低温等离子体与催化剂联用降解空气中低浓度的苯

采用介质阻挡放电(DBD)与催化剂(MnO2,TiO2)联用降解空气中低浓度的苯(C6H6)。考察了苯的转化率、产物选择性、能量效率随能量密度的变化关系。研究发现,苯的转化率随能量密度的增加而增加,当注入DBD反应器的能量密度为1200J/L时,等离子体协同催化剂MnO2氧化苯的转化率达到了92%。苯的氧化产物为一氧化碳(CO)和二氧化碳(CO2),进而阐述了其氧化机理。当能量密度为430J/L时,在催化剂MnO2,TiO2存在的条件下,能量效率分别达到了0.062与0.043mol/kWh。     

等离子体协同金属氧化物催化氧化苯的研究

以Al2O3和Ag/Al2O3为催化剂,采用介质阻挡放电(DBD)反应器降解空气中低浓度的苯(C6H6),重点考察了苯的转化率、能量效率随能量密度的变化关系.研究发现:苯的氧化产物为一氧化碳(CO)和二氧化碳(CO2),当能量密度为94 J/L时,在催化剂Ag/Al2O3、Al2O3存在以及不使用催化剂的条件下,苯的能量效率分别达到了0.054 mol/kW·h、0.038 mol/kw·h与0.024 mol/kW·h.同时,探讨了国外应用低温等离子体技术处理气体污染物的相关研究成果,并与本研究做了比较.     

催化臭氧化降解磺基水杨酸

选用3种固体催化剂催化臭氧化降解磺基水杨酸.结果表明,MnO₂和V₂O₅催化活性并不明显,而自制的钒氧化物(VO)催化剂具有较好的催化臭氧化性能.在本实验条件下与单独臭氧化相比,30min后VO/O₃体系的COD和TOC去除率由原来的58%和25%提高到86%和61%.VO催化剂的作用机理是催化臭氧分解产生了高活性氧化剂(如羟基自由基等).     

烟气中水、氧含量对羟基资源化脱硫效率的影响

采用强电场电离放电方法,将烟气中H₂O、O₂通过电离、分解和超激发,形成羟基和水合电子等自由基.在无吸收剂、催化剂条件下,自由基直接氧化SO₂生成H₂SO₄微滴,再用电收雾器加以回收.结果表明,烟气中H₂O含量对硫脱除率的影响率比O₂的影响率高出1倍,H₂O、O₂含量对SO₂脱除率影响比值与理论计算值的偏离度为4.3%.烟气中H₂O、O₂的含量可满足强电离放电羟基自由基脱硫过程的需要.     

非热平衡等离子体过程萘的降解

应用电晕放电自由基簇射技术,对放电电压、初始浓度和催化剂对萘降解特性的影响进行了研究,分析了萘的降解产物和降解途径.结果表明,放电电压的增加有助于萘的降解率的提高.萘初始浓度的增加降低了萘的降解率,但提高了萘的脱除量.对于初始浓度17mg/m³的萘,14kV放电电压下能达到70%的降解率.MnO₂和Fe₂O₃催化涂层均能促进萘的降解,且MnO₂的催化活性要高于Fe₂O₃.在湿电极气下,催化涂层对萘降解的促进作用比干电极气更加显著.萘的降解产物主要是CO₂,但是由于氧化反应的不完全性,也有少量的CO以及小分子有机物生成.     

高藻水中污染物氧化降解及卤代烃生成的控制

研究了O₃、ClO₂、Cl₂ 3 种氧化剂对高藻期原水中藻类、细菌、有机物的预处理效果,分析了不同氧化过程中卤代烃的形成原因及其前体物的控制效果.结果表明,O₃杀藻灭菌作用明显强于 ClO₂和 Cl₂,对 UV₂₅₄ 表征的具有共轭结构或含有芳环结构的不饱和有机物去除率较高.试验水中三氯甲烷(CHCl₃)前体物含量高达 80μg/L .与Cl₂相比,O₃、 ClO₂预氧化处理能显著地控制 CHCl₃生成,并有效地降低 CHCl₂、CCl₃ 前体物含量,二者对 CHCl₃ 生成量的影响不同.3 种预氧化方法均不会使水中 CCl₄ 含量增加.CHCl₃ 是原水预氧化后生成卤代烃的主要成分.3 种预氧化处理工艺适宜的浓度与反应时间分别为 O₃1.5mg/L、15min, ClO₂4.0mg/L、30min,.     

