湖北省硅肥在水稻、黄瓜、花生上的应用效果

湖北省自1987年以来开展了水稻、黄瓜、花生等作物硅肥应用研究，水稻增产4.3％-16.4％，黄瓜3.6％-9.1％，花生13.6％-40.2％,增产均达显著或极显著水平;施用硅肥能提高作物抗倒伏和抗病能力.水稻氮、硅配合施用.提高氮肥利用率2％左右.     

控释肥与尿素配合施用对稻季土壤CH_4和N_2O排放的影响

为明确控释肥和尿素配合施用对稻季土壤CH_4和N_2O排放的影响,通过田间原位试验,采用人工密闭箱法,观测氮肥(尿素单施、控释肥与尿素配合施用)及不同施氮水平(0、80、160、240 kg·hm~(-2))下水稻生长季土壤CH_4和N_2O的排放通量,以寻求综合温室效应最小的施肥管理措施。结果表明:水稻生长季N_2O排放总量、水稻产量均随氮肥施用量的增加而增加,而CH_4排放总量、综合温室效应与氮肥施用量之间没有显著相关性。控释肥与尿素配合施用对水稻生长季CH_4和N_2O排放及水稻产量的影响因氮肥施用量的不同而不同。与尿素单施相比,不同施氮水平下配合施用控释肥能有效降低N_2O排放总量3.6%~49.6%,其中,烤田期是控释肥发挥减排作用的关键时期。与尿素单施相比,在80 kg·hm~(-2)和160 kg·hm~(-2)施氮水平上,配施控释肥分别增加CH_4排放总量48.1%和27.5%及稻田综合温室效应45.0%和22.8%,而水稻产量无显著差异;在240 kg·hm~(-2)施氮水平上,配施控释肥处理土壤CH_4排放总量降低4.2~15.1%,水稻产量增加5.7%~13.9%,且综合温室效应降低7.5%~19.8%。在240 kg·hm~(-2)施氮水平上,与尿素∶控释肥为3∶7、1.5∶8.5、0∶1的配施处理相比,尿素∶控释肥为4.5∶5.5配施处理的综合温室效应最小,且水稻产量最高。因此,施氮量为240 kg·hm~(-2),尿素和控释肥按4.5∶5.5比例混合施用可作为稻田控释肥推荐施用方式。     

施用营养型土壤改良剂对水稻产量和土壤肥力的效应

探讨了营养型土壤改良剂(简称改良剂)对水稻产量、土壤酸度、土壤养分、土壤肥力和土壤物理性能的效应。连续2年4造水稻试验结果表明,施用改良剂比对照稻谷产量增加8.6%~11.3%(平均10.3%),增产达极显著水平,并且有良好后效。施用土壤改良剂具有提高pH,降低活性Al,增加N、P、K有效养分和代换性K、Ca和Mg的效果。     

含硅熔渣对水稻养分吸收及产量的影响

采用盆栽试验方法，研究了不同含硅熔渣对水稻养分的吸收和产量的影响，结果表明，在施用氮、磷、钾肥的基础上，增施不同类型的含硅熔渣，可提高水稻中硅和磷的含量，降低根系、茎叶和籽粒中的氮、钾含量，增加水稻对氮、磷、钾、硅的总吸收量。不同含硅熔渣的增产效果差异较大，增产最显著的是铁渣和黄磷炉渣，分别比对照增产43．4％和31．6％，施用含硅熔渣的各处理比对照平均增产19．1％，各处理间的产量经方差分析和多重比较达显著或极显著差异水平。扩散方程、Elovich方程和多项式方程均能很好地描述水稻生长期内水稻对N、P、K、Si的吸收过程，尤以多项式方程拟合最佳。     

杂交油菜施用粉煤灰磁化肥的效应

通过对杂交油菜施用粉煤灰磁化复合肥的试验研究,初步探明了粉煤灰磁化复合肥较同等N、P、K的复混肥,未磁化粉煤灰复合肥及当地群众习惯施肥法有显著的增产效果.试验表明,粉煤灰磁化肥在油菜上一般用量为757.58kg/hm2左右.粉煤灰磁化肥比对照增产21.9%,比当地农民习惯施肥措施增产10.5%;比等量N、P、K混合肥增产9.9%,增产180kg/hm2.比未磁化粉煤灰复混肥增产4.5%.最高产量施用粉煤灰磁化肥为1026.9kg/hm2,油菜产量为2084.85kg/hm2;最佳产量施用粉煤灰磁化肥为757.58kg/hm2,油菜产量为2041.79kg/hm2.     

