插板对正庚烷油池火燃烧行为的影响研究

海上石油泄漏常规的处理方法是原位燃烧,加速其燃烧并使其燃尽是降低其对生态环境影响的重要措施之一。以正庚烷为燃料,在油池内插入竖直铝板,研究不同高度铝板对池火燃烧行为的影响。结果表明,插板对池火燃烧速率以及火焰高度具有明显的增强作用,随着板的高度的增加,增强作用先增大后减小,当H_p/D(板高与油池直径之比)为3.5时,增强作用最大。火焰高度、板的温度、热通量以及燃烧速率的变化趋势一致,它们的临界点均在H_p/D=3.5附近。插板后燃烧速率增大主要是因为插板自身的热传导导致了燃料的核态沸腾,使燃料接受的热反馈增大,从而加快了燃料的蒸发,增大了燃烧速率。     

Damage to offshore oil and gas facilities following hurricanes Katrina and Rita: An overview

Hurricanes Katrina and Rita hit the centre of the American petrochemical industry, shutting down eight refineries, hundreds of oil-drilling and production platforms, and many other industrial facilities. Furthermore, it triggered unprecedented numbers of hazardous-materials releases from industrial facilities and storage terminals onshore, as well as from oil and gas production facilities offshore in the Gulf of Mexico (GoM). In this paper, we analyse the damage caused by the two hurricanes on the offshore oil and gas industry. Hurricanes Katrina and Rita caused the largest number of destroyed and damaged platforms and pipelines, and the highest number of mobile offshore drilling units set adrift in the history of GoM operations. Following the hurricanes, changes have been proposed to operating and emergency procedures, maintenance requirements, and design practices including mooring practices for mobile offshore drilling units.     

Dynamic risk assessment of oil spill scenario for Three Gorges Reservoir in China based on numerical simulation

A novel method for dynamic risk assessment of oil spill accidents based on numerical simulation was presented in this paper. The dynamic risk assessment model was developed consisting of a comprehensive list of caused consequences like environmental damage, asset loss, health impact and social effect as well as emergency actions preventing these losses. Contributing events in the Mater Logic Diagram (MLD) of the dynamic risk assessment model were valued based on the simulated evolvement of oil contaminants under spill scenario on quasi-static fluid, which was obtained by coupling an oil spill model with hydrodynamic module in Jialing river of Three Gorges Reservoir in China after the impoundment of the reservoir to 175 m water level in 2010. Calculated result of dynamic risk as grade IV indicated that the assessed oil spill was not as catastrophic as we thought because of the slow transport of oil fractions on water surface and absence of dispersed oil in water body due to the quasi-static fluid, very gentle wind and effective emergency actions, as well as by the reason that rare agriculture or industrial crops exist in spill adjacent area.     

基于全生命周期的海洋油气项目集风险管理

为了强化海洋油气项目集的风险管理,以海洋油气田固定区块开发为范围,基于甲方油气田单位和乙方服务单位立场,对项目集进行全生命周期的风险管理;将海洋油气项目集生命周期划分为6个阶段;提出了滚动风险管理模式,给出各阶段风险分解结构和风险应对策略;以时间、成本、质量为控制要素,建立项目整体风险动态评估方法。研究结果表明:通过生命周期6个阶段和整体2级动态迭代风险控制,能更早发现项目集各级过程风险,有助于避免或降低风险事故带来的损失,更有效地保障项目集收益和组织战略实现,可为我国海上油气田开发风险管理提供新参考。     

Role of naphthenic acid contaminants in the removal of p-xylene from synthetic produced water by MEUF

