Detailed Ecological Footprint Accounting of Liaoning in 2006

Ecological footprint （EF） has received considerable attention as a useful indicator in the context of sustainable development. So far, EF has been used in numerous studies by academies, organizations and government authorities. However, the results of these studies failed to be comparable directly with each other due to imprecise data sets, unmodified accounting methods of pasture and fossil energy, ignored secondary products, undefined process Of calculating yield factors and improper biocapacity for biodiversity. In this paper, we elaborated on EF estimating methods from six categories of consumption in order to overcome the limitations above. We adopted precise data and revised methods, calculated EF of some secondary products, introduced weighted factor to calculate yield factors and adjusted biocapacity by an appropriate amount. Meanwhile, we investigated the resource consumption of Liaoning Province in 2006 to assess EF. Its results showed that Liaoning Province overused its natural capital and was in an unsustainable state. We concluded that two specific problems that had arisen in EF assessment and gave some suggestions for Liaoning Province to improve its unsustainable state.     

云南省15年生态足迹与承载力分析

定量测度可持续发展状态是可持续发展研究的热点。M．Wackemagel等提出并完善的生态足迹模型就是一种定量测量可持续状态的方法。该方法通过比较一定区域人类社会消费需求所需土地（生态足迹）与该区域可支持的生物生产性土地（生态承载力）来判断区域发展的可持续状态。以云南省为例。对1988至2003年生态足迹和生态承载力进行了计算分析。结果表明：15年来。云南省人均生态足迹快速增长，由1988年的0．8568hm^2增长到2003年的1．5845hm^2，年均增幅达4．2％；在人均承载力基本不变的情况下。由于人口增长和消费水平的快速提高，生态赤字持续扩大，从1988年的0．0465hm^2增加到2003年的0．6791hm^2，年增幅超过20％。     

中国典型资源型地区能源消耗与经济增长动态关系研究

随着国内外经济环境的复杂变化,中国资源型地区经济结构转型困难加剧。对资源型地区能源消耗与经济增长之间的关系进行研究,可以帮助该类型地区厘清经济发展过程中的能源消耗现状,对于优化资源型地区经济转型之路具有重要现实意义。本文以中国典型资源型地区山西省、黑龙江省、吉林省、辽宁省为例,选取1985—2014年数据,利用格兰杰因果分析对研究区能源消耗与经济增长之间的动态关系进行了研究。研究结果表明:1山西省表现出从经济增长到能源消耗的单向因果关系,黑龙江省与辽宁省表现出从能源消耗到经济增长的单向因果关系,吉林省表现出能源消耗与经济增长的双向因果关系;2山西省、黑龙江省、辽宁省都表现出从煤炭消耗到经济增长的单向因果关系,吉林省表现出煤炭消耗到经济增长的双向因果关系;3典型资源型地区都表现出从能源消耗到煤炭消耗的单向因果关系。4资源型地区转型务必将落实供给侧改革摆在发展首位。山西省应在提高能源使用效率的基础上选择集约化、低载能的新兴产业,黑龙江省与辽宁省应加大新能源的开发与产业化进程,产业应向高端装备制造业、现代服务业等产品附加值高、能源消耗少、环境污染小的产业转型,吉林省的重工业发展要以油气能源替代煤炭资源,在降低产业能耗的同时加速扶持已经相对成熟的替代产业,减少产业转型对于地区经济产生的负面影响。     

