监测仪器经济分析

监测仪器的经济分析可分为四个阶段:计划阶段、采购阶段、使用阶段、更新阶段。 一、计划阶段的经济分析 1.购置仪器的必要性。目前,各监测站购置监测仪器一般是根据开展的监测项目来确定。按国家监测技术规范规定的和为环境管理服务必须监测的项目定为必测项目。要完成这些项目所需仪器就定为必须购置的仪器。为开展环境科研课题,必须用仪器才能完成必要的监测工作,而又不能向外单位借用、租用或找代用品,该仪器也视为必须购置的仪器。 2.购置仪器的可能性。除经费外,安装仪器开展工作的条件,如房屋、操作人员及其技术水平、配套的水电、维修力量等也应具备。     

监测仪器的科学管理

根据环境监测工作的需求及监测分析仪器的特点，从仪器购置计划的提出、仪器采购直至仪器的使用管理等方面提出了一些具有操作性的环境监测仪器管理思路，以供环境监测系统的同行借鉴和参考。     

我国降雨自动监测仪现状及国产仪器主要参数的确定

文章阐述了我国降雨自动监测仪的现状,从命名、pH值、电导率的测定、采样桶的选择等多方面对国产降雨监测仪在生产过程中的关键技术参数的确定进行了阐述,对仪器生产和购置选型具有参考价值。     

浅议新购置环境监测仪器的验收

任何新购置的环境监测仪器在投入使用前，要做的第一件事就是验收，而验收工作是一项整体性、技术性和时间性要求都很强的复杂过程，正常情况下仪器验收分为四个阶段：一是验收准备阶段；二是开箱清货阶段；三是安装调试阶段；四是指标测试阶段，每一阶段都有需要特别注意的问题。     

生物综合毒性分析仪的毒性测试方法及适用范围研究

比较研究了三种常用便携式生物综合毒性分析仪测定重金属及有机污染的灵敏度,初步提出了仪器使用注意事项及建议使用范围。结果表明,基于生物发光原理的Toxscreen-II和Deltatox仪器对重金属污染敏感,Toxscreen-II测得Hg、Cr(VI)、As的EC50值分别为0.0082、0.07、4.41mg/L;基于化学发光原理的Eclox对有机污染敏感,Eclox的EC50(苯酚)为1.21mg/L。鉴于综合毒性分析仪中等毒性检测限高于我国地表水标准限值,建议该类仪器更适用于环境污染事故中污染水体的毒性初筛判定。     

“DW10型测烟望远镜”监测条件及使用方法的探讨

我站曾购置一台DW10型测烟望远镜,按照该仪器的使用说明书,进行了烟尘黑度监测,在监测实践中发现该说明书中的操作条件很不完善,为此我们查阅了有关资料,对DW10型测烟望远镜观测条件及其方法进行了探讨性研究,以便更好地完善其观测条件及其方法,提高监测烟尘黑度值的准确度,确保监测数据的可比性,为环保管理工作提供科学依据。     

国产与进口HPLC-ICP-MS联用仪器在砷形态分析方面的比较

比较了国产与进口HPLC-ICP-MS联用仪器在环境水样砷形态分析中的应用。国产和进口HPLC-ICP-MS联用仪器均能实现亚砷酸盐、二甲基砷、一甲基砷和砷酸盐的同时测定。国产仪器出峰时间较快,优于进口仪器。但是进口仪器上亚砷酸盐和二甲基砷的分离度优于国产仪器。国产仪器和进口仪器分析亚砷酸盐、二甲基砷、一甲基砷和砷酸盐,标准曲线的线性相关系数均大于0.995。国产仪器分析4种形态砷检出限范围为0.29~0.59μg/L,进口仪器分析4种形态砷检出限范围为0.24~0.36μg/L,没有数量级上的差异。国产仪器相对标准偏差范围为1.8%~9.0%,进口仪器相对标准偏差范围为0.8%~8.9%。精密度方面国产仪器和进口仪器水平相当。实际样品加标实验,国产仪器回收率范围为86.2%~112%,进口仪器回收率范围为96.4%~114%;使用进口仪器和国产仪器测定4种形态砷的有证标准物质,测定结果无显著性差异。国产HPLC-ICP-MS联用仪器可以满足砷形态检测分析的要求。对2款仪器的比较研究,为广大企事业单位及科研院所在选择HPLC-ICP-MS联用仪器时提供有价值的基础数据和参考建议。     

