磷酸铵镁法循环处理高浓度氨氮废水

提出了磷酸铵镁(MAP)法循环处理氨氮废水的新方法.在对MAP的热分解进行特性分析的基础上,利用MAP在100 ℃左右温度下直接进行热解2 h的产物来处理高浓度氨氮废水.研究表明,对于NH4 质量浓度为900 mg/L的废水,虽然随着循环进行氨氮去除率逐渐减少,但第5次循环后氨氮去除率仍然高于70%.此方法的特点是磷酸铵镁(MAP)热分解时,可回收高浓度氨水而不再需要投加大量的镁盐和磷盐,实现氨氮的回收和MAP的循环使用.     

序批式动态膜生物反应器处理低碳氮比废水的试验研究

以序批式动态膜反应器为研究对象,对其处理低碳氮比废水的效果进行了试验研究.试验温度为19 ～ 21℃,MLSS为3～5g/L;好氧阶段溶解氧质量浓度为2 ～4 mg/L,厌氧阶段溶解氧质量浓度为0.2～0.5 mg/L;水力停留时间共12 h,其中好氧阶段8h,厌氧阶段4h.结果表明:当进水COD、TN和NH4+-N质量浓度分别为250～300mg/L、103 ～ 156 mg/L和92～140 mg/L时,反应器对上述污染物表现出较高且稳定的去除效率,COD、TN和NH4+-N平均去除率分别达到76.15％、82.16％和90.13％.同时,反应器系统中污泥的比硝化速率与常规处理装置中的活性污泥相比较高,以NH4+-N的降解量计为0.101 d-1,以NO3--N的积累量计为0.091 d-.     

化学沉淀/Fenton法处理垃圾渗滤液的研究

先采用氧化镁和磷酸在碱性条件下与渗滤液中的NH3-N发生化学反应,生成六水磷酸铵镁(MgNH4PO4·6H2O)沉淀物,对渗滤液进行预处理.实验表明:在pH为9.5、药物投加比NH4 ∶Mg2 ∶PO43-为1∶1.3∶1的条件下,渗滤液中NH3-N的去除率达到76.7%,COD去除率为40.7%.最后对预处理出水用Fenton试剂进行氧化处理,实验结果表明:在pH为3、氧化时间为210 min、药剂投加量FeSO4·7H2O为0.04 mol、 H2O2/FeSO4·7H2O投加比例为4∶1时, COD 的去除率达93.81%.     

一种炼焦煤尾煤热重动力学分析及热解产富氢气体

基于热重分析试验和固定床热解试验,研究了升温速率和温度对高矿物质含量的炼焦煤尾煤热解特性的影响.尾煤热解过程可分为室温～400℃、400～600℃及600～950℃3个阶段.采用CoatsRedfern积分法拟合计算了尾煤热解的动力学参数,表明炼焦煤尾煤热解反应过程可以用3个二级反应进行描述,其热解反应活化能介于22.6～66.2 kJ/mol.固定床试验结果表明,温度对尾煤挥发分的析出有重要影响,高温有利于尾煤中高分子有机组成裂解和挥发分析出,最终决定了尾煤的热解反应进程.600℃前气体缓慢析出,之后,随温度升高,气体产量和热值增加显著,H2和CO随温度升高而增加,CH4和CO2先增加后减少.H2在600℃前析出缓慢,600℃后大量析出,在900℃左右达到最大析出量,贯穿整个反应过程.CO在900℃左右达到最大析出量;CH4和CO2在800℃左右达到最大值,之后开始下降.终温950℃时,30 g尾煤热解产气4 300 mL,H2产量1 722mL;焦煤产气7 950 mL,H2产量2 716 mL.尾煤热解富H2体产量达焦煤热解气产量的54％,具有较高的再利用价值.     