The high demand for water in oil sands operations in addition to the shortage of fresh water resources mandate continuous search for reliable and cost effective water treatment technologies. Micellar-enhanced ultrafiltration (MEUF) is potentially applicable to produced water treatment. MEUF is, however, susceptible to membrane plugging and back contamination, especially at high surfactant dosages. Recent investigations showed that addition of small amounts of a non-ionic surfactant to an ionic surfactant solution reduces the critical micellar concentration (CMC) of the mixed surfactant solution, and consequently reduces the surfactant dosage required to achieve certain removal of contaminants using MEUF. In the present study a naphthenic acid, octanoic acid, typically existing in produced water is shown to play a similar role as the non-ionic surfactant when added to the cationic surfactant cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC). Cross-flow MEUF using three different molecular weight cutoffs (MWCOs) of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) hollow fiber membranes was used to treat synthetic produced water containing p-xylene. The mixed CPC/octanoic acid solution removed comparable percentages of p-xylene contaminant at much lower concentrations of CPC. Decreasing CPC concentration in the feed resulted in less fouling and higher permeate flux and reduced back contamination. This, in turn, enhanced the performance of MEUF.     

Experimental study of the VOC emitted from crude oil tankers

Light hydrocarbons vaporize to the space between crude oil interface and roof of the storage tank during loading of crude oil tankers in marine oil terminals. When crude oil is loaded to the tank, these hydrocarbons are vented into the atmosphere which is considered as a main source of emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in oil terminals. VOCs emitted from the crude oil not only create severe air pollution problems but also a considerable amount of valuable hydrocarbons are wasted to the atmosphere. On the other hand, VOCs are flammable which create major safety hazards to the loading process. Therefore, the oil industry has largely focused on control of VOCs. In this research, an experimental study was conducted to characterize VOCs emitted from storage tanks of crude oil in a large-scale oil export terminal. Using the industrial data and simple mathematical tools, effect of different parameters on the composition of emitted gases was investigated. Furthermore, an experimental procedure is proposed to assess the potential of a crude oil absorption process for recovering emitted gases. Experimental results showed that the crude oil absorption process can be adapted to the situation of considered marine terminal for recovering this vent stream of emitted gases. This work can help plant engineers to decide on an appropriate strategy to control VOCs.     

基于CFD的深水钻井溢油事故定量风险评估

针对深水钻井作业过程中的井喷溢油问题,基于计算流体力学(CFD)方法,通过UDF函数给定海流流剖面、波浪入口边界条件和海水静压分布情况,结合标准k-ε方程,采用VOF模型实现对油、气、水三相自由面的追踪,建立了溢油扩散事故数值仿真模型,评估深水条件下溢油扩散危害区域,研究海流流速、溢油量对原油扩散的影响。结果表明,海流流速和溢油量是原油扩散行为和危害区域分布范围的重要影响因素。     

Inherent safety in offshore oil and gas activities: a review of the present status and future directions

Inherent safety is a proactive approach for hazard/risk management during process plant design and operation. It has been proven that, considering the lifetime costs of a process and its operation, an inherently safer approach is a cost-optimal option. Inherent safety can be incorporated at any stage of design and operation; however, its application at the earliest possible stages of process design (such as process selection and conceptual design) yields the best results.Although it is an attractive and cost-effective approach to hazard/risk management, inherent safety has not been used as widely as other techniques such as HAZOP and quantitative risk assessment. There are many reasons responsible for this; key among them are a lack of awareness and the non-availability of a systematic methodology and tools.The inherent safety approach is the best option for hazard/risk management in offshore oil and gas activities. In the past, it has been applied to several aspects of offshore process design and operation. However, its use is still limited. This article attempts to present a complete picture of inherent safety application in offshore oil and gas activities. It discuses the use of available technology for implementation of inherent safety principles in various offshore activities, both current and planned for the future.     

