An assessment of the concentrations of particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the aftermath of a chemical store fire incident

PM10 airborne particles and soot deposit collected after a fire incident at a chemical store were analyzed in order to determine the concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs). The samples were extracted with 1 : 1 hexane-dichloromethane by ultrasonic agitation. The extracts were then subjected to gas chromatography-mass spectrometric(GC-MS) analysis. The total PAHs concentrations in airborne particles and soot deposit were found to be 3.27 1.55 ng/m^3 and 12.81 24.37 μg/g, respectively. Based on the molecular distributions of PAHs and the interpretation of their diagnostic ratios such as PHEN/(PHEN ANTH), FLT/(FLT PYR) and BeP/(BeP BaP), PAHs in both airborne particles and soot deposit may be inferred to be from the same source. The difference in the value of IP/(IP BgP) for these samples indicated that benzo[ g, h, i] perylene and coronene tend to be attached to finer particles and reside in the air for longer periods. Comparison between the molecular distributions of PAHs and their diagnostic ratios observed in the current study with those reported for urban atmospheric and roadside soil particles revealed that they are of different sources.     

三种农作物秸秆燃烧颗粒态多环芳烃排放特征

收集3种农作物秸秆玉米,水稻和小麦露天燃烧排放的颗粒物样品,并利用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)对样品中的34种多环芳烃(PAHs)进行分析,研究颗粒态PAHs的排放因子及可用于源解析的诊断参数.结果表明,3种秸秆燃烧总PAHs的排放因子为644.18~1798.13μg/kg;其中4环PAHs在秸秆燃烧样品中含量最高,约占38.8%~58.8%,6环PAHs所占比例相对较小,约占5.72%~15.17%.PAHs中部分单体具有相对较强致癌性,对环境和人体健康的影响不可忽视.首次检测分子量为300的高分子多环芳烃二苯并[a,e]荧蒽.在玉米、水稻和小麦秸秆燃烧排放颗粒物中的排放因子分别为6.70,2.77和2.92μg/kg.此外,研究发现BaP/BghiP, Phe/Phe+Ant和Flu/(Flu + Pyr)比值可以作为较好的区分秸秆燃烧与其他来源的诊断参数.     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon in urban soil from Beijing, China

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （EPA-PAHs） in the urban surface soils from Beijing were determined using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry （GC-MS）. It is significantly complementary for understanding the PAHs pollution in soil of integrated Beijing city on the basis of the information known in the outskirts. The total concentration of 16 EPA-PAH was from 0.467 to 5.470 μg/g and was described by the contour map. Compound profiles presented that the 4-, 5- and 6-ring PAHs were major compositions. The correlation analysis showed that PAHs have the similar source in the most sampling sites and BaP might be considered as the indicator of PAHs. Characteristic ratios of anthracene （An）/（An＋ phenanthrene （Phe））, fluoranthene （Flu）/（Flu/ pyrene （Pyr）） and benzo[a]pyrene （BaP）/laenzo[g,h,i]perylene （BghiP） indicated that the PAHs pollutants probably mainly originated from the coal combustion and it was not negligible from vehicular emission. The level of PAHs in our study area was compared with other studies.     

龙岩市区大气飘尘中多环芳烃污染现状的调查

采用恒能量同步荧光法研究了龙岩市区不同功能区冬、春季大气飘尘中多环芳烃(PAHs)的污染状况和污染来源,并对不同功能区的PAHs进行了污染评价。结果表明,龙岩市区各功能区大气飘尘中PAHs总量在278.95～718.13ng/m3,且冬季高于春季。根据荧蒽与芘质量浓度比值,可判断冬春季市区内PAHs主要来源于汽车尾气和燃煤污染。采用苯并[a]芘(BaP)及苯并[a]芘等效致癌浓度(BaPE)来评价3个功能区大气飘尘中PAHs的污染状况,冬季3个功能区苯并[a]芘浓度均超过国家标准(BaP,10ng/m3),且PAHs基本上均严重超标。     

Variations in traffic-related polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in PM2.5 in Kanazawa, Japan, after the implementation of a new vehicle emission regulation