PCB边角料基材的热解特性及动力学研究

针对当前广泛存在的FR-4型印刷电路板(PCB)边角料,开展了热解特性及动力学研究.首先,采用热重-差热法对PCB边角料基材进行了各种气氛下的热解试验.结果表明:各气氛下的TG曲线均分为3个阶段;DTG曲线的情况则不同,氮气气氛中存在两个失重峰(220～280℃、280～450℃),有氧气存在的情况下存在3个失重峰(220～280℃、280～400℃、400～600℃).其次,对不同反应气氛下的热解产物产率和热值进行了研究.热解气体、液体产率基本随着氧气体积分数的升高而提高,气、液、固体产物产率分别为8％～12％、41％～43％、45％～50％;热值为12～14 MJ/kg.并考察了反应起始温度、最大失重速度对应温度、反应终止温度、反应残余重量等热解特征参数随热解气氛的变化情况.最后,采用Kissinger方程对PCB边角料基材进行了热解动力学过程研究.结果表明,在热解反应DSC曲线峰值处(550～650 K)的动力学线性回归曲线具有很好的回归效果,该阶段的表观活化能为23.55 kJ/mol;指前因子为4.18× 105 s-1.     

MAP 法处理垃圾渗滤液的研究

以MgSO4?7H2 O和Na2 HPO4?12H2 O作为沉淀剂加入到垃圾渗滤液中,形成磷酸铵镁沉淀,可有效去除渗滤液中氨氮含量。最佳反应条件为：pH ＝9．5、Mg∶N ＝1．8∶1,P ：N ＝1．8∶1,在此条件下 NH3- N 去除率达97％,COD 的去除率达到20％。     

热解法处理抗生素发酵残渣的研究初探

将热解气化技术引入抗生素发酵残渣的资源化处理,通过小型外热式固定床实验台,对抗生素发酵残渣进行了热解实验研究,研究主要针对不同的热解终温,目的是弄清热解过程的规律、热解温度对热解产物的影响,以及热解终温和产气量及气体成分之间的关系.     

基于热重分析的油菜秸秆热解特性研究

采用热重及热重红外光谱联用技术(TG-FTIR)研究油菜秸秆在不同升温速率和粒径状态下的热解特性。结果表明:升温速率越高,油菜秸秆热解起始温度及失重峰所在温度越高;样品的粒径越小越有利于热解反应;使用电镜观察,热解前后秸秆内外层有明显变化,热解后的物料表面会出现大量褶皱和晶体状颗粒物质;热解分阶段进行,在20℃/min的升温速率下,FTIR检测出的主要热解气态产物为H2O、CH4、CO2、CO和部分气化状态的羰基类化合物、芳香族类化合物、胺类化合物。     

微波高温热解污水污泥各态产物特性分析

将SiC及污泥本身的热解固体残留物分别添加到污泥中,实现污泥在微波场中的快速升温及高温热解,并对其液、气、固3态产物的特性及再利用价值加以分析.实验表明: 添加SiC及固体残留物的污泥微波高温热解液态产物的热值可以达到37 MJ/kg以上,多环芳烃(PAHs)含量低于5.37%; 气态产物中H2和CO的体积分数在54%以上,热值达到9 420 kJ/m3; 添加热解固体残留物的污泥微波热解固态产物的比表面积达到305 m2/g.污泥微波热解产物的特性为其用作燃料和吸附剂提供了可能.     

高效菌处理焦化废水试验研究

介绍了高效菌处理焦化废水的试验研究.试验针对焦化废水处理的流行工艺A/O法进行研究,投加高效菌后对好氧池和缺氧池的NH3-N和COD去除效果明显.结果表明,当进水COD质量浓度在2 000 mg/L以下时,出水COD可最低可降至120 mg/L以内,COD去除率最高可达到85％;进水NH3-N质量浓度在300 mg/L以下时,出水氨氮可稳定在15 mg/L以内,氨氮去除率仍可达到95％.     

潞安矿区煤层渗透率的各向异性特征实验研究

为了研究原位煤体渗透性的各向异性特征,以山西潞安常村矿3号煤层圆柱试样为对象,利用TCQT-Ⅲ型低渗煤层气相驱替增产试验装置,对煤样进行加载,并以氮气注入压力2.0 MPa的条件下,分析垂直层理和平行层理2个方向的煤体变形和渗透率变化特征。实验结果表明:煤样在加载过程中,平行和垂直层理煤样渗透率均随着有效应力的增大而减小,平行层理方向的渗透率始终大于垂直层理方向,应力加载初期渗透率急剧下降,最后逐渐趋于平缓;径向应变的增加量与渗透率呈正相关性,且平行层理相关性大于垂直层理;沿平行层理方向的裂隙度大于沿垂直层理方向,沿垂直层理方向的应变量大于沿平行层理方向;应变增加量均随有效应力的增加而逐渐减小。研究结果可为煤层井网布置及优化提供参考。     