有机与常规水稻生产中土壤养分平衡比较

以江西省万载县水稻生产作为研究对象,在对有机农户和常规农户的农业生产状况进行问卷调查的基础上,针对不同操作模式下的土壤培肥措施和水稻-土壤系统养分投入、产出及其平衡状况进行分析和比较。结果表明,采用施用有机肥和绿肥种植这2种方式进行土壤培肥的有机农户比例极显著高于常规农户(P0.01),有机农户采用间套作和秸秆还田的比例也显著高于常规农户(P0.05)。在养分管理方面,有机和常规水稻生产的氮素平衡均处于盈余状况,分别盈余57.8和36.3 kg·hm-2,盈余率分别为21.7%和7.6%;有机和常规水稻的磷素平衡亦处于盈余状态,分别盈余35.4和64.7 kg·hm-2,盈余率分别为147.5%和217.9%,远高于允许平衡盈亏率。相比常规农户,更多的有机农户会采取生态农业措施进行土壤培肥,但其氮素和磷素盈余率也较高,同样存在一定环境风险。     

不同用量钾硅钙微孔矿物肥对水稻生长及产量的影响

通过田间试验研究自主研制的钾硅钙微孔矿物肥在水稻上的应用效果,选择黑龙江虎林、内蒙古赤峰、山东济宁、贵州凤岗和广东增城5个试验点,设置不施肥、常规施肥、常规施肥+钾硅钙微孔矿物肥450 kg·hm-2、常规施肥+钾硅钙微孔矿物肥900 kg·hm-2、常规施肥+钾硅钙微孔矿物肥1 350 kg·hm-2 5个处理,结果表明,与当地常规施肥相比,加施钾硅钙微孔矿物肥能够增加水稻产量,平均增产幅度达到7.6%,增收为68～3 120元·hm-2.基于产量和效益的分析,以450 kg·hm-2钾硅钙微孔矿物肥为最佳经济施用量.     

施N模式与稻草还田对土壤供N量和水稻产量的影响

通过田间试验研究了2 a定位试验后不同施N模式和稻草还田对双季稻作系统土壤供N能力和水稻生产的影响。结果表明:施用N肥显著增加土壤NH4 -N和可矿化N含量,显著提高稻田系统生产力,且随着稻草配合施用,施N效果更加明显。移走稻草情况下N肥增产率为30.3%~31.3%;稻草还田情况下,N2(全年施N量240kg.hm-2)处理N肥增产率为36.7%,1 kg纯N增产谷粒12.1 kg,均显著低于N1、N3(全年施N量180 kg.hm-2)处理,后者增产率为40.4%~41.1%,1 kg纯N增产谷粒17.7~18.0 kg,且N1、N3处理(施N量相同,但各时期施N比例不同)间差异不显著。配施N肥后稻草还田可以提高土壤供N能力,连续处理2 a,土壤可矿化N比移走稻草处理提高32.1%~50.0%。稻草还田时适当配施N肥增产效果明显,N1、N3处理下稻草还田增产率分别达8.7%和8.4%,而N2处理下稻草还田的表观增产效果降低,稻草还田增产率仅为5.1%。年稻草还田量为7 500 kg.hm-2的红壤稻田系统,年适宜配施N量为180 kg.hm-2,各时期施N优化比例为基肥30%,分蘖肥30%,穗肥40%。     