Refining the ecological footprint

Ecological footprint measures how much of the biosphere’s annual regenerative capacity is required to renew the natural resources used by a defined population in a given year. Ecological footprint analysis (EFA) compares the footprint with biocapacity. When a population’s footprint is greater than biocapacity it is reported to be engaging in ecological overshoot. Recent estimates show that humanity’s footprint exceeds Earth’s biocapacity by 23%. Despite increasing popularity of EFA, definitional, theoretical, and methodological issues hinder more widespread scientific acceptance and use in policy settings. Of particular concern is how EFA is defined and what it actually measures, exclusion of open oceans and less productive lands from biocapacity accounts, failure to allocate space for other species, use of agricultural productivity potential as the basis for equivalence factors (EQF), how the global carbon budget is allocated, and failure to capture unsustainable use of aquatic or terrestrial ecosystems. This article clarifies the definition of EFA and proposes several methodological and theoretical refinements. Our new approach includes the entire surface of the Earth in biocapacity, allocates space for other species, changes the basis of EQF to net primary productivity (NPP), reallocates the carbon budget, and reports carbon sequestration biocapacity. We apply the new approach to footprint accounts for 138 countries and compare our results with output from the standard model. We find humanity’s global footprint and ecological overshoot to be substantially greater, and suggest the new approach is an important step toward making EFA a more accurate and meaningful sustainability assessment tool.

江苏沿江地区农用地集约利用与农产品市场可达性关系研究

基于农用地利用集约利用和可达性评价方法，计算了江苏沿江地区各县（市）2007年农用地利用集约程度和农产品市场可达性状况，并通过统计方法分析了两者的关系。结果表明：（1）农用地集约利用程度和农产品市场可达性均存在明显的空间差异，两者秩相关系数为0361，在〖WTBX〗α〖WTBZ〗=005的置信水平上显著相关，说明农用地集约利用程度和农产品市场可达性之间存在较弱的空间对应关系；（2）现代市场经济条件下，江苏沿江交通运输的发展使得基于农产品市场可达性的运费因素对于农用地集约利用空间布局的影响显著降低，而农业生产与轻工业之间的联系、农业生产专业化和快速的耕地非农化等影响农业生产布局的新因素，也显著弱化了农产品市场可达性对于农用地集约利用的直接影响。因此，农业区位论提出的“农产品市场可达性 农用地利用集约程度”空间布局模式在现代市场经济条件下对农业生产空间布局的指导价值已显著降低。     

Cultural Relevance for Rural Community Development in China: A Case Study in Bai,Jingpo and Huyaodai Communities of Yunnan Province

Abstract

A three-year study over the Bai, Jingpo and Huayaodai communities in Yunnan Province reveals that the community development is significantly influenced in various ways by such cultural factors as the concepts of development; concepts and traditions of inter-community relationships, consumption, marriage and gender; patterns of decision-making and production, resource and income allocation; as well as the role of information dissemination systems, religion and ritual. Based on the analysis over the interactive relevance between each factor and community development, some strategies and methods for dealing with such a cultural relevance in development projects are recommended.     

辽宁省区域经济差异与区域协调发展的初步研究

本文利用辽宁省近年来的统计数据．通过对标准差、变异系数、离差、比率、相对发展速度等参数的计算。分析了辽宁省内各地区间的区域经济差异的总体特征和空间特征。并总结了产生区域差异的三个主要因素。即自然地理环境的差异(客观因素)、区域战略重点的转移(政策因素)以及各地区经济结构的差异。在此基础上．为辽宁省区域协调发展提出了对策与建议。     

Toward environmental sustainability: how do urbanization,economic growth,and industrialization affect biocapacity in Brazil?

The South American country Brazil is one of the richest countries in terms of natural resources, representing 14 percent of the world’s total biocapacity. However, the biocapacity (biosphere’s ability to generate resources and sequester waste) per capita in Brazil has shown a massive decline over the last five decades, while economic growth and urbanization have rapidly increased for the same period. Brazil is one of the largest creditors of biocapacity to the world, and biocapacity loss in Brazil can lead to devastating environmental consequences. Therefore, this work empirically investigates the influence of urbanization, economic growth, and industrialization on biocapacity controlling human capital from 1961 to 2016 in Brazil. The Bayer and Hack cointegration test, the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) technique, and Hacker and Hatemi-J (J Econ Stud 39:144–160, 2012) causality tests are employed. The findings unfolded a U-shaped relationship between economic growth and biocapacity, evidencing that economic growth reduces biocapacity, but after achieving a threshold level, it promotes biocapacity. Urbanization has a negative relationship with biocapacity per capita, indicating that urbanization is a significant driver of the biocapacity loss in Brazil. Further, urbanization and economic growth Granger cause biocapacity. Lastly, relevant policy implications are proposed to overcome the reduction in biocapacity.