A three-year sampling campaign was conducted at a roadside air pollution monitoring station in the urban area of Kanazawa, Japan. Due to a new emission regulation, PAHs levels decreased over the sampling campaign, exhibiting values of 706 ± 413 pg/m³ in 2017, 559 ± 384 pg/m³ in 2018, and 473 ± 234 pg/m³ in 2019. In each year, similar seasonal variations in PAHs levels were observed, with higher levels observed in winter and lower levels in summer. Among the PAHs isomer ratios, we observed that the ratio of benzo[b]fluoranthene (BbF) and benzo[k]fluoranthene (BkF), [BbF]/([BbF] + [BkF]), and the ratio of indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene (IDP) and benzo[ghi]perylene (BgPe), [IDP]/([BgPe] + [IDP]), showed stability over the sampling campaign and were less affected by the new emission regulation, seasonal variations, and regional characteristics. When using the combined ratio ranges of 0.66 - 0.80 ([BbF]/([BbF] + [BkF]) and 0.26-0.49 ([IDP]/([BgPe] + [IDP]), traffic emissions were clearly distinguished from other PAHs emission sources. Principal component analysis (PCA) and positive matrix factorization (PMF) were also performed to further analyse the characteristics of traffic-related PAHs. Overall, this study affirmed the effectiveness of the new emission regulation in the reduction of PAHs emissions and provided a combined range for identifying PAHs traffic emission sources.     

河北邯郸钢铁冶炼区周边麦田土和小麦籽粒的多环芳烃含量及其组分谱特征

在大型邯郸钢铁公司周边不同样区的麦田成对采集表层土壤和成熟的小麦籽粒样品,检测US EPA优控的16种母体多环芳烃(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAHs)的浓度和组分谱,确定当地麦田表土PAHs的空间分布特征、与总有机碳TOC分数的相关性.由此,初步开展PAHs源解析,并简单探讨小麦籽粒PAHs与表土PAHs的关联性.结果表明,麦田表土总PAHs平均中位数含量为398.9 ng·g-1(范围123.4~1 626.4 ng·g-1),根据丹麦的土壤质量标准,所有表土样品中PAHs总含量超过限值占18%,而苯并[a]芘含量超过限值的样品占总数的10%.表土PAHs组分谱以中、高环组分为主体.利用同分异构体特征比值进行初步源解析,显示煤与生物质燃烧和交通燃油(尾气)是当地PAHs主要混合排放源.各样区麦田表土TOC分数与PAHs总含量、与不同环数组分含量都呈现类似的显著正相关.邯郸钢铁公司周边麦田小麦籽粒的总PAHs平均中位数含量为27.0 ng·g-1(范围19.0~34.0 ng·g-1),PAHs含量较低且未超过欧盟与国内的相关食品卫生标准.小麦籽粒中优势低环组分占总体的84%,其组分谱分布与麦田表土有所不同,显示小麦籽粒的PAHs除去根部吸收、传输外,还存在大气干湿沉降通过叶表(气孔)进入小麦体内等其它输入途径.     

Bioconcentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in roots of three mangrove species in Jiulong River Estuary

IntroductionMangrovesareintertidalwetlands ,commonintropicalandsubtropicalcoastalregions,especiallyinbaysandriverestuaries.Theyareamongthemostbiologicallyimportantnatureresoursesonearth ,promotingthediversitiesofterrestrialandaquaticorganisms.Astheprimary…     

Emission factors of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from domestic coal combustion in China

Domestic coal stove is widely used in China, especially for countryside during heating period of winter, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs） are important in flue gas of the stove. By using dilution tunnel system, samples of both gaseous and particulate phases from domestic coal combustion were collected and 18 PAH species were analyzed by GC-MS. The average emission factors of total 18 PAH species was 171.73 mg/kg, ranging from 140.75 to 229.11 mg/kg for bituminous coals, while was 93.98 mg/kg, ranging from 58.48 to 129.47 mg/kg for anthracite coals. PAHs in gaseous phases occupied 95% of the total of PAHs emission of coal combustion. In particulate phase, 3-ring and 4- ring PAHs were the main components, accounting for 80% of the total particulate PAHs. The total toxicity potency evaluated by benzo[a]pyrene-equivalent carcinogenic power, sum of 7 carcinogenic PAH components and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin had a similar tendency. And as a result, the toxic potential of bituminous coal was higher than that of anthracite coal. Efficient emission control should be conducted to reduce PAH emissions in order to protect ecosystem and human health.     