烟气脱氮体系中络合吸收剂的氧化还原过程

在填料吸收塔中,考察NO和O₂共存时,NO浓度、O₂含量对脱氮效率、Fe^II(EDTA)氧化速率以及Fe^III(EDTA)生物还原速率的影响,并对该系统的主要反应过程进行了分析.结果表明,同时吸收NO可促进Fe^II(EDTA)的氧化,当进气NO浓度由0增至500cm³/m³时,表观氧化反应速率常数由0.00451min^-1增至0.00604min^-1;Fe^II(EDTA)的氧化反应对于O₂含量为1级反应,表观氧化速率常数与O₂含量成线性关系;增加气体中NO浓度或O₂含量均会使Fe^III(EDTA)的生物还原反应速率下降;微生物对氧化中间产物的还原可以减缓NO对Fe^II(EDTA)氧化的促进作用,因而气相中NO和O2共存时对Fe^III(EDTA)生物还原的影响小于各单一组分存在时的影响之和.     

低温等离子体催化降解烟气中甲苯的研究

本研究开发了等离子体微放电填充床反应器和等离子体微放电填充床反应系统,采用多孔陶瓷作为填充床材料,用控制变量法探索了停留时间、放电电压、催化剂负载量、初始浓度、能量密度等因素对反应系统的甲苯去除能力的影响.结果发现,上述因素的最优组合参数为：1.1s、9.5kV、负载量为15%,物质的量比为0.25的Co/Mn催化剂、189.52mg/m³、6000J/L.同时,对多孔陶瓷填充床进行了SEM和XRD等表征研究,研究表明,Mn催化剂包括Mn₂O₃和Mn₃O₄晶体;Co/Mn催化剂包括CoMnO₃和MnO₂晶体;Fe/Mn催化剂包括FeMnO₃、Fe₂O₃和Mn₂O₃晶体,并且Mn催化剂比Co/Mn催化剂和Fe/Mn催化剂的晶体颗粒更加均匀.     

汽车尾气净化催化剂Ag-ZSM-5选择性催化还原NO

评价了Ag-ZSM-5分子筛催化剂选择性还原NO的活性,并运用原位漫反射红外光谱研究NO在该催化剂上的选择性还原机理.结果表明,以丙烯为还原剂,有O₂(3.6%)存在时,Ag-ZSM-5有良好活性,在773K时N₀还原成N2的转化率达68.8%.基于漫反射红外光谱,认为N₀还原为N2的过程中,NO以NO_x吸附态形式与丙烯的活化物种C_xH_y或C_xH_yO_z反应,生成有机-氮氧化物(R-NO₂或R-ONO)中间体,再进一步反应,最终生成N₂;催化剂表面形成有机-氮氧化物是关键步骤,Ag的作用是促进形成NO_x,O₂ 的作用是促进C₃H₆活化及NO转化成Nox,并且O₂是有效产生有机-氮氧化物不可缺少的条件.     

钴氨溶液脱除NO研究

利用Co(NH₃)₆²⁺离子作主催化剂(由可溶性钴盐溶于氨水中形成),烟道气中的O₂作氧化剂,碘阴离子作助催化剂,在液相中实现NO的催化氧化和回收、SO₂的吸收和氧化.与过氧化氢和Fe-EDTA法相比该法具有持续时间长、效率高等优点,NO的脱除率可达80%以上;SO₂的脱除率可达100%,能实现高效率地同时脱硫脱硝.     