Allocation of performance shaping factors in the risk assessment of an offshore installation

Offshore oil production is one of the most important human productive activities. There are many risks associated with the process of constructing a subsea well, pumping oil to the platform, and transporting it to refineries via underwater pipes or oil tankers. All actions performed by workers in those operations are influenced by specific working conditions, involving the use of complex systems. Contextual factors such as high noise, low and high temperatures and hazardous chemicals are considered to be contributors to unsafe human actions in accident analysis and also give a basis for assessing human factors in safety analysis. Some failure modes are particularly dangerous and can result in severe accidents and damage to humans, the environment and material assets. Fires and explosions on oil rigs are some of the most devastating types of offshore accidents and can result in long-term consequences. The most typical root causes related to accidents include equipment failure, human error, environmental factors, work organization, training and, communication, among others. The principal objective of this study is to propose a methodological framework to identify the factors that affect the performance of operators of an offshore unit for oil processing and treatment. In this phase, an ergonomics approach based on operators' work analysis is used as a supporting tool. After identification of factors that affect the performance of operators, a decision-making model based on AHP (analytic hierarchy process) is applied to rank and weight the principal performance shaping factors (PSFs) that influence safe operations. The next step involves the use of the SHELLO model to group the main PSFs in elements named software, hardware, environment, liveware and organization. In the last phase, a relevant accident that occurred aboard a floating production storage and offloading (FPSO) vessel is analyzed. The allocation process of the factors that affect the operator's performance in risk assessment was developed through fuzzy logic and the ISO 17776 standard.     

液体气溶胶抑制受限空间内烃类挥发的实验研究

在含有残留油品的受限空间内作业时,易发生油气燃爆事故。利用两性离子型氟碳表面活性剂组分制备了具有低表面张力的抑爆剂溶液,能够在易挥发烃类液体表面自由铺展成液膜,从而对烃类液体形成液封,抑制油气挥发。利用超细雾化装置,能够将抑爆剂溶液雾化形成液体气溶胶,气力输送至受限空间内。实验验证了受限空间内液体气溶胶中的微小液滴能够沉积在残留油品的表面形成液封,同时液滴和液膜的气液界面能够吸收空间内的油气分子,从而降低空间内的油气浓度。研究证明,利用抑爆剂液体气溶胶混合物来置换含残留油品受限空间内的油气,能够将受限空间内的油气浓度长久维持在10%LEL(Lower Explosion Limit)以下,降低空间内油气燃爆风险。     

Preparation and characterization of surface modified powder of calcium hydroxide used as chlorine scavenger

In order to avoid existing shortcomings of chlorine leakage treatment, we developed a new chlorine scavenger. The main composition of the chlorine scavenger was calcium hydroxide. The chlorine scavenger was prepared by wet process with water as solvent through adding surface active agent and silicone oil, etc. The influence of surfactant on modified powder was investigated, which included the sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate, the sodium stearate, the water-soluble silicone oil, the emulsifying silicon oil and the amino silicone oil, and the effect of modification of judgment were illustrated, which mainly involved the sifting rate, the bulk density, the contact angle, on this basis, also the author analyzed the powder of modification by using SEM analysis and size distribution, The modified powder had the following characteristics: high absorptivity, anti-caking, good air permeability and so on. The results showed that overall performance of modified powder was better than the performance of unmodified powder. The adding amount of sodium stearate was preferably 2% while the optimum amount of emulsifying silicon oil and amino silicone oil was 3%. The comprehensive performance of powder modified with compound modifiers was better than the performance of the powder modified with a single modifier. The property of powder modified with sodium stearate and amino silicone oil had a good performance analyzed from the uniformity of particle size distribution of the powder and anti-caking. The powder modified with sodium stearate and emulsifying silicon oil had a good absorption rate of chlorine.     

Determination of human error probabilities for offshore platform musters

The focus of this work is on prediction of human error probabilities during the process of emergency musters on offshore oil and gas production platforms. Due to a lack of human error databases, and in particular human error data for offshore platform musters, an expert judgment technique, the Success Likelihood Index Methodology (SLIM), was adopted as a vehicle to predict human error probabilities. Three muster scenarios of varying severity (man overboard, gas release, and fire and explosion) were studied in detail. A panel of 24 judges active in the offshore oil and gas industry provided data for both the weighting and rating of six performance shaping factors. These data were subsequently processed by means of SLIM to calculate the probability of success for 18 muster actions ranging from point of muster initiator to the final actions in the temporary safe refuge (TSR). The six performance shaping factors considered in this work were stress, complexity, training, experience, event factors and atmospheric factors.     