     

辽宁省可持续发展能力及调控对策研究

本文从可持续发展能力的内涵出发，分析了建国以来辽宁省可持续发展能力建设的成就与问题，认为辽宁省具有实施可持续发展的社会经济优势，但经济的快速发展是以资源的过度消耗和生态环境的破坏为代价的。并且城市产业结构偏重，区域经济发展很不平衡，城乡二元结构矛盾突出。接着构建了经济、社会和资源环境3大类41项指标，通过层次分析法对辽宁14个地级市可持续发展能力作了区域差异分析，结果表明沈阳、大连属于强可持续发展地区，盘锦、鞍山、本溪和丹东属于较强可持续发展地区，抚顺、锦州、营口、葫芦岛、辽阳属于一般可持续发展地区，铁岭、朝阳、阜新属于弱可持续发展地区。最后提出相应的对策：建立资源节约型的国民经济体系，优化产业结构，调整经济空间布局和保护生态环境。     

基于压力-状态-响应模型的长株潭城市群生态承载力安全预警研究

在构建城市群生态承载力安全预警评价指标体系基础之上，通过数据的收集，利用灰色加权关联理论，计算了2006~2015年长株潭城市群生态承载力安全指数，并对各年份生态承载力安全警度进行了判定。计算结果显示：从总体来看，2006~2015年长株潭城市群生态承载力安全指数呈现出上升的趋势，安全警度由“高警”下降为“轻警”；从压力、状态、响应3个子系统来看，安全指数同样呈现出上升的趋势，安全警度则由“高警”或“中警”下降为“轻警”。分析表明：近些年长株潭城市群“两型社会”试验区相关资源与环境政策的实施效果是明显的。但我们也发现，试验区统计年份安全指数数值都在 0.700 0 之下，与 “无警”（0.850 0）状态距之甚远，长株潭“两型社会”建设依然任重而道远。     

山东省工业总产值与能源消耗量的协整关系

为考察山东省工业经济发展与能源消耗之间的定量关系,本文基于协整分析和误差修正模型,实证研究了山东省工业总产值与能源消费的动态关系.选取1990-2008年山东省工业总产值和能源消耗的相关数据,通过对时序变量的协整检验、误差修正分析及Granger因果关系检验,对工业总产值和能源消耗量在时序维度的关系进行实证分析.研究得出山东省工业总产值与终端能源消耗量及原煤消耗量之间存在协整关系,工业总产值与终端能源消耗量为双向Granger因果关系,工业总产值是原煤消耗量的单向Granger原因,误差修正模型则显示了具有协整关系的时序变量长期均衡误差对其短期波动的修正.结果表明山东省工业经济发展仍然是以大量消耗能源为基础,而原煤在能源结构中又占主导地位,优化能源结构是山东省工业经济发展的方向.     

以生态产业推动辽宁老工业基地的振兴与发展

建立可持续发展生态产业．是推动辽宁老工业基地振兴．实现其环境-经济协调发展的重要举措。本文分析了辽宁省发展生态产业的背量条件和生态产业发展现状．解析了其发展生态产业面临的主要问题，探讨了生态产业的发展潜力．并提出相应的策略     