港口地区大气PM2.5中多环芳烃污染特征及来源分析

为探究港口地区污染大气中多环芳烃（PAHs）的污染特征和潜在来源,以青岛港为研究对象,于2018年8月至2019年5月期间采集了4个季节的PM_2.5样品（n=59）,分析了PM_2.5中PAHs的季节变化和组成特征,使用相关性分析探索了气象因素对PAHs浓度的影响,并采用正定矩阵因子分解和潜在来源贡献函数模型对潜在来源进行解析.结果表明,ρ（PAHs）平均值为（8.11±12.31） ng·m^-3,秋冬季节高于春夏季节.PAHs的季节性分子组成相似,以4~5环PAHs （75.43%）为主.荧蒽、苯并［e］芘、苯并［a］蒽、菲、芘和䓛是研究区域PAHs的优势物种,这与船舶尾气中主要化合物组成相似.相关性分析表明,PAHs浓度与温度和相对湿度呈极显著负相关,与大气压和风向呈极显著正相关,与风速的相关性较差.PMF分析提取出6个贡献因子,结果表明,青岛港地区受航运排放（28.83%）影响最大,其次是机动车排放（20.49%）以及原油挥发（13.47%）等,夏季受航运排放影响最大.PSCF结果表明,京津冀、环渤海和鲁北地区是远距离传输的主要来源区域.     

京津冀地区城市空气颗粒物中多环芳烃的污染特征及来源

在2013年4个季节,同步采集了京津冀地区3个典型城市(北京市、天津市和石家庄市)空气PM2.5和PM10样品,采用乙腈超声提取-超高压液相色谱法分析了16种多环芳烃(PAHs).结果表明,京津冀地区城市空气PM2.5和PM10中总PAHs的浓度分别为6.3~251.4ng/m3和7.0~285.5ng/m3,呈现冬季>春季>秋季>夏季的季节变化特点和石家庄>北京>天津的空间分布特点.PAHs环数分布以4、5和6环为主,比例分别为25.0%~45.1%、31.7%~40.1%、15.1%~28.2%,2和3环比例之和小于10.3%;与非采暖季相比,采暖季中4环PAHs比例显著增加,5和6环PAHs比例明显下降.PAHs比值法显示,京津冀地区城市空气颗粒物PAHs的来源呈现明显季节性变化特点,燃煤和机动车排放是2个重要的PAHs排放源,在采暖季燃煤来源的比例较大,在非采暖季以机动车排放的来源为主.     

广东火电厂排放的大气污染物分布特征

随着电力需求的急剧增长,火电厂排放的气态污染物成为大气污染的一个重要来源。本文估算了广东省2003年火电厂二氧化碳、多环芳烃和二恶英类的排放量,并引入经济、人口和区域面积进行空间分析。结果表明,广东省2003年火电厂共排放二氧化碳31 14.17万t,多环芳烃8 035.61 kg,二恶英11.46 g毒性当量;火电厂单位面积、人均、单位GDP二氧化碳排放量变化范围分别是0-2 102 t/km20、-3 417 kg/人和0-98 g/元;珠三角地区火电厂这三类大气污染物排放量占广东省排放总量的70%以上;珠三角火电厂单位GDP二氧化碳排放量低于全省平均水平。     

九龙江河口区多环芳烃分布逸度模型和实测分析

于2011年12月(冬季)在厦门九龙江河口及西港采集9个表层海水水样,采用固相萃取-气质联用方法(SPE-GC-MS)分析其中16种多环芳烃含量。研究结果表明,总溶解态态PAH含量为157.9~858.0 ng/L。在河口区,随着盐度升高,PAHs含量逐渐降低。基于比值法分析,表明厦门九龙江及西港海域海水中的PAHs来源存在多种途径,呈现混合来源的态势。利用LEVEL Ⅲ逸度模型研究菲,芘和苯并(a)芘在各介质间的分布以及水气界面的交换通量。模拟结果与本文实测和文献中的实测值相吻合。在16℃时,三种多环芳烃的大气沉降通量分别为17.38,7.86和8.38g/day/m2。其中菲在大气沉降中占主导地位,约三分之二。三种多环芳烃的大气沉降通量均随温度升高而减少。当温度高于32℃时,苯并(a)芘开始从水体释放。     

