北京上甸子区域大气本底站HCFC-22在线观测研究

2007年4月～2008年3月,利用GC-ECD在线观测系统,在北京上甸子区域大气本底站开展了HCFC-22在线观测,讨论了北京上甸子站HCFC-22浓度水平并初步分析其影响因素.该站大气HCFC-22浓度(摩尔分数,下同)为(278.1±113.6)×10-12.利用逐步逼近回归法进行本底值筛分,本底浓度为(199.5±5.1)×10-12,与北半球同纬度带Mace Head和TrinidadHead本底站观测结果基本一致;非本底浓度为(312.1±121.0)×10-12,出现频率69.8%,表明该站受到较强HCFC-22排放源及输送的影响.上甸子站HCFC-22本底浓度季节变化不明显,但非本底浓度呈现夏高冬低的特点,平均非本底浓度最高月(7月)比最低月(1月)高100.9×10-12,与HCFC-22排放的季节性有关.结合风向分析,该站西南扇区平均浓度(327.3×10-12)比东北扇区(236.2×10-12)高91.1×10-12.HCFC-22高浓度水平主要由W-WSW-SW方向贡献引起,NNE-N-NE方向则使得全年HCFC-22浓度水平明显降低.     

近年来珠三角地区大气中痕量氟氯烃(CFCs)的浓度水平与变化特征

用预浓缩-GC/MS方法研究了珠江三角洲大气中的CCl3F、CFC-12、CFC-113和CFC-114等4种痕量氟氯烷烃气体。结果表明,2005年珠江三角洲背景点鼎湖山大气中CFC-12和CFC-11的年平均浓度高于全球本底站,说明珠三角地区还存在一定CFC-11和CFC-12的排放源;CFC-113浓度水平则与全球本底站点浓度接近,且CFC-113和CFC-114在广州城区与鼎湖山差别不显著,表明区内其排放源强度应很小。观测日内广州和鼎湖山大气中四种CFCs的日变化幅度均较小,无明显的昼夜变化规律。广州市CFCs总体呈夏秋高、冬春低的特征,与城区致冷设备高温季节使用频率较大有关;鼎湖山则呈冬春高、夏秋低的特征,主要受扩散作用和季风的影响。初步分析显示,从1997年到2005年,CFC-11、CFC-12和CFC-114浓度总体呈现先上升后缓慢降低的趋势,而CFC-113的浓度一直逐年下降。     

杭州地区大气CO2体积分数变化特征及影响因素

选取2015年8月至2016年9月杭州城区、远郊地区在线观测CO_2体积分数,分析杭州地区CO_2体积分数的城郊差异,并结合风向、CO_2体积分数周末效应、二十国集团(G20)峰会期间CO_2体积分数变化过程分析,探讨杭州城市对CO_2体积分数的影响程度.结果表明,杭州城区、远郊地区CO_2体积分数的日变化分布以单峰型形态为主,植物光合作用/呼吸作用和大气输送条件的日变化是主要的影响因素;城郊CO_2体积分数差值表现为双峰形态,人为排放对城郊CO_2体积分数差值的日变化分布存在重要影响.CO_2体积分数日变化幅度在春夏季节远郊地区大于城区,秋季则反之.杭州城区、远郊地区CO_2体积分数的季节变化趋势基本一致,均表现为冬、春季高,夏季低;城郊CO_2体积分数差值冬季最高,夏季最低.杭州地区CO_2体积分数高值的输送方向与周边城市区域的分布方向一致.杭州城区、远郊地区CO_2体积分数均呈现周末效应,尤其在城区,机动车排放对工作日-周末CO_2体积分数的日变化分布存在影响.杭州城区CO_2平均体积分数比远郊地区高9.3×10-6,G20峰会期间人为源排放的减少有效地降低了大气CO_2体积分数,尤其对市区的削减效果更为明显.     

长沙市郊大气CH4浓度变化特征

为研究长江中游地区大气CH4浓度(体积分数)变化特征,2007~2011年,利用内表面硅烷化的苏玛罐采样、GC/FID方法对长沙市郊空气样品中CH4浓度进行测定分析,并结合地面气象要素和后向轨迹,探讨CH4浓度变化特征与源汇的关系.结果表明,观测期间,大气CH4年平均浓度变化范围在2 012×10-9~2 075×10-9之间,季节变化特征为秋季高,春季低,浓度年较差为152×10-9.通过分析地面风和气团传输对长沙市郊大气CH4的影响表明,长沙市郊大气CH4浓度受西北风和偏南风交替控制,贡献率分别为41.1%和20.4%;引起CH4抬升的地面风包括:4个季节中的W-WNW-NW、夏季ESE-SE和冬季S,春夏季节S则导致CH4浓度降低;夏秋季节源自水稻产区的气团、冬春季节源自能源消费量较高地区的气团,对长沙市郊CH4浓度的抬升有显著贡献,南方长距离传输气团有利于CH4扩散和清除.     