一起有机过氧化物爆炸事故的调查和分析

阐述一起重大爆炸伤亡事故的现场调查和原因分析，介绍如何通过人证物证材料，用鱼刺图法找出可能引起事故的诸原因，逐项加以分析，将与人证或物证材料相矛盾的原因子以排除，最后剩下无法排除亦即能与人证物证相符的那个原因，就是事故的真正原因。笔者是这起事故调查专家组组长，取证和数据可靠。     

Footedness and Mounting—Short Review and Two Case Studies

Footedness is a personal quality like handedness. Footedness may be associated with moving ability during mounting, dismounting, and jumping movements. Occupational accidents have occurred during movement at different working levels, during the use of access and exit systems, and during the mounting of vehicles. Aging can also affect accident risk and body laterality. For example, falling accidents on stairs are common among the elderly. One reason for accidents may be that the structure of the access system or stair system is unsuitable for individual moving patterns depending partly on body laterality. Footedness and the way the feet are used may be contradictory to the demands of the moving situation, especially during uncommon or rapid situations. This contradiction may trigger disturbance during moving. The aims of this pilot study were (a) to review the literature briefly and (b) to describe the use of the dominant and nondominant foot by farmers and the elderly when mounting a tractor and stairs, respectively. The study also gives ideas for future studies based on both (a) and (b).     

AHP与GA-SVM耦合模型在滑坡预警中的应用*

为了减少滑坡造成的损失,提高滑坡预测的准确性,通过搭建灾害模拟平台获得滑坡的实验数据,在获得多组模拟实验数据后,分析各变量的特性。首先,通过层次分析(Analytic Hierarchy Process,AHP)算法,对滑坡进行危险度划分;然后,通过支持向量机(Support Vector Machine,SVM)建立模型,遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm,GA)再优化SVM参数,提出1种层次分析法与GA-SVM相耦合的模型。研究结果表明:AHP方法划分后的数据,通过GA与SVM结合建立的模型精度较好,实验预测结果与实际结果较为吻合,与单一SVM相比,精度更高,结果更好,更加适用于多变量的复杂非线性滑坡预警。     

我国与主要国家温石棉安全使用政策和法规对比研究

我国作为温石棉的生产和使用大国,在温石棉及其制品的危害及防控方面开展了较为系统的研究,但对于其他主要国家在温石棉安全使用政策和法规方面的研究则相对较少。本文简要介绍温石棉安全使用的理论基础,对美国、加拿大等主要国家在温石棉安全生产和使用方面的主要政策和法规进行研究,并对我国温石棉产业政策以及相关法规进行梳理,通过对比发现,我国与美国、加拿大等国家在温石棉及其制品的安全使用法规、标准建设等方面存在一定差距。最后,基于相关对比分析结果,对我国温石棉产业职业病防治、环境保护以及温石棉制品等方面的法规标准的建设提出建议。     

飞行员记忆与安全绩效的关系研究

为了探究飞行员记忆与安全绩效的关系,提高优秀飞行员选拔的有效性和飞行排班的科学性,对飞行员记忆进行测试,结合其近6年的飞行品质(QAR)数据,系统分析了记忆与安全绩效的关系及各因素对飞行员记忆的影响情况。结果表明:飞行员形象记忆、情景记忆、运动记忆、语义记忆与安全绩效呈正相关关系,情绪记忆与安全绩效呈“n”型关系;情景记忆主要受不良情绪波动的影响,语义记忆主要受对大脑缺乏开发应用情况以及压力的影响,情绪记忆主要受不良嗜好和年龄的影响,形象记忆主要受睡眠和疾病的影响,运动记忆主要受用脑过度和年龄因素影响。     

Debunking the false dichotomy of leadership idealism and pragmatism: Critical evaluation and support of newer genre leadership theories