施用生物质炭基肥对水稻产量及氮素利用的影响

利用小麦秸秆、玉米秸秆、花生壳、猪粪炭堆肥和生活废弃物这5种原料的生物质炭与化肥混合制作炭基复混肥,进行水稻生产的田间试验,分析不同生物质炭基肥处理下水稻产量与氮素利用率的变化.结果表明,与常规复混化肥比较,炭基肥处理施氮量减少19.94％,但水稻的经济产量提高6.70％以上,其中小麦秸秆炭基肥处理增产幅度最高,达39.34％.炭基肥处理可显著提高水稻每穗总粒数和单穗重,水稻籽粒与茎叶吸氮量比值提高11.64％(花生壳)～59.91％(生活废弃物),说明施用炭基肥可促进氮素向水稻籽粒的分配.施用炭基肥料可明显提高水稻的氮素偏生产力、氮素收获指数和氮素稻谷生产率,其中氮素偏生产力较常规复混化肥提高33.41％(玉米秸秆)～74.09％(小麦秸秆).生物质炭基复混肥是一种可以替代传统有机无机配合施肥的节氮肥料,小麦秸秆炭基肥在减少肥料投入、提高水稻产量和氮肥利用率方面具有较好的推广潜力.     

含硫及含氯化肥对作物生长发育的影响与农田生态学效应

本文对水田阳离子肥料长期定位试验进行了观察和总结．研究表明，湘南水田长期施用含硫及含氯化肥对水稻生长的影响随年度和季节变化：ＳＯ肥料促进早稻返青和晚稻营养生长，Ｃｌ肥料提高晚稻经济产量．从１９８２年到１９９０年，水稻稻谷年产量随气候变化有两次明显的波降周期，并且九年间，两类阴离子肥料处理的水稻年均总干物质生产量相等，绿肥生长也无显著不同．然而，长年施用含硫及含氯化肥的小区具有明显的土壤生态学差异．     

闽东南旱地土壤养分状况与花生平衡施肥研究

２８个土壤样品的养分测定和吸附试验以及８个田间肥效试验表明，闽东南旱地土壤的Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ、Ｂ是花生的普遍养分限制因子．部分土壤还缺乏Ｚｎ和Ｍｇ等养分．赤砂土的肥料三要素最佳用量分别为Ｎ５４ｋｇ／ｈｍ２、Ｐ２Ｏ５５５ｋｇ／ｈｍ２、Ｋ２Ｏ８７ｋｇ／ｈｍ２；红壤性水稻土为Ｎ５２ｋｇ／ｈｍ２、Ｐ２Ｏ５６３ｋｇ／ｈｍ２、Ｋ２Ｏ９２ｋｇ／ｈｍ２；海砂土为Ｎ９４ｋｇ／ｈｍ２、Ｐ２Ｏ５４２ｋｇ／ｈｍ２、Ｋ２Ｏ８５ｋｇ／ｈｍ２．１０个对比试验表明，花生平衡施肥比群众常规施肥平均增产４７１ｋｇ／ｈｍ２，增产率为１４．９％，每ｈｍ２净增收２０５３元．     

施肥对稻田甲烷与氧化亚氮排放的影响

大气温室气体浓度的升高引起太阳辐射加强,导致全球变暖已成为不争的事实。农田是温室气体排放的重要来源之一,采用静态箱-气相色谱法探讨不同氮肥类型与施氮水平对华南稻田甲烷（CH4）与氧化亚氮（N2O）排放的影响。试验共设置5个处理,每处理3次重复,分别（以N计）为U6（90 kg·hm-2）,U10（150 kg·hm-2）,U12（180 kg·hm-2）,SR10（150 kg·hm-2,缓释肥）,CR10（150 kg·hm-2,控释肥）。各处理磷钾肥用量一致,分别为45 kg·hm-2（以P2O5计）和127.5 kg·hm-2（以K2O计）。研究结果表明：稻田CH4与N2O排放量随氮肥用量的增加呈增加趋势。晚稻CH4排放呈单峰型,其峰值出现在水稻移栽后16~23 d,N2O排放并未出现明显的排放峰。CH4累积排放主要发生在返青-分蘖初期和分蘖盛期-幼穗分化期两个时段,而N2O的累积排放主要集中在灌浆-成熟期（U6处理除外）。不同氮肥类型处理CH4季节排放总量与平均排放量表现为：处理SR10〉处理U10〉处理CR10,其中,控释肥处理甲烷排放总量较常规尿素处理减少了11.3%;而N2O季节排放总量与平均排放量表现为：处理CR10〉处理U10〉处理SR10。综上,初步认为氮肥的施用能够促进CH4与N2O的释放,缓释肥处理能有效减少稻田N2O的排放,而控释尿素处理能明显降低稻田CH4气体的排放,且稻田CH4与N2O的排放存在一定的互为消长关系,因此如何平衡稻田甲烷与氧化亚氮释放,使稻田增温潜势最小化是下一步研究的重点和方向。     