东北地区农业现代化与新型城镇化协调发展研究

新型城镇化与农业现代化作为"三化"、"四化"乃至"五化"战略的重要核心内容,研究新型城镇化与农业现代化的协调发展对于开创中国未来城乡经济社会发展一体化的新格局至关重要。以东北三省34个地级城市为研究对象,构建农业现代化与新型城镇化的评价指标体系,结合熵值赋权、变异系数赋权的综合确权法测算城市农业现代化与新型城镇化的发展水平,基于耦合协调度模型探讨二者的耦合度与协调发展度,并划分其阶段类型,研究表明:(1)东北三省新型城镇化的发展水平排序:辽宁省吉林省黑龙江省,农业现代化的发展优势排序:黑龙江省辽宁省吉林省;辽宁与吉林省的新型城镇化发展速度超前于农业现代化,仅黑龙江省的新型城镇化发展滞后于农业现代化;(2)东北三省新型城镇化的高值区分布在以哈尔滨为核心的黑龙江省西南、以长春为核心的吉林省中部、以沈阳和大连为核心的辽宁省中部及南端,农业现代化的高值区分布在哈—大—齐—绥沿线的松嫩平原;沈阳、大连、哈尔滨、长春新型城镇化水平居于东北三省前列,哈尔滨、沈阳、齐齐哈尔、绥化农业现代化水平位于首位;(3)辽宁省新型城镇化与农业现代化的耦合协调发展度均强于黑龙江省,吉林省略低;耦合度高值区位于黑龙江省东北部的三江平原、辽宁省的沿海经济带,协调发展度高值区位于黑龙江省西南部的松嫩平原及以长春、沈阳、大连为核心的小范围圈层区域;仅哈尔滨与沈阳市处于勉强协调阶段,多数城市处于高强度、中高强度拮抗耦合与轻度、中度失调阶段。     

湖北经济发展的周期性及其驱动因素

研究经济发展的周期性及其驱动因素，"淡化"经济周期的剧烈波动，对优化调控经济管理、促进经济稳定增长具有重要意义。采用经验模态分解（Empirical Mode Decomposition,EMD）和偏最小二乘回归（Partial Least squares Regression,PLSR）相结合方法，对1952~2007年湖北人均GDP进行了多尺度分析及不同时间尺度下的驱动因素分析。结果发现：（1）56 a来，湖北人均GDP在波动中不断增长，存在准47 a、准112 a和准56 a 3个波动周期和一个先轻微下降后持续递增的趋势项；（2）湖北人均GDP不同周期性波动的共同驱动因子有资本形成总额、原煤产量、水泥产量、进出口总额、旅客周转量，不同因子及其驱动大小分别为准47 a依次有社会消费品零售总额、居民消费、农林牧渔总产值、钢产量、货物周转量，准112 a依次有社会消费品零售总额、发电量、农林牧渔总产值、钢产量，准56 a依次有居民消费、政府消费、邮电业务总量，趋势项依次有社会消费品零售总额、居民消费、政府消费、发电量、农林牧渔总产值、钢产量、邮电业务总量、货物周转量。湖北及中央政府相关政策制定者应特别关注促进资本积累与形成，有效调控原煤与水泥等主要工业产品产量，制定合理的进出口贸易政策，提高旅客运输效率及运输能力等。
     

On Touristic Ecological Footprint of Macau

Abstract

Despite its tiny territory, Macau boasts a large volume of tourist activities, which serves as the pillar of its economy. Environment and natural resources are the cornerstone of tourism, but are also subject to the negative impact of tourism. Based on the theory and methodology of ecological footprint analysis, this paper calculated the touristic ecological footprint and deficit of Macau in 2009, in an effort to bring to light the current status of excessive consumption of resources by tourism. As the findings show, the non-transferable touristic ecological footprint and touristic ecological deficit of Macau in 2009 are respectively 18 300.891 gha and 12 737.584 gha, and the former is 3.29 times as large as the touristic ecological carrying capacity. Touristic ecological footprint of Macau is highly efficient in economic sense but currently tourism is developing in an unsustainable manner, so appropriate initiatives are in need to strike a balance between tourism development and resource conservation and to promote the sustainability of tourism industry of Macau.     

