低成本轻质复合蒙布在飞艇尾翼中的应用

目的研究一种低成本轻质复合蒙布设计,为中小型飞艇尾翼提供蒙皮材料。方法通过材料选型、连接设计、典型的复合蒙布性能测试。结果实现了该型蒙布在某大型飞艇尾翼中的应用,表现出了良好的力学性能、可靠性与维修性。结论结构质量与同等强度的气囊材料相比约轻30%。同时,该型复合蒙布还可用于飞艇框架结构的装饰,具有较高的使用价值。     

飞艇蒙皮缝线光老化试验研究

目的研究飞艇蒙皮缝线的光老化规律并确定其有效期。方法在辐照强度为0．35w／m^2@340nm,温度为77℃,相对湿度为70％,2h内照射1．5h、喷淋0．5h的条件下,采用氙灯光照进行30天的加速老化试验。通过测量飞艇蒙皮缝线试验后的断裂强力,计算得到飞艇蒙皮缝线的断裂强力下降率,评定蒙皮缝线的抗老化性能。结果经过16天的光老化试验,飞艇蒙皮缝线的断裂强力下降率达20%;试验30天后,缝线出现明显裂纹,断裂强力下降率达80％。结论随试验时间的增加,飞艇蒙皮缝线的力学性能下降的速率逐渐增大,飞艇蒙皮缝线在试验条件下的有效期为16天。     

超高温陶瓷改性碳基/陶瓷基复合材料的多尺度构筑与性能研究进展

从复合材料的多尺度结构构筑出发,简述了超高温陶瓷改性碳基、陶瓷基复合材料的制备方法及其优缺点。综述了均质和非均质结构超高温陶瓷改性碳基、陶瓷基复合材料的结构设计、制备工艺、力学性能和烧蚀性能。提出设计开发低成本、短周期新工艺以及与现有工艺的有机结合以制备出更高综合性能要求的复合材料,是未来的主攻方向。从材料结构设计上,指出未来努力的重要方向。     

温度对平流层飞艇囊体材料渗漏性能的影响

目的对飞艇囊体材料的渗漏特性进行研究,以预测飞艇设计是否满足需求。方法采用细观力学有限元方法,通过微裂纹密度以及平均裂纹开口大小求解氦气渗漏路径的横截面积,进而预报飞艇囊体的初始渗漏速率,并计算昼夜循环温度下飞艇囊体的渗漏速率及压力变化情况。结果昼夜循环的温度变化导致飞艇内外压差、氦气渗漏速率均发生变化,且均与温度呈正相关。结论该方法能够预报平流层飞艇的极限驻空时长,并为平流层飞艇的设计提供技术支持。     

临近空间环境对飞艇蒙皮织物材料力学性能的影响研究

目的研究飞艇蒙皮材料在临近空间环境下的力学特性。方法根据临近空间环境的特征参数,制定空间环境地面模拟实验方案,包括高低温、紫外环境和臭氧环境下地面模拟实验方案。然后以聚氨酯涂覆Nylon织物为例,研究临近空间环境对飞艇蒙皮材料力学特性的影响,并通过红外红外光谱和原子力显微镜研究其影响机理。结果与未经高低温循环相比,弹性模量增加了11%,拉伸强度的最大变化不超过5%;经过48～240h紫外线辐照后,弹性模量提高了22%～34%,拉伸强度几乎没有变化;通过臭氧老化后,材料弹性模量的增加幅值约为6%,拉伸强度逐渐降低。结论紫外辐射对于聚氨酯涂覆Nylon织物材料弹性模量的提升效应大于高低温和臭氧老化,但对其强度的影响明显小于高低温和臭氧老化,臭氧老化对材料强度影响大于高低温和紫外辐射。     

表面处理对剑麻纤维/PE复合材料的影响

为改善剑麻纤维/PE复合材料的性能,对剑麻纤维分别进行了碱处理、热处理及硅烷偶联剂处理,使用双螺杆挤出机制备了剑麻纤维质量分数分别为10%、20%、30%的剑麻纤维/PE复合材料,并对复合材料的拉伸、弯曲、冲击性能以及吸湿性进行了分析。结果表明,经硅烷处理、剑麻纤维质量分数为30%的复合材料的拉伸强度和杨氏模量相比纤维含量相同但未经处理的复合材料分别提高了18%和32%;经碱处理后,剑麻纤维含量相同的复合材料的弯曲强度提高了37%;经过表面处理后,复合材料的冲击强度都有不同程度的降低。此外,随着剑麻纤维含量的增加,复合材料的拉伸强度、弯曲强度、杨氏模量得到提高,冲击强度和断裂延伸率则有所降低。经表面处理的复合材料的吸水率与未经处理的复合材料相比明显降低。     

