2-(2-喹啉偶氮)-4,5-二甲基苯酚光度法测定水中的铜

研究了2-(2-喹啉偶氮)-4,5-二甲基苯酚(QADMP)与铜(Ⅱ)的显色反应,在pH为4 0的HAc-NaAc缓冲介质中,CTMAB存在下,QADMP与铜(Ⅱ)生成分子比为2∶1的稳定红色配合物,该配合物λmax=561nm,摩尔吸光系数ε为4 56×104L·mol-1·cm-1,铜(Ⅱ)含量在0～0 4mg/L内符合比耳定律,该方法用于水样中微量铜的测定,结果满意。     

5—(4—磺酸基苯偶氮)8—(2,4—二硝基苯氨基)喹啉测定食品中铜的研究应用

在弱碱性介质中 ,5— (4—磺酸基苯偶氮 ) 8— (2 ,4—二硝基苯氨基 )喹啉 (SPDNPAQ)与铜反应生成 2∶ 1紫红色络合物 ,体系 λmax=56 0 nm,ε=1.2 3× 10 5L· mol-1· cm-1。铜含量在 0～ 0 .4 mg/ L内符合比耳定律 ,方法用于一些生物样品和水样中铜的测定。     

2-(2-吡啶偶氮)-5-二甲氨基酚固相萃取光度法测定环境样品中钴(Ⅱ)的研究

根据新试剂2-(2-吡啶偶氮)-5-二甲氨基酚(PADMAP)与钴的显色反应及C18固相萃取小柱对显色络合物的固相萃取,建立了一种测定环境样品中痕量钴的新方法,在pH4 0的HAc—NaAc缓冲介质中,溴化十六烷基三甲基铵(CTMAB)存在下,PADMAP与钴反应生成2∶1稳定络合物,该络合物可用C18固相萃取小柱富集,小柱上富集的络合物用乙醇(内含2%乙酸)洗脱后用光度法测定。络合物最大吸收波长为585nm,摩尔吸光系数为1 05×105L·mol-1·cm-1,钴含量在0—1 0mg/L内符合比耳定律。方法用于几种环境样品中钴的分析,结果令人满意。     

在平平加存在下,三溴偶氮胂双波长法同时测定水中的钙、镁

本文研究了三溴偶氮肿(TBA)与钙、镁的显色反应,结果表明:在平平加存在下,PH10.4硼酸-氢氧化钠缓冲体系中,钙、镁与TBA都形成1:2稳定的紫色络合物,以490nm为参比波长,620nm为测定波长,用双波长分光光度法测得ε_(490-620)~(Ca)=7.21×10~3l·mol~(-1)·cm~(-1),ε_(490-620)~(Ca)=2.55×10~4l·mol~(-1)·cm~(-1),比尔定律范围是0-35μgmg/25ml,0-40μgCa/25ml,无平平加时ε_(490-620)~(Mg)=6.61×10~3l·mol~(-1)·cm~(-1),ε_(490-620)~(Ca)=2.3×10~4。根据有无平平加时测定络合物吸光度的差异,利用公式法求得Ca,Mg含量,方法简便、快速、可靠。     

2-羟基-5-磺酸基苯基重氮氨基偶氮苯光度法测定微量Ni(Ⅱ)的研究

2—羟基— 5—磺酸基苯基重氮氨基偶氮苯与 Ni( )在 OP存在下 ,于 p H=1 0的硼砂缓冲溶液中形成 2∶ 1红色络合物 ,λmax=530 nm,ε=6.0× 1 0 4 L· mol- 1·cm- 1 ,Ni( )含量在 0～ 0 .2 4 mg/ L符合比耳定律。用于电镀废水中镍的测定 ,结果满意。     

2-(2-喹啉偶氮)-4-二乙氨基苯甲酸光度法测定镍的研究

合成了新试剂 2 -( 2 -喹啉偶氮 ) -4 -二乙氨基苯甲酸 ( QADEABA) ,并研究了其与镍的显色反应 ,在 p H=8.0的硼酸 -磷酸二氢钾缓冲介质中 ,吐温 -80存在下 ,QADEABA与镍反应生成 2∶ 1稳定络合物 ,λmax=5 90 nm ,ε=1 .1 8× 1 0 5L· mol-1· cm-1。镍含量在 0～ 0 .4 mg/ L内符合比耳定律 ,方法用于水样中镍含量的测定 ,结果令人满意     