Benzene conversion by manganese dioxide assisted silent discharge plasma

Non-thermal plasma technologies have shown their promising potential specially for the low concentration of volatile organic compound control in indoor air in recent years. But it is also high energy consuming. So, to improve the energy efficiency, adding catalysts which enhance the plasma chemical reactions to plasma reactors may be a good selection. Therefore, in this study the manganese dioxide assisted silent discharge plasma was developed for benzene conversion at a relatively high energy efficiency. The results show that MnO₂ could promote complete oxidation of benzene with O₂ and O₃ produced in the plasma discharge zone. The energy efficiency of benzene conversion with MnO₂ was two folds as much as that without catalysts. It was also found that the site of MnO₂ in the reactor and the energy density had effects on benzene conversion. While the energy density was lower than 48 J/L, benzene conversion decreased with the increase in the distance between MnO₂ bed and the plasma discharge zone. Whereas when the energy density was higher than 104 J/L, benzene conversion had an optimal value that was governed by the distance between MnO₂ bed and the plasma discharge zone. The mechanism of benzene oxidation in plasma discharges and over MnO₂ is discussed in detail. __________ Translated from China Environmental Science, 2006, 26(6): 703–707 [译自: 中国环境科学]     

介质阻挡放电中添加乙炔对NO脱除的影响

利用介质阻挡放电(DBD)进行模拟烟气脱除NO实验,通过改变乙炔体积分数和烟气水蒸汽含量研究添加乙炔对NO脱除效率的影响.结果表明:烟气中添加乙炔强化了NO氧化作用,随着乙炔体积分数的提高,NO脱除率逐渐增加.在NO/N2/O2/C2H2/H2O体系中,水的电负性和离解反应消耗大量高能电子,降低了活性自由基的生成,NO脱除速率随之减慢;能量密度低于400 J·L-1时,相对湿度(RH)为0的情况下脱出效果最好.但随着能量密度的增加,H2O不会影响最终的NO脱除率;H2O的添加可以产生更多的·OH自由基,促进NO2向HNO3转化,使出口NO2浓度大幅度降低.     

脉冲调制介质阻挡放电和催化联用技术降解甲苯

利用低温等离子体处理挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)废气是目前国内外研究的热点。研究利用脉冲调制介质阻挡放电和催化联用技术降解甲苯,对比分析了连续放电和脉冲调制对去除甲苯的影响;研究了脉冲调制后在有无催化剂的情况下的能量效率,比较了两种情况下的臭氧浓度以及中间产物的不同。结果表明:脉冲调制有效提高了甲苯的降解能效,其能量效率几乎是连续放电时的2倍～3倍;在有催化剂的情况下,能量效率是没催化剂的1.5倍～2倍,臭氧浓度明显降低,结焦产物中含苯环的衍生物的量少于无催化的结焦产物。     

Characteristic of emissive spectrum and the removal of nitric oxide in N2/O2/NO plasma with argon additive

Although the approach using non-thermal plasma (NTP) for deNOx has been studied for over 15 years,how to achieve higher removal efficiency with lower cost is still a barrier for its industrial application.In order to investigate the impact of the argon additive on the electron density,energy and the nitric oxide reduction process in plasma,the spectrum of the dielectric barrier discharge at atmospheric pressure in a coaxial reactor was measured using the monochromater with high resolution and the comparative experiments for NO reduction were carried out simultaneously in the N2/O2/NO plasma stream with and without argon,respectively.The nitrogen molecular spectrum which is attributed to the energy level transition (C3πu→B3πg ) was compared in the wavelength range 300-480 nm and the electron density and temperature were determined by the calculation based on the relative intensities and Stark broadening width of spectral lines.The spectrum results indicated that the argon additive could enhance the intensity of emissive spectrum of plasma,thus the electron concentration as well as the energy was increased,and finally prompted the ionization rate to produce active N,O and O3.The results of NO reduction showed that the NO conversion efficiency increased in the range of 10%-30% with 5% addition of argon in stream comparing with the condition without argon additive.This study will play a positive role in the industrial application of dielectric barrier discharge deNOx reactor.     

Toluene decomposition performance and NOx by-product formation during a DBD-catalyst process

Characteristics of toluene decomposition and formation of nitrogen oxide(NOx) by-products were investigated in a dielectric barrier discharge(DBD) reactor with/without catalyst at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. Four kinds of metal oxides, i.e., manganese oxide(Mn Ox), iron oxide(Fe Ox), cobalt oxide(Co Ox) and copper oxide(Cu O), supported on Al2O3/nickel foam, were used as catalysts. It was found that introducing catalysts could improve toluene removal efficiency, promote decomposition of by-product ozone and enhance CO2 selectivity. In addition, NOx was suppressed with the decrease of specific energy density(SED) and the increase of humidity, gas flow rate and toluene concentration, or catalyst introduction. Among the four kinds of catalysts, the Cu O catalyst showed the best performance in NOx suppression. The Mn Ox catalyst exhibited the lowest concentration of O3 and highest CO2 selectivity but the highest concentration of NOx. A possible pathway for NOx production in DBD was discussed. The contributions of oxygen active species and hydroxyl radicals are dominant in NOx suppression.     