高产水稻氮钾施用量最佳配比研究

求导了水稻目标产量的预测方程,不同氮钾施用水平的等产方程,以及氮钾最佳配比方程。根据上述方程推导出地力产量为6345kg／hm2的水稻田目标产量为8589kg／hm2,N与K2O施用量的最佳配比为11．22,即N139．4kg／hm2、K2O170．6kg／hm2。     

Optimum nitrogen use and reduced nitrogen loss for production of rice and wheat in the Yangtse Delta region

A long-term field and lysimeter experiment under different amount of fertilizer-N application was conducted to explore the optimal N application rates for a high productive rice-wheat system and less N leaching loss in the Yangtse Delta region. In this region excessive applications of N fertilizer for the rice-wheat production has resulted in reduced N recovery rates and environment pollution. Initial results of the field experiments showed that the optimal N application rate increased with the yield. On the two major paddy soils (Hydromorphic paddy soil and Gleyed paddy soil) of the region, the optimal N application rate was 225-270 kg N hm(-2) for rice and 180-225 kg N hm(-2) for wheat, separately. This has resulted in the highest number of effective ears and Spikelets per unit area, and hence high yield. Nitrogen leaching in the form of NO(3-)-N occurs mainly in the wheat-growing season and in the ponding and seedling periods of the paddy field. Its concentration in the leachate increased with the N application rate in the lysimeter experiment. When the application rate reached 225 kg N hm(-2), the concentration rose to 5.4-21.3 mgN l(-1) in the leachate during the wheat-growing season. About 60% of the leachate samples determined contained NO(3-)-N beyond the criterion (NO(3-)-N 10 mg l(-1)) for N pollution. In the field experiment, when the N application rate was in the range of 270-315 kg hm(-2), the NO(3-)-N concentration in the leachate during the wheat-growing season ranged from 1.9 to 11.0 mg l(-1). About 20% of the leachate samples reached close to, and 10% exceeded, the criterion for N pollution. Long-term accumulation of NO(3-)-N from leaching will no doubt constitute a potential risk of N contamination of the groundwater in the Yangtse Delta Region.     

Response of winter wheat yield and soil microbial biomass to fertilization with ridge mulching-furrow planting in the dry highlands of the Loess Plateau北大核心CSCD