分光光度法测定环境样品中锰的研究

研究了2-(2-喹啉偶氮)-4-甲基-1,3-二羟基苯(QAMDHB)与锰的显色反应,在pH为10的氯化铵—氨水缓冲介质中,O/W微乳液存在下,QAMDHB与锰反应生成3∶1稳定络合物,λmax=560nm,ε=8.22×104L.mol-1.cm-1。锰含量在40~800μg/L内符合比耳定律,方法用于环境样品中锰含量的测定,结果令人满意。     

吐温-20和锰(Ⅱ)存在下二安替匹林间氯苯基甲烷光度法测定水中微量铬(Ⅵ)

研究了Cr(Ⅵ)与二安替匹林间氯苯基甲烷(DAmCM)的分析特性,在吐温-20和Mn(Ⅱ)存在下,在H_3PO_4介质中,DAmCM与Cr(Ⅵ)反应生成红色产物,其最大吸收波长在480nm,ε=1.0 × 10~ 5L·mol~(-1)·cm~(-1)·Cr(Ⅵ)量在0～10μg/25ml间符合比耳定律。     

HDNPTT与镉显色反应的研究

应用合成的新试剂 1- (2 -羟基 - 3 ,5 -二硝基苯 ) - 3 - (4 -苯基 - 2 -噻唑 ) -三氮烯 (HDNPTT) ,研究了在表面活性剂TritonX - 10 0存在下 ,它与Cd2 的显色反应。结果表明 ,在 pH 8 0～ 10 0范围内 ,Cd2 与该试剂形成的配合物 ,其最大吸收峰位于 5 35nm处 ,摩尔吸光系数为 1 89× 10 5L·mol-1·cm-1。Cd2 在 0mg/L～ 0 32mg/L范围内符合比尔定律。此法用于环境水样和人发样品中微量镉的测定 ,结果满意。     

1-(2,6-二氯-4-硝基苯)-3-(4-硝基苯)-三氮烯光度法测定矿山废水中的锌

研究了用1-(2,6-二氯-4-硝基苯)-3-(4-硝基苯)-三氮烯(DCNPNPT)分光光度法快速直接测定锌的方法。在表面活性剂TritonX-15的存在下,pH=9.5～10.5的Na2B4O7-NaOH介质中,DCNPNPT与锌( )可生成1∶3的橙黄色络合物。最大吸收波长为445nm,同时在535nm配合物有一最大负吸收,建立以535nm为参比波长,445nm为测定波长的双峰双波长法进行测定,表观摩尔吸光系数可达1.12×105L/(mol·cm)。用拟定的方法测定矿山废水中的锌,与原子吸收法测定的结果十分吻合,结果令人满意。     

A New Mathematical Approach in Environmental and Life Sciences: Gene–Environment Networks and Their Dynamics

An important research area in life sciences is devoted to modeling, prediction, and dynamics of gene-expression patterns. As clearly understood in these days, this enterprise cannot become satisfactory without acknowledging the role of the environment. To a representation of past, present, and most likely future states, we also encounter measurement errors and uncertainties. This paper surveys and improves recent advances in understanding the foundations and interdisciplinary implications of the newly introduced gene–environment networks, and it integrates the important theme of carbon dioxide emission reduction into the networks and dynamics. We also introduce some operational and managerial issues of practical working and decision making, expressed in terms of sliding windows, quadrants (modules) of parametric effects, and navigating (controlling) between such effects and directing them. Given data from DNA microarray experiments and environmental records, we extract nonlinear ordinary differential equations that contain parameters that have to be determined. For this, we employ modern (Chebychevian) approximation and (generalized semi-infinite) optimization. After this is provided, time- discretized dynamical systems are studied. A combinatorial algorithm with polyhedra sequences allows to detect the region of parametric stability. Finally, we analyze the topological landscape of gene–environment networks with its structural (in)stability. By embedding as a module and investigating CO₂ emission control and figuring out game theoretical aspects, we conclude. This pioneering work is theoretically elaborated, practically devoted to health care, medicine, education, living conditions, and environmental protection, and it invites the readers to future research.      