介质阻挡放电等离子体去除水中敌草隆的降解机理

研究了线筒式介质阻挡放电等离子体对水中敌草隆的降解效果,考察了不同因素对敌草隆去除效果的影响及其对敌草隆的降解机理. 结果表明:输入功率、空气流量均对敌草隆的降解产生较大影响. 输入功率为50 W、空气流量为140 L/h时,放电反应6 min敌草隆的去除率达到95.7%. 随着放电时间的增加,水溶液中测出的ρ(O₃)、ρ(H₂O₂)均明显升高,6 min后其产量分别为11.9和1.2 mg/L;放电6 min后pH从最初的6.3降至3.4,ρ(TOC)也从最初的14.2 mg/L降至11.9 mg/L. 采用离子色谱仪分析敌草隆降解过程中产生的离子发现,反应过程中ρ(Cl-)和ρ(NO₃-)呈线性增长. 采用发光细菌抑制率反映溶液毒性,放电6 min后,敌草隆溶液对发光细菌的抑制率高达90.5%,溶液毒性增大. 通过液相色谱-飞行时间质谱对敌草隆降解产物进行分析,敌草隆降解过程中中间产物的形成存在烷基氧化、脱氯羟化、脱氯羟化-烷基氧化3种途径.      

Characteristics of emissive spectrum and the removal of nitric oxide in N2/O2/NO plasma with argon additive

Although the approach using non-thermal plasma (NTP) for deNOx has been studied for over 15 years, how to achieve higher removal e ciency with lower cost is still a barrier for its industrial application. In order to investigate the impact of the argon additive on electron density, energy and nitric oxide reduction process in plasma, the spectrum of the dielectric barrier discharge at atmospheric pressure in a coaxial reactor was measured using the monochromater with high resolution. The comparative experiments for NO reduction were carried out simultaneously in N2/O2/NO plasma stream with and without argon, respectively. The nitrogen molecular spectrum which is attributed to the energy level transition (C3 u ! B3 g) was compared in the wavelength range 300–480 nm and the electron density and temperature were determined based on the relative intensities and Stark broadening width of spectral lines. The spectrum results indicated that the argon additive could enhance the intensity of emissive spectrum of plasma, thus the electron concentration as well as the energy was increased, and finally prompted the ionization rate to produce active N, O and O3. The results of NO reduction showed that NO conversion e ciency increased in the range of 10%–30% with 5% addition of argon in stream comparing with the condition without argon additive. This study will play a positive role in the industrial application of dielectric barrier discharge deNOx reactor.     

Characteristics of NO reduction with non-thermal plasma

As a new type of NO removal system, NO reduction in N2-NO plasma was applied to solve the difficulties in the traditional methods, such as higher energy-consumption, larger equipment size and high cost, and so on. Using the experimental NO reduction system with single-pair electrode tip discharge structure, the NO reduction characteristics of N~-NO system were revealed to guide the engineering practice; the results of NO reduction with single-pair electrode tip discharge plasma also have the same instructive meaning to the NO reduction with multi-pair electrode tip discharge plasma. The amount of both active N atom and NO removal rate increased with the distance /g increasing between the two electrode tips and then dropped when the distance exceeded a certain value. The NO removal rate increased while the voltage between two electrode tips or the resident time of gas flow increased. The distance is a key geometrical variable factor that can determine the intensity of electric field between two electrode tips and the resident time of gas. In this paper, the effects of the dielectric features on NO reduction using dielectric-barrier discharge plasma system were also studied. The results of NO removal rate with different dielectrics such as Al2O3, CaO. MgO and glass showed that the electric field intensity is different with different dielectric, because it brings different energy to particles in discharge room and thus it causes different NO removal rate.