial adsorptive character of the terbacil and lenacil onto the mercury electrode surface, a simple sensitive
and low cost differential pulse adsorptive stripping voltammetric procedure was optimized for the analysis of terbacil and
lenacil. The optimal operational conditions of the proposed procedure were accumulation potential E
acc = −0.4 V, accumulation time t
acc = 80 s, scan rate = 40 mV s−1, pulse amplitude = 25 mV using a universal buffer pH 4.0 as a supporting electrolyte. The linear concentration range was
found to be 1.5 × 10−5 to 1.2 × 10−9 mol/l and 1.5 × 10−5 to 2.5 × 10−8 mol/l with the lower detection limit of 1.22 × 10−9 and 2.0 × 10−8 mol/l. The correlation coefficient and relative standard deviation values are found to be 0.942, 0.996, 1.64% and 1.23%,
respectively, for 10 replicants. The procedure was successfully applied for determination of terbacil and lenacil in formulations,
mixed formulations, environmental samples such as fruit samples and spiked water samples. 相似文献
19.
Latif MT Wanfi L Hanif NM Roslan RN Ali MM Mushrifah I 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2012,184(3):1325-1334
This study aims to determine the composition of surfactants in the lake surface microlayer, rainwater, and atmospheric aerosols
in the area surrounding Lake Chini, Pahang. Surfactants in the lake surface microlayer were taken from seven different stations
around the lake, while samples of rainwater were taken from five different sampling stations. The samples of atmospheric aerosols
were collected from the Lake Chini Research Centre which is in close proximity to the lake. The colorimetric analysis method
was used to determine the composition and concentration of anionic surfactants as methylene blue active substances (MBAS)
and cationic surfactants as disulphine blue active substances (DBAS). The concentration of anionic surfactants, as MBAS, in
the surface microlayer ranged between 0.08 to 0.23 μmol L − 1, while the range of concentration of cationic surfactants as DBAS ranged from 0.09 to 0.11 μmol L − 1. The concentration of MBAS was higher in rainwater when compared to surfactants in the lake surface microlayer. The high
concentration of surfactants in the fine mode of atmospheric aerosols suggests that natural and anthropogenic sources of surfactants
contribute to the atmospheric surfactants. 相似文献
20.
The fertigation effect of distillery effluents concentrations such as 5%, 10%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% were studied on Trigonella foenu-graecu (Pusa early bunching) along with control (bore well water). On irrigation of soil with different effluents up to 90 days
of harvesting, it was observed that there was a significant effect on moisture content (P < 0.001), EC, pH, Cl − , total organic carbon (TOC), HCO3-_{3}^{-}, CO3-2_{3}^{-2}, Na + , K + , Ca2 + , Mg2 + , Fe2 + , TKN, NO32-_{3}^{2-}, PO43-_{4}^{3-}, and SO42-_{4}^{2-} (P < 0.0001) and insignificant effect on WHC and bulk density (P > 0.05).There was no significant change in the soil texture
of the soil. Among various concentrations of effluent irrigation, the irrigation with 100% effluent concentration decreased
pH (16.66%) and increased moisture content (30.82%), EC(84.13%), Cl − (292.37%), TOC (4311.61%), HCO3-_{3}^{-} (27.76%), CO3-2_{3}^{-2} (32.63%), Na + (273%), K + (31.59%), Ca2 + (729.76%), Mg2 + (740.47%), TKN (1723.32%), NO32-_{3}^{2-} (98.02%), PO43-_{4}^{3-} (337.79%), and SO42-_{4}^{2-} (77.78%), Fe2 + (359.91%), Zn (980.48%), Cu (451.51%), Cd (3033.33%), Pb (2350.00%), and Cr (2375.00%) in the soil. The agronomical parameters
such as shoot length, root length, number of leaves, flowers, pods, dry weight, chlorophyll content, LAI, crop yield, and
HI of T. foenum-graecum were recorded to be in increasing order at low concentration of the effluent, i.e., from 5% to 50% and in decreasing order
at higher effluent concentration, i.e., from 75% to 100% as compared to control. The enrichment factor of various heavy metals
was ordered for soil Cd>Cr> Pb>Zn>Cu>Fe and for T. foenum-graecum plants Pb>Cr>Cd>Cu>Zn>Fe after irrigation with distillery effluent. 相似文献