A disaster scene simulation system in 3D for oil transmission stations: Design and implementation

The disaster scene in three-dimensional (3D) plays a crucial role in disaster emergency management and risk communication of oil transmission stations. However, existing research for the disaster scene mainly focuses on reproducing the disaster environment and rarely predicts the damage state of the disaster-affected object. This paper proposes an object-oriented modeling method that utilizes a multilevel decomposition pattern for disaster scenes. This method combines earthquake vulnerability assessment with 3D visualization technology to predict and characterize the damage state of critical infrastructure in oil transmission stations. To enhance earthquake risk perception, a simulation system is designed and developed, which allows for the construction of virtual scenes and quick simulation of disaster scenes in 3D. The case application shows that the system improves the 3D modeling efficiency of disaster scenes and enhances public awareness of earthquake risks. The simulation system can provide technical support for seismic mitigation planning and emergency management decision-making at oil transmission stations and has good application prospects.     

海上平台事故应急演练评估方法研究

针对目前我国海上平台事故应急演练缺乏有效评估体系的现状,结合海上平台事故应急演练典型示例,运用“事故应急指挥系统（ICS）”基本理念,对整个应急演练过程进行系统分析,从人员安全、资产保护、环境保护、企业声誉等4个方面搭建应急演练评估框架。采用层次分析法构建计算模型,合理设置评估指标权重,最终建立了1套具有海洋石油行业特点的应急演练评估指标体系,并选取国内1个海上平台事故应急演练进行了应用分析。研究结果表明:构建的演练评估指标体系及评估方法能较好地应用于海上平台事故应急演练过程,进而在演练评估结果的基础上,实现应急演练的持续改进。     

Model-based information fusion investigation on fault isolation of subsea systems considering the interaction among subsystems and sensors

The offshore oil industry has expanded to deep water and Arctic. The harsh operating conditions (e.g., ice and strong wind) and increasing complicated system raise the occurrence likelihood of system faults. This requires timely fault isolation and management in the subsea system. However, the offshore oil industry mainly relies on humans to isolate faults based on alarms. With harsh operating conditions and increasing complicated system, this industry urgently needs research on more efficient fault isolation and cause diagnosis methods. Unfortunately, limited research is conducted on fault isolation method in the offshore oil industry. Furthermore, in industry 4.0 era, large amounts of information are obtained. This provides precondition for the application of information fusion technique which aims to improve diagnosis results. However, to the authors’ knowledge, information fusion has not been much studied in the fault isolation of the offshore oil industry. Moreover, the interaction of different subsystems contains valuable information. How the interaction of different subsystems can influence the fault diagnosis has not been explored. This paper proposes a Bayesian network (BN) based method for timely fault isolation and cause diagnosis for the offshore oil industry. The work fuses different information, and it also includes the dependency among different subsystems in the fault diagnosis. As an important alarm source, false alarms are also taken into account in the model. A case study on the subject of the subsea wellhead and chemical injection systems is conducted to demonstrate the functions and merits of the proposed method.     

Factors in offshore planning that affect the risk for major accidents

The purpose of this paper is to systematically analyse a typical planning process in the offshore industry from the perspective of causes of major accidents, with the ultimate aim of identifying factors that affect the risk for major accidents occurring. We first study and describe a typical planning process for offshore oil and gas operations in Norway. Then we analyse a number of theories of major accidents, to see how the different theories and their explanations of causes and contributing factors can be of relevance for future plans and planning processes. Finally, we review accident investigations to search for evidence of how weaknesses in planning processes can contribute to major accidents through the above identified factors. Also, we try to identify any additional factors that have not been recognised through the theoretical review. This provides empirical support for the theoretical basis. Thirteen factors which directly or indirectly can influence the planning process causing a major accident potential are identified. These are exemplified through a review of investigation reports. The paper suggests that planning process should focus more on increasing quality in the plans at an early phase, with examples from incidents, and illustrate the relation between planning quality and potential for major accidents.     