对YYG—2型冷原子荧光测汞仪的改进研究

我们通过对YYG-2型冷原子测汞仪荧光室和相应气路系统的改进,克服了原仪器在操作过程中汞蒸汽直接排于工作台面的现象,提高了仪器的稳定性能和灵敏度,减少了操作步骤和节省了载气,在不同程度上还减化了原仪器结构。通过实践证明改进后的仪器基本上满足了环境监测或其它测试分析的要求。     

基于厚膜传感器的空气质量监测仪性能及应用研究

介绍了一种基于厚膜传感器技术,可同时测量NO2、O3、CO三个因子的空气质量监测仪器。深入研究了仪器的检测原理,并对仪器的质量保证及数据存储传输进行了详细介绍。最后对仪器的检测性能进行了对比分析,通过和常规点式仪器的对比表明,该仪器NO2、O3、CO三因子的检测性能能够满足实际监测要求。另外,该仪器还具有集成性好、安装调试方便等特点,因此,在道路交通监测等领域中有广泛的应用前景。     

使用岛津在线TNP-4110分析仪需注意的问题

阐述了使用岛津在线TNP-4110分析仪测定水中氮、磷化合物时应注意的问题,指出影响仪器正常工作和数据质量的主要问题是试剂和蒸馏水,仪器光路的稳定和光强下降对测定结果也有影响,要求仪器的信号强度应在25 000～30 000范围.     

A New Mathematical Approach in Environmental and Life Sciences: Gene–Environment Networks and Their Dynamics

An important research area in life sciences is devoted to modeling, prediction, and dynamics of gene-expression patterns. As clearly understood in these days, this enterprise cannot become satisfactory without acknowledging the role of the environment. To a representation of past, present, and most likely future states, we also encounter measurement errors and uncertainties. This paper surveys and improves recent advances in understanding the foundations and interdisciplinary implications of the newly introduced gene–environment networks, and it integrates the important theme of carbon dioxide emission reduction into the networks and dynamics. We also introduce some operational and managerial issues of practical working and decision making, expressed in terms of sliding windows, quadrants (modules) of parametric effects, and navigating (controlling) between such effects and directing them. Given data from DNA microarray experiments and environmental records, we extract nonlinear ordinary differential equations that contain parameters that have to be determined. For this, we employ modern (Chebychevian) approximation and (generalized semi-infinite) optimization. After this is provided, time- discretized dynamical systems are studied. A combinatorial algorithm with polyhedra sequences allows to detect the region of parametric stability. Finally, we analyze the topological landscape of gene–environment networks with its structural (in)stability. By embedding as a module and investigating CO₂ emission control and figuring out game theoretical aspects, we conclude. This pioneering work is theoretically elaborated, practically devoted to health care, medicine, education, living conditions, and environmental protection, and it invites the readers to future research.      

微波消解-原子吸收光度法测定土壤中铜锌铅镉镍铬

用微波消解－原子吸收光度法测定土壤中铜，锌，铅，镉，镍和铬。通过硝酸－氢氟酸－过氧化氢体系消解液对土壤样品消解，选择出微波最佳消解条件。对硝酸－盐酸－过氧化氢体系消解液和硝酸－氢氟酸－过氧化氢体系消解液进行消解对比试验，发现前者不能将土壤样品完全消解，后者能将样品消解完全，但需将消解液中剩余的酸赶尽，否则测定结果将明显偏低。微波消解土壤与传统电热消解相比，操作简便快速，可提高工作效率。     

Topsoil and Housedust Metal Concentrations in the Vicinity of a Lead Battery Manufacturing Plant

The aim of the study was to determine the extent of heavy metal pollution in the vicinity of a lead battery manufacturing plant in the Czech Republic, both in the general environment and within homes. Topsoils (0–5 cm) were sampled from 100 sites along 4 transects which crossed the battery factory, the town centre and outlying rural areas. Housedust samples were collected from 15 plant-workers' homes and 15 non plant-workers' homes located at various distances from the factory. Samples were analysed for levels of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb, using ICP-AES. Soil concentrations of Pb, Cd, As and Sb peaked at the perimeter fence of the battery factory with Pb levels of up to 12 650 g g> ^-1. Concentrations of these metals decreased exponentially within 500 m of the plant. Whilst the battery factory does appear to be a source of all the metals with the exception of Zn, emissions do not appear to be transported to any great extent over distances of more than 0.5 km. Topsoil and housedust concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb in the general Mlada Boleslav area do not appear to be significantly different from those recorded in a large scale survey of urban soils in the United Kingdom. A comparison of housedust Pb concentrations in homes of plant workers and non-plant workers suggests that there may be a small input of Pb into the home environment by battery plant employees.     