青岛近岸表层海水中PAHs的分布特征及物源初步解析

采用固相萃取-高效液相色谱-荧光检测法分析了青岛近岸海水中15种PAHs的质量浓度.结果表明,海水中PAHs的总量变化范围为8.23～272.02 ng.L-1,河口区质量浓度最高,远离城区的清洁区质量浓度最低.就组成特征而言,2～3环PAHs是其主要组分,占总量的质量分数为52.2%～93.8%,4～6环PAHs占总量的质量分数为6.2%～47.8%.表层海水中PAHs总浓度和DOC浓度之间有较好的相关性,相关系数为0.944 3.青岛湾表层海水中PAHs浓度组成相对稳定.利用Fl/(Fl+Py)和An/(An+Ph)分析表层海水中PAHs的来源,结果表明除清洁区表层海水中PAHs主要来源于煤和木材燃烧外,青岛近岸海水中的PAHs主要来源于石油制品和石油燃烧.     

利用PUF被动采样技术研究长三角城市群大气中多环芳烃的时空分布及来源

大气是环境污染研究领域重要的介质之一,大气被动采样技术在近10年来已发展成为主动大流量采样的重要补充手段.利用聚氨酯泡沫(polyurethane foam,PUF)被动采样技术在区域尺度上对长三角城市群大气中的多环芳烃(PAHs)进行监测.通过对31组采样点的研究发现,长三角城市群大气中PAHs的浓度在10.1～367 ng.m-3之间,苯并[a]芘(BaP)年平均浓度高达2.25 ng.m-3,超出GB 3095-2012规定限值两倍多.PAHs季节变化趋势为秋季>冬季>春季>夏季,秋冬季节长三角城市群大气中BaP的超标范围较大,其中冬季有明显的BaP排放.交通石油源、煤和生物质燃烧和焦炉排放源是该区域大气中PAHs的主要来源,贡献率依次为38.1%、42.4%和19.5%.     

我国8种市售蚊香燃烧烟气中多环芳烃的排放特征

利用GC-MS对8种具有代表性的市售蚊香燃烧烟气中16种列入美国环境保护署(US EPA)优先控制的多环芳烃(PAHs)进行分析. 结果表明:有烟蚊香烟气中16种优先控制的PAHs均有检出(6号蚊香除外),排放因子较大的化合物主要有萘、苊、二氢苊、菲和荧蒽;无烟蚊香烟气中仅检出10～11种,排放因子最大的化合物是菲,其次为萘;各种蚊香烟气中PAHs均以2～3环化合物为主,约占排放量的83.3%～98.0%. 同无烟蚊香相比,有烟蚊香烟气中PAHs的排放量较大,毒性也较高. 根据烟气中PAHs排放因子估算出一盘蚊香燃烧后烟气中苯并［a］芘排放量相当于燃烧4支香烟,PAHs排放量相当于燃烧8支香烟;蚊香燃烧后室内空气中ρ(PAHs)高达1 486.60 ng/m3,其中ρ(苯并［a］芘)为8.07 ng/m3,超过其《室内空气质量标准》(GB/T18883─2002)中的日均限值.      

深圳市大气中多环芳烃的污染特征与来源识别

利用大流量主动采样器于2009年12月~2010年1月及2010年6月,分冬季与夏季两批次对深圳市13个点位进行大气样品采集,检测其气相及颗粒相中总的多环芳烃(PAHs)浓度.结果表明,冬季深圳市大气中总PAHs的浓度为17.9~92.3ng/m3,平均值为45.3ng/m3;夏季总PAHs浓度范围为8.64~96.3ng/m3,平均值为32.2ng/m3.两个季节PAHs单体中均以3~4环为主,占总浓度的75%以上;单个组分与总量的相关性分析表明,夏季明显优于冬季.来源分析表明,冬季大气中PAHs来源比夏季更为复杂,通过特征分子比值法推断冬季PAHs主要来源于石油源、燃煤、机动车尾气排放;夏季主要来源于机动车尾气排放.利用毒性当量因子法和致癌风险评价其污染水平和毒性风险,结果表明深圳市大气中PAHs污染与国内部分城市相比,处于较低水平.     