微波消解-原子吸收光度法测定土壤中铜锌铅镉镍铬

用微波消解－原子吸收光度法测定土壤中铜，锌，铅，镉，镍和铬。通过硝酸－氢氟酸－过氧化氢体系消解液对土壤样品消解，选择出微波最佳消解条件。对硝酸－盐酸－过氧化氢体系消解液和硝酸－氢氟酸－过氧化氢体系消解液进行消解对比试验，发现前者不能将土壤样品完全消解，后者能将样品消解完全，但需将消解液中剩余的酸赶尽，否则测定结果将明显偏低。微波消解土壤与传统电热消解相比，操作简便快速，可提高工作效率。     

Topsoil and Housedust Metal Concentrations in the Vicinity of a Lead Battery Manufacturing Plant

The aim of the study was to determine the extent of heavy metal pollution in the vicinity of a lead battery manufacturing plant in the Czech Republic, both in the general environment and within homes. Topsoils (0–5 cm) were sampled from 100 sites along 4 transects which crossed the battery factory, the town centre and outlying rural areas. Housedust samples were collected from 15 plant-workers' homes and 15 non plant-workers' homes located at various distances from the factory. Samples were analysed for levels of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb, using ICP-AES. Soil concentrations of Pb, Cd, As and Sb peaked at the perimeter fence of the battery factory with Pb levels of up to 12 650 g g> ^-1. Concentrations of these metals decreased exponentially within 500 m of the plant. Whilst the battery factory does appear to be a source of all the metals with the exception of Zn, emissions do not appear to be transported to any great extent over distances of more than 0.5 km. Topsoil and housedust concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb in the general Mlada Boleslav area do not appear to be significantly different from those recorded in a large scale survey of urban soils in the United Kingdom. A comparison of housedust Pb concentrations in homes of plant workers and non-plant workers suggests that there may be a small input of Pb into the home environment by battery plant employees.     

An Overview of Contaminant-Related Issues Identified by Monitoring in San Francisco Bay

The San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program for Trace Substances (RMP) began in 1993 and is sponsored by 74 local, state, and federal agencies and companies through their discharge or Bay use permits. The RMP monitors water, sediment, toxicity, and bivalve bioaccumulation at 25 sites in the Bay that are considered to represent "background" conditions. Several major environmental issues have been identified by the RMP. Polychlorinated biphenyls and mercury were often above water quality guidelines, and often occurred in fish tissues above U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) screening values. Concentrations do not appear to be decreasing, suggesting continuing inputs. Episodes of aquatic toxicity often occurred following runoff events that transport contaminants into the Bay from urbanized and agricultural portions of the watershed. Sediment toxicity occurred throughout the Bay, and has been correlated with concentrations of specific contaminants (chlordanes, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons) at some locations; mixtures of contaminants were probably also important. Since the RMP does not monitor all ecosystem components, assessments of the overall condition of the Bay cannot be made. However, in terms of contamination, the RMP samples suggest that the South Bay, and North Bay sites are moderately contaminated.     

Biomagnification factors (fish to Osprey eggs from Willamette River,Oregon, U.S.A.) for PCDDs,PCDFs, PCBs and OC pesticides

A migratory population of 78 pairs of Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) nesting along the Willamette River in westernOregon was studied in 1993. The study was designed to determinecontaminant concentrations in eggs, contaminant concentrationsin fish species predominant in the Ospreys diet, andBiomagnification Factors (BMFs) of contaminants from fish specieseaten to Osprey eggs. Ten Osprey eggs and 25 composite samplesof fish (3 species) were used to evaluate organochlorine (OC)pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinateddibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), and polychlorinated dibenzofurans(PCDFs). Mercury was also analyzed in fish. Geometric meanresidues in Osprey eggs were judged low, e.g., DDE 2.3 g g^-1 wet weight (ww), PCBs 0.69 g g^-1, 2,3,7,8-TCDD 2.3 ng kg^-1, and generally well below known threshold values for adverse effects on productivity, and the population was increasing. Osprey egg residue data presentedby River Mile (RM) are discussed, e.g., higher PCDDs were generally found immediately downstream of paper mills and eggsfrom the Willamette River had significantly elevated PCBs and PCDDs compared to reference eggs collected nearby in the CascadeMountains. Prey remains at nest sites indicated that the Largescale Sucker (Catostomus macrocheilus) and NorthernPikeminnow (Ptychocheilus oregonensis) accounted for an estimated 90.1% of the biomass in the Osprey diet, and composite samples of these two species were collected from different sampling sites throughout the study area for contaminant analyses. With the large percentage of the fishbiomass in the Osprey diet sampled for contaminants (and fisheaten by Ospreys similar in size to those chemically analyzed),and fish contaminant concentrations weighted by biomass intake, a mean BMF was estimated from fish to Osprey eggs for the largeseries of contaminants. BMFs ranged from no biomagnification(0.42) for 2,3,7,8-TCDF to 174 for OCDD. Our findings for themigratory Osprey were compared to BMFs for the resident HerringGull (Larus argentatus), and differences are discussed. Webelieve a BMF approach provides some basic understanding ofrelationships between contaminant burdens in prey species offish-eating birds and contaminants incorporated into their eggs,and may prove useful in understanding sources of contaminants inmigratory species although additional studies are needed.     