2000-2008年青海省居民生活能源消费与碳排放分析

本文根据与青海省城乡居民生活能源消费相关的8个部门的能源消费数据,采用统计分析方法,从最终需求的角度评估了2000-2008年城乡居民生活能源消费及其碳排放。研究发现2000-2008年青海省城镇与农村居民生活用能在总量和人均水平上均相差很大,并且由此产生的碳排放是城镇居民远高于农村居民,其中,城镇居民生活用能主要集中在食品、娱乐教育文化服务、衣着3个部门,占总能源消费的61.02%,而农村居民生活用能主要集中在食品、居住和交通通讯3个部门,占总能源消费的71.77%。如果青海省农村居民能源消费水平达到青海省城镇居民能源消费的最低水平,会引起能源消费量及碳排量的急剧增加。     

江苏省生态足迹分析与可持续发展研究

生态足迹是定量研究区域可持续发展的一种重要方法。目前将生态足迹用于不同时间序列分析,以描述区域可持续发展状况的研究仅初始于不多的国外研究机构。通过对江苏省10年间生态足迹变化情况进行纵向比较分析,来考虑人类及其发展与生态环境的关系,衡量在人类开发强度较大的江苏省,区域生态供给功能是否能满足开发和消费的需要,量化江苏经济发展对生态环境影响的程度,证实了研究区域江苏省的严峻形势。同时与目前国内外已有的生态足迹研究成果比较,概述江苏省生态足迹赤字产生的原因。     

China’s Export Expansion,Export Structure and Energy Consumption

Abstract

Since the reform and opening up, China’s export trade has maintained a rapid growth; meanwhile, China’s energy consumption has been increasing sharply. “High export and high energy consumption” has become the feature of China’s trade and economic development. In this paper, based on the input–output analysis approach, the authors have conducted an empirical study on the export trade and energy consumption of 21 trade industrial sectors. The results show that, China is a big net exporter of embodied energy. Assuming that the export growth rate of embodied energy maintains to be about 23.6%, the average annual growth rate of the past 32 years, and based on the input–output data of 2005, by 2030 China’s net export of embodied energy would be over eight times more than the aggregate energy production, which is obviously infeasible. As a country of very low per capita energy, China must change its export pattern, encourage or restrain the export of different industrial sectors according to their energy consumption intensity, and promote structural change of energy– efficient exported products, so as to achieve the sustainable development. Accordingly, the authors put forward some suggestions.     

Translocal celebrity activism: shark-protection campaigns in mainland China

ABSTRACT

Shanghai-born Yao Ming, a retired star player with the American National Basketball Association, is the celebrity face of translocal conservation campaigns to stop the consumption of shark-fin soup in Chinese restaurants worldwide. The standard justification for such communication practices is that they will generate media publicity and save shark populations, by encouraging increasingly affluent Chinese consumers to stop eating a luxury food item based on cruel and unsustainable practices. To date, there has been limited research on the nature of shark-protection campaigns in mainland China, the proclaimed major future market for shark fin. This paper fills that gap. It contends that these campaigns have missed their target, being heavily influenced by communication strategies used in international campaigns and providing incoherent local framing. Declining demand for shark fin demonstrates instead that government austerity measures have had a greater impact on luxury consumption practices, inadvertently highlighting the potential of “authoritarian environmentalism.”     

Sustainable welfare and optimum population size

This paper is an attempt to estimate the level of sustainable welfare, namely a level of consumption that can be enjoyed by all future generations. Based on available measures of the ecological footprint and biocapacity and assuming an acceptable level of per capita consumption, we estimate the maximum level of world population, which will allow that level of consumption without damaging the natural productive capacity of the earth. Also based on a criterion of the ability of each country to feed its people, we estimate the maximum size of population for the fifty most populated countries. It turns out that a few countries are underpopulated (Argentina, Canada, Russia, etc.), but most are overpopulated (China, India, Japan, etc.). We conclude by emphasizing the need for an ecumenical effort to educate and inform people about the need to reduce world population.