无机盐添加剂对蚊香燃烧产物中多环芳烃分布规律的影响

研究了3种无机盐添加剂(NaCl、Na2CO3和CaCO3)对蚊香燃烧烟气和灰烬中多环芳烃(PAHs)分布规律的影响,采用GC-MS方法分析样品中16种优控PAHs的含量.结果表明,未加添加剂时蚊香烟气中16种PAHs均有检出,其中萘最大(3.109μg.g-1),其次为菲(1.230μg.g-1)、二氢苊(0.495μg.g-1)和荧蒽(0.311μg.g-1),以2～3环PAHs为主,约占PAHs总排放因子的86.0%;灰烬中也以2～3环PAHs为主,但排放总量仅为烟气中的4.7%.添加NaCl和Na2CO3未能起到降低烟气中PAHs排放的作用,甚至导致烟气中PAHs总排放因子和毒性当量出现不同程度增加.比较而言,CaCO3降低蚊香烟气中PAHs排放的效果最佳.随着CaCO3添加量的增加,2～3环PAHs在烟气与灰烬中份额的比值明显增加,而5～6环PAHs在烟气与灰烬中份额的比值明显减少.摩尔分数为2.0%的CaCO3在降低蚊香烟气中PAHs总排放因子和毒性当量方面作用最显著,其PAHs总排放因子较未加添加剂时降低了1.8%,毒性当量浓度降低了86.6%.     

厦门杏林湾水系表层沉积物中PAHs分析与风险评估

利用ASE-GC-MS(加速溶剂萃取与气相色谱质谱仪联用)方法分析了USEPA(美国环保署)16种优控PAHs在厦门城郊杏林湾水系的19个表层沉积物样点中的含量,并对其组成、来源和风险进行了探讨.结果表明,杏林湾水系表层沉积物中PAHs含量介于413.00~2 748.81 ng·g-1,均值为949.56 ng·g-1;在检测出的13种PAHs中,强致癌性的Bk F和Bghi P检出率高达73.68%,均值分别为69.15 ng·g-1和49.86 ng·g-1;PAHs以2~4环为主,其中2+3环比例均值为61.03%,4环比例均值为23.53%;5和6环均值为15.82%.在所采集的沉积物样品中,中度污染占调查样品数的68.42%,高度污染的占31.58%.利用Ant/(Ant+Phe)和Fla/(Fla+Pyr)比值法和主成分分析方法对杏林湾流域中PAHs其来源进行分析,以及平均沉积物质量基准商(m SQG-Q)法进行生态风险评估,结果表明其PAHs的主要来源为石油源以及石油燃烧源;SQG-Q小于0.50;综合含量、组成特征以及沉积物质量基准商等评价表明,研究区域内靠近杏林工业区一侧的2、3、5和9号采样区以及13号港头采样区表层沉积物中PAHs具有较高的生态安全风险;值得进一步关注.     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ambient air, surface soil and wheat grain near a large steel-smelting manufacturer in northern China

The total concentrations and component profiles of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in ambient air, surface soil and wheat grain collected from wheat fields near a large steel-smelting manufacturer in Northern China were determined. Based on the specific isomeric ratios of paired species in ambient air, principle component analysis and multivariate linear regression, the main emission source of local PAHs was identified as a mixture of industrial and domestic coal combustion, biomass burning and traffic exhaust. The total organic carbon (TOC) fraction was considerably correlated with the total and individual PAH concentrations in surface soil. The total concentrations of PAHs in wheat grain were relatively low, with dominant low molecular weight constituents, and the compositional profile was more similar to that in ambient air than in topsoil. Combined with more significant results from partial correlation and linear regression models, the contribution from air PAHs to grain PAHs may be greater than that from soil PAHs.     

Survey of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in arterial street air of Hangzhou

ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＰｏｌｙｃｙｃｌｉｃａｒｏｍａｔｉｃｈｙｄｒｏｃａｒｂｏｎｓ (ＰＡＨｓ)ａｒｅｗｉｄｅｓｐｒｅａｄｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌｐｏｌｌｕｔａｎｔｓｉｎｔｈｅａｔｍｏｓｐｈｅｒｅ.Ｔｈｅｙａｒｅｇｅｎｅｒａｔｅｄｉｎｔｈｅｃｏｍｂｕｓｔｉｏｎ .Ｔｈｅｍａｊｏｒｓｏｕｒｃｅｓｉｄｅｎｔｉｆｉｅｄｉｎｃｌｕｄｅｆｏｓｓｉｌｆｕｅｌｓ,ｖｅｈｉｃｕｌａｒｔｒａｆｆｉｃ,ｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｉａｌｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｅｓ,ｓｍｏｋｉｎｇａｎｄｄｏｍｅｓｔｉｃｈｅａｔｉｎｇ (Ｐｅｌｔｏｎｅｎ ,1995) .Ｔ…