An investigation on biological stability of product water generated by lab-scale and pilot-scale distillation systems

Material Disposal Area G is the primary low-levelradioactive waste disposal site at Los Alamos NationalLaboratory, New Mexico, and is adjacent to Pueblo of SanIldefonso lands. Pueblo residents and Los Alamos scientists areconcerned about radiological doses resulting from uptake of AreaG radionuclides by mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) andRocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus), then consumption ofdeer and elk meat by humans. Tissue samples were collected fromdeer and elk accidentally killed near Area G and were analyzedfor ³H, ⁹⁰Sr, total U, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu,²⁴¹Am, and ¹³⁷Cs. These data were used to estimatehuman doses based on meat consumption of 23 kg y^-1. Humandoses were also modeled using RESRAD, and dose rates to deer andelk were estimated with a screening model. Dose estimates tohumans from tissue consumption were 2.9 × 10^-3 mSv y^-1and 1.6 × 10^-3 mSv y^-1 from deer and elk, respectively,and RESRAD dose estimates were of the same order of magnitude. Estimated dose rates to deer and elk were 2.1 × 10^-4 mGyd^-1 and 4.7 × 10^-4 mGy d^-1, respectively. Allestimated doses were significantly less than established exposurelimits or guidelines.     

The Draft of the New German Guideline VDI 3782/8 to Model Automobile Exhaust Dispersion

The draft of the German guideline to calculate automobile exhaust dispersion is explained. It contains a two-stage-system: For first quick estimates the guideline contains the simple models MLuS and STREET. In case these models are not applicable or their results shows concentration levels close to the air quality standards, the more complex models PROKAS_V and MISKAM are recommended. PROKAS_V is a Gaussian plume model, MISKAM is a 3-dimensional microscale non hydrostatic flow model for built-up areas with an Eulerian dispersion model. The guideline comprises cases in rural areas without or with few adjacent buildings as well as urban areas with buildings near the roads. The contribution gives information about the models, typical results and some of the problems showing up presently.     

Hydrocarbon Utilization in Yeast Isolates Found to Grow in Association with Petroleum in a Polluted Ultisol of Midwestern Nigeria

The population counts of hydrocarbon-utilising yeasts weremonitored at six sampling stations in the Benin City municipalarea over a four-week period. Although the population countswere relatively constant in each locality, the highest countsoccurred in areas heavily polluted by domestic and industrialeffluents. A total of thirty-five hydrocarbon-degrading yeastswere isolated from soil at the sampling stations usingn-hexadecane as sole carbon source. The isolates were identifiedas belonging to the genera Candida (27 strains), Endomycopsis (4 strains). All the organisms grew on long-chainn-alkane, kerosene, diesel oil and crude oil but failed to growon short-chain n-alkane, aromatic and alicyclic hydrocarbons.Measurement of growth attributes of the isolates usingn-hexadecane, diesel oil and crude oil as substrates showed thatthe Candida species were better utilizers of hydrocarbonsubstrates relative to Endomycopsis and Schizosaccharomyces species.     

Hydrologic–Economic Model for Managing Irrigation Intensity in Irrigation Areas under Watertable and Soil Salinity Targets

This paper gives mathematical details and sample applications of SWAGMAN Farm (SWAGMAN, Salt Water and Groundwater Management), a farm-scale hydrologic economic model that integrates agronomic, climatic, irrigation, hydrogeological and economic aspects of irrigated agriculture. The model is capable of determining optimum mix of land use to keep watertable and soil salinity within acceptable limits while maximising the economic returns. Alternatively, the model can simulate water and salt balance and economics of a given cropping preference. Web-based and Geographic Information Systems versions of the model are available for integration with the environmental reporting systems of the irrigation areas.     

Assessing health consequences in an environmental impact assessment: The case of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol

In this article a comprehensive approach for the evaluation of possible health effects in an environmental impact assessment (EIA) is described, illustrated with the example of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol. Unlike many EIAs, we estimated quantitatively the impact of aircraft-related pollution in terms of the number of affected people for aircraft noise annoyance, odour annoyance and hypertension. In addition, an analysis of health registry data on cardiovascular and respiratory diseases and a short survey on annoyance and risk perception were carried out. The scope of a health impact assessment depends on the situation, available knowledge and data, concern in the population about the impact and the number of people concerned. It is important to pay attention to the perception of risks and concerns from all parties involved. Moreover, the results demonstrate that far more people outside the area for which standards apply were affected than inside.