济南市城区夏季臭氧污染过程及来源分析

2019年夏季,在济南市城区开展了大气臭氧(O3)及其前体物[挥发性有机物(VOCs)和氮氧化物(NOx)]的综合观测研究,观测发现,日最大8h φ(O3)均值为(103.0±14.5) ×10-9,φ(NOx)平均值为(16.7±11.3) ×10-9,VOCs的体积分数和活性水平分别为(22.4±9.4)×10-9...     

云南香格里拉本底站大气CH4体积分数及变化特征

利用基于光腔衰荡光谱(CRDS)技术自组装的大气CH4在线观测系统,于2010年7月—2011年10月在云南香格里拉大气本底站对大气CH4进行了在线观测.结果发现,该站春、夏、秋、冬季CH4平均本底值分别为(1850.7±6.9)×10-9(体积分数,下同)、(1850.9±13.4)×10-9、(1865.6±16.1)×10-9和(1839.2±6.5)×10-9.全年体积分数在9月最高,12月最低,月均值振幅约39.6×10-9.4季日平均最低值均出现在14:00—16:00.日变化振幅在冬季最小,秋季最大,分别为4.4×10-9和10.0×10-9.西南来向的地面风会明显抬升CH4体积分数,而北偏东来向的地面风显著降低观测结果.通过4季每日整点后向轨迹聚类计算,结合观测资料分析发现,该站CH4主要受西南来向气团传输影响,尤其在春、夏、秋3季.     

深圳市道路交通源温室气体排放特征分析

于2019年9月～2020年7月对深圳市福田区路边的大气CO2、CH4、N2O和CO浓度进行了观测分析.结果显示,其观测时段平均浓度分别为(430.8±6.1)×10-6、(2318.5±137.9)×10-9、(332.6±1.6)×10-9和(333.4±121.2)×10-9.CO2与CO浓度的季节变化表现为冬季...     

ECD氧气诱导法分析大气中痕量HCFC-22

HCFC-22(CHClF₂)是CFC-12的主要替代物,它在大气中的体积分数仅为10^-12级.而且对ECD检测器响应灵敏度很低.本文经过低温浓缩进样后采用氧气诱导法来增强ECD对它的分析灵敏度,载气中氧气的体积分数为0.54%时,信噪比最大,此时ECD灵敏度增强约500倍.结合该条件下ECD温度选择、程序升温和载气流量的研究,建立了高灵敏度ECD气相色谱测定大气中HCFC-22浓度的实用分析方法.     

北京上甸子区域大气本底站四氯化碳(CCl_4)在线观测

利用自组装GC-ECD系统在北京上甸子区域大气本底站开展大气四氯化碳(CCl4)摩尔分数在线观测.2007年4月～2008年3月期间,该站CCl4本底摩尔分数(89.4±0.7)×10-12,与北半球同纬度带Mace Head和Trinidad Head本底站观测结果基本一致;非本底摩尔分数(94.7±5.1)×10-12,出现频率63.6%,表明该站也能捕捉到高摩尔分数CCl4空气团输送信息;CCl4本底摩尔分数变化较小,且没有明显的季节变化;非本底摩尔分数呈现夏高冬低的特点,平均非本底摩尔分数最高月份(6月)比最低月份(1月)高7.6×10-12.应用CO比值相关法初步估算2007年4月～2008年3月我国CCl4排放量约4.7kt·a-1,与文献报道Bottom-up方法估算我国同期CCl4排放量接近;CO比值相关法估算CCl4排放量的不确定性主要来自同源假设及观测站代表性.     

长白山背景站大气VOCs浓度变化特征及来源分析

挥发性有机物(VOCs)是臭氧和二次有机气溶胶的重要前体物.为研究中国东北背景地区大气中VOCs浓度和变化特征,应用苏码罐采样技术、三步冷冻浓缩和GC/MS联用技术测定了长白山大气本底站中的VOCs组成、浓度及季节变化,并利用PCA(principal component analysis)受体模型初步解析了白山大气中VOCs来源.结果表明,长白山地区TVOCs年平均浓度(体积分数)为10.7×10~(-9)±6.2×10~(-9),其中卤代烃所占比例最高,占VOCs总浓度的37%,其次是烷烃33%、芳香烃15%、烯烃15%.长白山地区TVOCs呈现明显的季节变化,变化特征为春季﹥秋季﹥夏季﹥冬季,春季大气中的TVOCs浓度显著(P﹤0.05)高于其他季节.利用主成分分析VOCs物种,提取出5个因子,分别归纳为交通源、液化石油气(LPG)、生物源、燃烧源和区域工业输送.结合HYSPLIT-4.0后向轨迹模型,分析周边区域传输对VOCs物种浓度的影响,发现来自西南向气团传输是长白山VOCs物种浓度增加的主要原因.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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