An Overview of Contaminant-Related Issues Identified by Monitoring in San Francisco Bay

The San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program for Trace Substances (RMP) began in 1993 and is sponsored by 74 local, state, and federal agencies and companies through their discharge or Bay use permits. The RMP monitors water, sediment, toxicity, and bivalve bioaccumulation at 25 sites in the Bay that are considered to represent "background" conditions. Several major environmental issues have been identified by the RMP. Polychlorinated biphenyls and mercury were often above water quality guidelines, and often occurred in fish tissues above U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) screening values. Concentrations do not appear to be decreasing, suggesting continuing inputs. Episodes of aquatic toxicity often occurred following runoff events that transport contaminants into the Bay from urbanized and agricultural portions of the watershed. Sediment toxicity occurred throughout the Bay, and has been correlated with concentrations of specific contaminants (chlordanes, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons) at some locations; mixtures of contaminants were probably also important. Since the RMP does not monitor all ecosystem components, assessments of the overall condition of the Bay cannot be made. However, in terms of contamination, the RMP samples suggest that the South Bay, and North Bay sites are moderately contaminated.     

Biomagnification factors (fish to Osprey eggs from Willamette River,Oregon, U.S.A.) for PCDDs,PCDFs, PCBs and OC pesticides

A migratory population of 78 pairs of Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) nesting along the Willamette River in westernOregon was studied in 1993. The study was designed to determinecontaminant concentrations in eggs, contaminant concentrationsin fish species predominant in the Ospreys diet, andBiomagnification Factors (BMFs) of contaminants from fish specieseaten to Osprey eggs. Ten Osprey eggs and 25 composite samplesof fish (3 species) were used to evaluate organochlorine (OC)pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinateddibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), and polychlorinated dibenzofurans(PCDFs). Mercury was also analyzed in fish. Geometric meanresidues in Osprey eggs were judged low, e.g., DDE 2.3 g g^-1 wet weight (ww), PCBs 0.69 g g^-1, 2,3,7,8-TCDD 2.3 ng kg^-1, and generally well below known threshold values for adverse effects on productivity, and the population was increasing. Osprey egg residue data presentedby River Mile (RM) are discussed, e.g., higher PCDDs were generally found immediately downstream of paper mills and eggsfrom the Willamette River had significantly elevated PCBs and PCDDs compared to reference eggs collected nearby in the CascadeMountains. Prey remains at nest sites indicated that the Largescale Sucker (Catostomus macrocheilus) and NorthernPikeminnow (Ptychocheilus oregonensis) accounted for an estimated 90.1% of the biomass in the Osprey diet, and composite samples of these two species were collected from different sampling sites throughout the study area for contaminant analyses. With the large percentage of the fishbiomass in the Osprey diet sampled for contaminants (and fisheaten by Ospreys similar in size to those chemically analyzed),and fish contaminant concentrations weighted by biomass intake, a mean BMF was estimated from fish to Osprey eggs for the largeseries of contaminants. BMFs ranged from no biomagnification(0.42) for 2,3,7,8-TCDF to 174 for OCDD. Our findings for themigratory Osprey were compared to BMFs for the resident HerringGull (Larus argentatus), and differences are discussed. Webelieve a BMF approach provides some basic understanding ofrelationships between contaminant burdens in prey species offish-eating birds and contaminants incorporated into their eggs,and may prove useful in understanding sources of contaminants inmigratory species although additional studies are needed.     