As the typical planting pattern of winter wheat in the dry highlands of the Loess Plateau, ridge mulching-furrow planting (RMFP) has played an important role in fertilizer efficiency of different fertilizers, and the differences in fertilizer efficiency further influence the diversity of the structure of soil microbial communities. The effects of different fertilization practices on winter wheat yield formation, soil microbial biomass carbon (SMBC), soil microbial biomass nitrogen (SMBN), and soil microbial biomass phosphorus (SMBP) were investigated by field experiments during 2014-2016 in the winter wheat growing region of the dry highlands in southern Shanxi. The treatments included four groups, farmer fertilization (FF), monitoring fertilization (MF), monitoring fertilization combined application of manure (MFM), and monitoring fertilization combined application of bio-organic fertilizer (MFB). Results showed a significant increase in winter wheat yield by optimized and balanced fertilization, and the grain yield of MFB was highest among all treatments, with a value of 4 107-5 400 kg/hm2, which was 14.5%-23.2% (P < 0.05) higher than that of FF. The effects of different fertilization treatments on the winter wheat yield formulation mainly depended on spike number; however, no effect was found on kernel number per spike and 1 000-grain weight. Soil microbial biomass was affected by both growth period and fertilization patterns, i.e., the content of SMBC from jointing to flowering stage was highest during the winter wheat growth period, whereas the maximum values of SMBN and SMCP were found during the jointing stage. Changes in the rates of SMBC, SMBN, and SMBP during the entire growth period were less than 50%; however, the average contribution rate of optimized fertilization on SMBC, SMBN, and SMBP reached 90%. Compared to single chemical fertilizer applications, the combined application chemical fertilizer and manure or bio-organic fertilizer significantly improved the contents of SMBC, SMBN, and SMBP; however, the contents of SMBC and SMBN between MFM and MFB had no significant difference, whereas the SMBP of MFB was 19.8%-47.1% (P < 0.05) higher than that of MFM owing to the effect of mixed phosphorus bacteria. The soil microbial biomass C/N and C/P of the different treatments were 6.9-9.8 and 14.4-41.0, respectively, and maximum values occurred during the flowering stage. Given the above, the combined application of reasonable chemical fertilizer and bio-organic fertilizer can effectively improve the winter wheat yield and soil microbial biomass under RMFP cultivation in the dry highlands of the Loess Plateau. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

稻田流失养分循环利用系统构建研究初探

针对长江三角洲经济发达地区集约化农田化肥投入超量、稻区水体N、P、K富集度超高,农田生态环境遭到严重破坏等现状,该文系统研究了农田流失养分从农田到水体,再由水体回到农田的循环利用过程,并构建农田养分流失循环利用系统工程,为我国农田流失养分循环利用和农业生态环境健康提供科技支撑。研究结果表明：本区域农田面积为18.6 hm2,水稻季农田化肥N、P、K投入量分别为305.7、44.9、150.8 kg·hm-2;整个水稻季本区域农田地表径流量为4 518.0 kg·hm-2,其中N、P、K流失量分别为16.6、0.5、9.6 kg·hm-2,占水稻季N、P、K肥投入量的5.45%、1.07%和6.37%;农田周围净化池塘中水生植物的N、P、K拦截量分别为67.8、8.1、99.7 kg,分别占本研究区域N、P、K流入量的21.84%、90.31%和55.73%。将水生植物还田,晒干水葫芦（Halerpestes cymbalaria）按4 500 kg·hm-2农田施用,可分别减少农田化肥N、P、K的投入量106.2、9.5、105.8 kg·hm-2。该研究成果对于减轻农业生产面源污染,推进农业生产可持续发展具有积极意义。     

Effect of different cultivation measures on forage oat hay yield in the eastern mountain dryland of Qinghai Province北大核心CSCD

This study was designed to explore the cultivation measures for the high yield of forage oats (Avena sativa L.) in the eastern mountain dryland of Qinghai Province of China. Taking 'Jiayan No.2' oat as the research material, the effects of different sowing dates, row spacing, sowing amount, and fertilizing amount on hay yield were studied by orthogonal experiment design with four factors and three levels. Sowing date, row spacing, sowing amount, and fertilizer amount all affected the hay yield of forage oats. Among them, the sowing date had the greatest influence, reaching an extremely significant level in the 3-year experiment and 3-year average (P < 0.01), followed by fertilizing amount and row spacing (P < 0.05). The effects of sowing amount on oat hay yield were relatively small (P > 0.05). Principal component analysis showed that the sowing date contributed the most to oat hay yield, followed by sowing amount, fertilizing amount, and row spacing. According to the comprehensive score and ranking of each principal component, we found that the early sowing treatment combination was superior to the late sowing treatment combination, and the optimal treatment combination was treatment 3, with a comprehensive score of 2.533. Treatment 3 (early sowing, 20 cm row spacing, sowing amount 240 kg/hm2, and fertilizing amount of 150 kg/hm2 N2O and 300 kg/hm2 P2O5) and treatment 1 (early sowing, 10 cm row spacing, 120 kg/hm2 sowing amount, and fertilizing amount of 37.5 kg/hm2 N2O and 75 kg/hm2 P2O5) always ranked first and second, the average yield of hay in 3 years was 7 942.21 kg/hm2 and 7 321.61 kg/hm2, respectively, and there was no significant difference in hay yield after multiple tests. When forage oats were planted in the eastern mountain dryland of Qinghai Province, the optimal planting conditions were early sowing in good time (mid and early April), row spacing of 20 cm, sowing amount of 240 kg/hm2, and fertilization amount of 150 kg/hm2 N2O and 300 kg/hm2 P2O5 © 2022 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