FeS引发储油罐着火温度动态变化曲线的研究

储油罐着火事故被推测是由硫腐蚀产生的FeS氧化引起的。笔者阐述了储罐中FeS形成的原因 ,并采用自然发火绝热测试系统对FeS自然氧化进行 1 9h的跟踪实验 ,观察FeS绝热氧化过程中温度动态变化特性。实验发现 ,FeS氧化由诱导氧化期、中速氧化期和加速氧化期 3个阶段组成。诱导氧化期是积蓄能量 ,激发FeS活性的过程 ,试样温度基本未发生变化 ;中速氧化期是FeS试样表面的分子活性被激发 ,与FeS试样表面吸附的氧气发生氧化反应的过程 ,温度增加较慢 ;加速氧化期是FeS分子内部的活性被激活并进行氧化反应的过程 ,温度迅速升高。结果证明 :随着反应的进行 ,温度随反应时间变化的幅度越来越大 ,氧化反应的反应热不能及时散开而急剧地积累 ,温度急剧地升高 ,将引起油品自燃。此外 ,通过X衍射图和氧化升温曲线证明 ,水是影响FeS氧化的重要因素。     

特种膜分离在废乳化液处理上的应用

目前国内乳化液处理普遍采用化学加药破乳,再后续生化处理的工艺,该方法投加大量化学药剂,产生二次固体危废,综合处置成本高。采用荷兰B&C特种超滤膜技术对乳化液浓缩破乳回收基础油,超滤产水后续生化处理的新工艺路线具有很好的工艺先进性。通过工艺运行数据显示,含油率1%~3%的乳化液,经过特种超滤浓缩破乳后浓缩液含油率可达15%~20%,超滤产水含油率小于50mg/L,COD为15000~20000mg/L,后续经厌氧和A/O生化+Fenton氧化后出水小于500mg/L,达到处理标准。     

考虑从众阈值和主体特征的人群疏散元胞自动机模型*

为研究从众行为对人群疏散效率的影响,建立考虑从众阈值和主体特征的人群疏散元胞自动机模型,通过引入从众阈值反映人群中不同个体的从众选择程度,耦合每个主体不同特征属性、不同人员认知能力导致的疏散从众选择差异,利用元胞自动机模拟人群运动状态及动态演化过程,探究从众行为对人群疏散过程的作用规律。结果表明:人群疏散中选择从众行为的人员比例与整体疏散效率存在对应关系,本模型原始工况下,当人群中约60%的人员做出从众选择时,疏散效率相对最优。     

海上石油平台工艺区风环境模拟及韧性评估*

为研究不同风向下海上石油平台工艺区的风场特征和系统韧性,采用Fluent软件从8种不同风向角度对海上平台工艺区风环境进行三维数值模拟,分析研究高于工艺区地面1.5,3,4.5 m水平风场风速分布特征,确定微静风区和强风速区面积,并以微静风区域占比为指标评估系统抗灾韧性。研究结果表明:风速激增区出现在障碍物前缘或侧翼;风口顺延形成强风道,风速介于1.6～3.1 m/s之间;系统韧性与微静风区占比呈现负相关,在1.5 m高度风场处,E-90°风向时微静风区域面积占比约为69%,工艺系统韧性较弱,风险较大;NW-315°风向时微静风区域面积占比约为9.6%,工艺系统韧性较强,风险较小;随着风场高度增大,各个风向系统韧性均有所提高,W-270°风向时系统韧性升幅达12.1%,N-0°风向时系统韧性升幅达12.24%。研究结果可为海上石油平台逃生路线设计、火气监控设备布置及提高平台自身抗灾韧性方面提供指导依据。