An investigation on biological stability of product water generated by lab-scale and pilot-scale distillation systems

Material Disposal Area G is the primary low-levelradioactive waste disposal site at Los Alamos NationalLaboratory, New Mexico, and is adjacent to Pueblo of SanIldefonso lands. Pueblo residents and Los Alamos scientists areconcerned about radiological doses resulting from uptake of AreaG radionuclides by mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) andRocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus), then consumption ofdeer and elk meat by humans. Tissue samples were collected fromdeer and elk accidentally killed near Area G and were analyzedfor ³H, ⁹⁰Sr, total U, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu,²⁴¹Am, and ¹³⁷Cs. These data were used to estimatehuman doses based on meat consumption of 23 kg y^-1. Humandoses were also modeled using RESRAD, and dose rates to deer andelk were estimated with a screening model. Dose estimates tohumans from tissue consumption were 2.9 × 10^-3 mSv y^-1and 1.6 × 10^-3 mSv y^-1 from deer and elk, respectively,and RESRAD dose estimates were of the same order of magnitude. Estimated dose rates to deer and elk were 2.1 × 10^-4 mGyd^-1 and 4.7 × 10^-4 mGy d^-1, respectively. Allestimated doses were significantly less than established exposurelimits or guidelines.     

The Draft of the New German Guideline VDI 3782/8 to Model Automobile Exhaust Dispersion

The draft of the German guideline to calculate automobile exhaust dispersion is explained. It contains a two-stage-system: For first quick estimates the guideline contains the simple models MLuS and STREET. In case these models are not applicable or their results shows concentration levels close to the air quality standards, the more complex models PROKAS_V and MISKAM are recommended. PROKAS_V is a Gaussian plume model, MISKAM is a 3-dimensional microscale non hydrostatic flow model for built-up areas with an Eulerian dispersion model. The guideline comprises cases in rural areas without or with few adjacent buildings as well as urban areas with buildings near the roads. The contribution gives information about the models, typical results and some of the problems showing up presently.     

Hydrocarbon Utilization in Yeast Isolates Found to Grow in Association with Petroleum in a Polluted Ultisol of Midwestern Nigeria

The population counts of hydrocarbon-utilising yeasts weremonitored at six sampling stations in the Benin City municipalarea over a four-week period. Although the population countswere relatively constant in each locality, the highest countsoccurred in areas heavily polluted by domestic and industrialeffluents. A total of thirty-five hydrocarbon-degrading yeastswere isolated from soil at the sampling stations usingn-hexadecane as sole carbon source. The isolates were identifiedas belonging to the genera Candida (27 strains), Endomycopsis (4 strains). All the organisms grew on long-chainn-alkane, kerosene, diesel oil and crude oil but failed to growon short-chain n-alkane, aromatic and alicyclic hydrocarbons.Measurement of growth attributes of the isolates usingn-hexadecane, diesel oil and crude oil as substrates showed thatthe Candida species were better utilizers of hydrocarbonsubstrates relative to Endomycopsis and Schizosaccharomyces species.     

Hydrologic–Economic Model for Managing Irrigation Intensity in Irrigation Areas under Watertable and Soil Salinity Targets

This paper gives mathematical details and sample applications of SWAGMAN Farm (SWAGMAN, Salt Water and Groundwater Management), a farm-scale hydrologic economic model that integrates agronomic, climatic, irrigation, hydrogeological and economic aspects of irrigated agriculture. The model is capable of determining optimum mix of land use to keep watertable and soil salinity within acceptable limits while maximising the economic returns. Alternatively, the model can simulate water and salt balance and economics of a given cropping preference. Web-based and Geographic Information Systems versions of the model are available for integration with the environmental reporting systems of the irrigation areas.     

Assessing health consequences in an environmental impact assessment: The case of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol

In this article a comprehensive approach for the evaluation of possible health effects in an environmental impact assessment (EIA) is described, illustrated with the example of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol. Unlike many EIAs, we estimated quantitatively the impact of aircraft-related pollution in terms of the number of affected people for aircraft noise annoyance, odour annoyance and hypertension. In addition, an analysis of health registry data on cardiovascular and respiratory diseases and a short survey on annoyance and risk perception were carried out. The scope of a health impact assessment depends on the situation, available knowledge and data, concern in the population about the impact and the number of people concerned. It is important to pay attention to the perception of risks and concerns from all parties involved. Moreover, the results demonstrate that far more people outside the area for which standards apply were affected than inside.