不同施肥处理对红壤晚稻田CH4排放的影响

选取不同施肥处理的双季稻田为研究对象,采用静态箱一气相色谱法对晚稻田CH4排放通量进行观测。结果表明,与不施肥对照（T1）相比,各施肥处理CH4排放通量均有不同程度增加。其中秸秆还田＋化肥处理（T5）CH4平均排放通量为9．96mg·m^-2·h^-1,比增氮磷施肥处理（T4）和对照分别增加26．1％和120．0％;平衡施肥处理（T2）和减氮磷施肥处理（T3）CH4平均擗放通量比对照增加20％左右。说明施化肥可能提高水稻植株运输能力,进而增加CH4排放,但并未发现施化肥处理（T1、T2、T3和T4）之间CH4排放存在显菩差异。同时对相关环境因素的分析表明,各处理CH4排放通量与土壤5cm深处温度间存在指数函数关系,并与田间水层厚度呈正相关关系（P〈0．05）。综合考虑温室效应和稻谷产量,认为他为推荐施肥方式,即N、P2O5和K2O施用量分别为180、90和135kg·hm^-2,在插秧前1d施入占总N量70％的碳铵和全部磷肥、钾肥（过磷酸钙和氯化钾）作为基肥,并存分蘖期（2008年7月19日）追施占总N量30％的尿素。     

不同施肥处理对红壤晚稻田CH_4排放的影响

选取不同施肥处理的双季稻田为研究对象,采用静态箱-气相色谱法对晚稻田CH4排放通量进行观测。结果表明,与不施肥对照(T1)相比,各施肥处理CH4排放通量均有不同程度增加。其中秸秆还田+化肥处理(T5)CH4平均排放通量为9.96mg.m-2.h-1,比增氮磷施肥处理(T4)和对照分别增加26.1%和120.0%;平衡施肥处理(T2)和减氮磷施肥处理(T3)CH4平均排放通量比对照增加20%左右。说明施化肥可能提高水稻植株运输能力,进而增加CH4排放,但并未发现施化肥处理(T1、T2、T3和T4)之间CH4排放存在显著差异。同时对相关环境因素的分析表明,各处理CH4排放通量与土壤5cm深处温度间存在指数函数关系,并与田间水层厚度呈正相关关系(P<0.05)。综合考虑温室效应和稻谷产量,认为T2为推荐施肥方式,即N、P2O5和K2O施用量分别为180、90和135kg.hm-2,在插秧前1d施入占总N量70%的碳铵和全部磷肥、钾肥(过磷酸钙和氯化钾)作为基肥,并在分蘖期(2008年7月19日)追施占总N量30%的尿素。     

广东省稻田肥料施用现状及其合理性评估

分析了近十几年来广东省稻田肥料的施用量以及施肥对水稻产量、土壤有机质和养分的影响,并就肥料品种搭配、养分数量及配比、施肥时期、施肥方法、肥料利用率等方面对肥料施用的合理性进行了评估。通过与国内外有关资料的对比分析.结果表明,广东省稻田肥料施用仍有较大的潜力,有必要采取措施进一步发挥,以促进农作物优质高产。