电子吊舱温度环境测试分析

目的 为电子吊舱热管理系统设计提供实测数据支撑.方法 在电子吊舱内部不同位置部署高精度温度传感器,并配套具有统一时标的参数采集设备,采集不同季节、不同飞行工况下电子吊舱内部的温度数据,获取舱内温度环境参数.结果 当飞行工况稳定时,电子吊舱内部环境温度的稳定时间约为1200 s,稳定值与当地大气总温的差别小于3℃.在不同飞行工况下稳定飞行时,舱内温度高于当地大气静温.以高空(11 km)飞行工况为例,当地大气静温为?50～?60℃,由于舱体蒙皮受气动加热影响,舱内环境温度仍维持在?40℃以上.结论 飞行工况不同,吊舱内部环境温度有显著差别,随飞行工况变化,吊舱内部环境温度的变化相对滞后,其响应速度与材料导热能力正相关.     

等离子体处理的时效性对芳Ⅲ/双马复合材料耐湿热性能的影响

目的考察等离子体处理前后及其时效性对芳Ⅲ/双马复合材料弯曲强度、界面性能及耐湿热性能的影响。方法用低温射频耦合等离子体处理芳纶纤维表面,分别将未处理的、等离子体刚处理过的和等离子体处理后在空气中放置三天后的纤维通过溶液预浸渍工艺制备芳Ⅲ/双马复合材料预浸料,再经过高温模压成形技术制备芳Ⅲ/双马复合材料单向板。采用万能材料试验机对水煮前后复合材料的弯曲强度和层间剪切强度进行测试,利用扫描电子显微镜对复合材料层间剪切破坏形貌进行观察。结果等离子体处理后,复合材料的吸水率由未处理时的0.51%下降到0.33%,复合材料层间剪切强度由49.4 MPa提高到62.9 MPa。等离子体处理时效后复合材料的吸水率增加到0.69%,复合材料的层间剪切强度下降到56.0 MPa。结论等离子体处理提高了复合材料界面性能,但等离子体处理的时效后,复合材料的界面性能及其耐湿热性能有所下降。等离子体处理及时效性对复合材料的弯曲强度和耐湿热性能变化不大。     

平流层飞艇昼夜驻空蒙皮热特性研究

目的分析平流层飞艇蒙皮在不同空速下的热特性,为平流层飞艇蒙皮材料的选择以及其驻空性能的分析提供参考和指导。方法基于CFD数值分析方法,建立外部热源模型,囊体内部自然对流和囊体外部强迫对流分析的综合方法。通过数值仿真分析典型飞艇在不同空速下的热特性,得出飞艇囊体内部的氦气平均温度随着热环境的周期变化,会产生周期性变化。结果在1m/s的较低空速下,飞艇昼夜氦气温差达到46 K,蒙皮昼夜最小温度出现在晚上,约为180 K,最大温度出现在正午时分,温度约为280 K。在10 m/s的空速下,飞艇昼夜氦气温差达到29 K,蒙皮昼夜最小温度约为190 K,最大温度为280 K。结论在飞艇设计中,蒙皮材料选择时考虑温度的影响。所建立的热分析方法以及得到的热特性,可为平流层飞艇蒙皮材料的选择提供参考和指导。     

冲压发动机C/SiC喷管承压失效研究

新型三维编织碳/碳化硅复合材料存在较强的各向异性,而各个方向的性能数据积累不足,复合材料的强度计算方法尚不完善,为了发现新型三维编织碳/碳化硅复合材料在冲压发动机喷管中应用可能遇到的问题,并找到相应地解决措施,开展了这种复合材料应用于冲压发动机喷管的承压强度计算和承压实验研究。对承压实验中出现的低压破坏情况进行了分析,分析了低压破裂的原因,提出了改进措施。分析结果表明:C/SiC喷管喉部密度较低,导致强度较低,承载能力下降,是首次强度验证实验过程中该局部破坏的原因;为提高喷管强度,需要通过其形状设计并控制沉积流场,保证其喉部的沉积密度达到1.9g/cm³以上。对改进后的喷管进行了实验验证,实验结果与计算结果基本一致,满足要求。因此,在实际应用中应对喷管喉部和纵向密度的分布进行工业CT无损检测,确保喷管密度的分布均匀。      

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.