Leadership theories have shifted over the last few decades from a focus on managerial functions and economic leader–follower exchanges toward greater focus on the interpersonal dynamics occurring within the leadership process. Theories such as transformational, ethical, authentic, and other “newer genre” theories were created to address neglected topics such as leader vision and inspirational messages, transparency, emotional effects, morality, individualized attention, and intellectual stimulation. Critiques of these theories, however, have been raised. In this paper, we address five of those critiques and argue for the validity and practical effectiveness of the new genre theories. Further, we describe how newer genre leadership research should be viewed as a performative epistemology, entailing a process of co‐creation involving scholars and practitioners. Finally, from this view, we provide general ideas for leader development. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Occupational Safety and Health in Finland

In Finland, occupational safety is the responsibility of the employer, while the occupational safety and health laws are enforced by the Labour Inspection Service, an organization of the state. The Labour Inspection is divided in 11 administrative districts, and it employs 360 professionals. They are mandated to carry out site visits without prearranged appointments to inspect safe work situations, working hours, construction safety, or any aspect of accident risks. The inspectors are also mandated to verify the existence of sufficient occupational health services as prescribed by the Occupational Health Services Act for all employees. The occupational health services are typically provided by enterprise-owned medical departments, by mutually owned health care centers, by private practitioners, or by municipal health care centers. The latter are required by law to provide all services as prescribed by the legislation to anyone who comes to the facility. This situation is prevalent in the countryside, where there are very few private caregiving centers. Declaring occupational accidents and disease cases is mandatory, and the Inspection districts examine all accidents to establish causes and consequences, and to initiate prosecution in case of criminal negligence. Labour Inspection Districts are also notified of the new occupational disease cases as they are declared to insurance companies. Insurance for occupational disease, accidents, and death is an obligation of the employer, although they can choose the insurance company. The medical confidentiality between the workers and their occupational health care providers is very strict. Official statistics are maintained by the state Statistics Finland organization, and they may be used, for example, for research purposes by scientific institutes like the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health. Construction industry accounts for 25% of all fatal accidents (120 cases per 1 million working hours), followed by mechanical, wood, metal, machinery, and pulp and paper industry (10% each of fatal accidents) with rates ranging from 100–160 cases per 1 million working hours. There are some 5,000 occupational disease cases per year (rate 22/10,000 employed). The major disease categories include repetitive strain injuries (1,300 cases), respiratory allergies (600 cases), occupational skin diseases (1,000 cases), and 900 cases of noise-caused hearing loss. In 1998, 589 cases of asbestos-related diseases were reported.     

CO在烟煤中吸附与扩散的分子模拟研究*

为揭示CO在烟煤中的微观吸附和扩散机理,利用Wiser烟煤分子模型,通过巨正则蒙特卡洛（GCMC）和分子动力学方法,研究5种不同温度（293.15,303.15,313.15,323.15,333.15 K）下,压力为0.1～3.0 MPa时CO吸附量、吸附热的变化,采用能量分布分析CO在烟煤中的吸附行为,利用扩散系数和扩散活化能研究CO在烟煤中的扩散特性。研究结果表明:CO在烟煤分子中的模拟结果符合朗格缪尔（Langmuir）吸附规律,随着温度的升高,Langmuir参数a和b减小,CO在烟煤分子中饱和吸附量和吸附能力降低。温度越高,烟煤分子的等量吸附热越低,烟煤分子吸附CO分子的平均等量吸附热为21.20～23.11 kJ/mol,小于42 kJ/mol,属于物理吸附;随着压力的升高,CO分子由能量较高的优势吸附位点逐渐向相对较弱的吸附位点移动;在模拟的温度和压力条件下,CO在烟煤分子模型中的扩散系数随温度和压力的升高而增加,扩散活化能随压力的升高而减小。研究结果为揭示CO在烟煤分子中微观吸附与扩散规律,准确预测采空区封闭火区煤自燃情况具有重要意义。     

油浸变压器排油注氮装置在500kV变电站的设计与应用

在分析500kV变电站主变压器消防系统的现状,比较3类消防系统优缺点的基础上,详细论述了主变排油注氮装置的结构组成、工作原理、参数计算、控制系统设计以及需要注意的事项等,为下一步排油注氮装置的推广应用打下基础.