论成都的环境用水和水生态环境建设

本文首次提出环境用水概念，指出水质、水量、水面是环境用水的基本要素。阐述了环境用水对成都城市发展的重要意义。就成都环境用水目前存在的问题提出了解决途径。结合府南河综合整治工程，就成都的水生态环境建设提出建议。     

印制线路板废水处理工艺浅析

文章介绍了某企业的印制线路板废水处理工艺技术。由于废水的成分受生产线使用的各种配方药剂的影响，成分复杂多变，实施了分类收集，对不同生产过程的废水进行不同的预处理后再进行综合处理。工程实践表明，采用该工艺路线处理后的印制线路板废水出水水质达到了《广东省水污染物排放限值》（DB44／26--2001）一级标准，而且系统自动化程度高，操作方便，出水稳定。     

流域水体生态修复技术探讨

针对河道等自然流域的水体污染物进行生态治理,作者提出运用三个独立步骤而形成一道自然水体修复功能：第一步,优选良性微生物株群并持续发展与供给;第二步,运用河道功能增加水中的溶解氧;第三步,建立流域水体生物链,从而达到流域水体消纳污染物的自净效果。     

污水深度处理系统在油田污水处理中的应用分析

乐安油田是通过蒸汽吞吐减轻原油粘度进行开采的稠油油田。针对其特点,借鉴美国、加拿大污水回用的成功经验和先进技术,建成投产了国内第一座也是最大的一座油井采出水回用于湿蒸汽发生器的大型泵站 ── 乐安污水深度处理站。文章详细介绍了污水深度处理系统以及运行2年来所取得的成果,证明油田采出水深度处理后回用于湿蒸汽发生器技术是完全可行并易于操作的。     

Resource management as a key factor for sustainable urban planning

Due to fast urbanization and increasing living standards, the environmental sustainability of our global society becomes more and more questionable. In this historical review we investigate the role of resources management (RM) and urban planning (UP) and propose ways for integration in sustainable development (SD). RM follows the principle of circular causation, and we reflect on to what extent RM has been an element for urban planning. Since the existence of the first settlements, a close relationship between RM, urbanization and technological development has been present. RM followed the demand for urban resources like water, energy, and food. In history, RM has been fostered by innovation and technology developments and has driven population growth and urbanization. Recent massive resource demand, especially in relation to energy and material flows, has altered natural ecosystems and has resulted in environmental degradation. UP has developed separately in response to different questions. UP followed the demand for improved living conditions, often associated to safety, good manufacturing and trading conditions and appropriate sanitation and waste management. In history UP has been a developing research area, especially since the industrial era and the related strong urbanization at the end of the 18th century. UP responded to new emerging problems in urban areas and became increasingly complex. Nowadays, UP has to address many objectives that are often conflicting, including, the urban sustainability. Our current urban un-sustainability is rooted in massive resource consumption and waste production beyond natural limits, and the absence of flows from waste to resources. Therefore, sustainable urban development requires integration of RM into UP. We propose new ways to this integration.     

For the quality of life — evolution of and lessons learnt from water and sanitation services in Porvoo, Finland, 1900–2000

The paper describes and analyses the 100 year development of water supply and sanitation and the lessons learnt in Porvoo, a municipality of 46,000 people on the southern coast of Finland. In urban areas the municipality‐owned utility has always dominated. Over 90 per cent of the investments for the recent wastewater treatment plant went into services, equipment and goods bought from the private sector through 12 tenders, all based on competition. In the neighbouring rural areas, recently merged with the city, there are nine consumer‐managed, non‐profit water cooperatives that buy water in bulk from the city water utility. Although the solutions are based on local conditions and subsidiarity, some more general principles are also highlighted and discussed. Past decisions inevitably also affect future development options.     

水生态环境保护回顾与展望：从污染防治到三水统筹

水生态环境保护事关美丽中国目标的实现。本文阐释了我国从水污染防治向水环境、水生态、水资源“三水”统筹转变的新时代水生态环境保护内涵，从国内视角梳理我国水污染防治实践取得的成效，识别美丽中国水生态环境保护面临的制约性问题，首次在全国层面与欧美发达国家的水环境质量、水生态保护和水资源保障情况进行国际对标分析，提出以水生态系统保护目标为指引、以流域生态环境空间管控为基础、以“三水”统筹系统治理为路径、以治理体系和治理能力现代化为保障的水生态环境保护战略建议。     

长江上游水资源开发利用研究——以重庆市为例

介绍了长江上游地区水资源开发利用情况，并以重庆市为例，从重庆市水资源实际情况和开发利用现状出发，针对水资源在开发利用中存在的问题，提出了相应的对策措施，其中涵盖了三峡库区的水生态环境保护问题，以期为重庆市水资源规划和管理提供参考。     

RECOVERY OF “LOST” STORM WATER FROM LOCAL WASH BEDS1

ABSTRACT: Most of the precipitation that falls is unused because it never reaches a stream or recharges an underground supply. This storm water evaporates and is transpired and consumed by plants. Described below are pertinent legal principles and the concept for a small-scale system to capture and store some of this “lost” storm water from the subflow of small gravelly washes that are not part of or connected with a stream system. The subsurface flow is interrupted by an elastomer faced earthen barrier (dam) and stored in a gravel bed. Both the barrier and the gravel storage bed are situated below the surface of the wash bed. If the gravel bed is not underlain by a natural substratum that is relatively impervious, it is either placed on a liner of suitable compacted clay or is underlain with an elastomeric membrane to limit the downward infiltration and loss of the stored water. A system may be used to capture and store sub-flow after surface flow has ceased and during periods of drought; to supply household and irrigation water; to exercise Winters Doctrine rights; and to replace small dams and surface impoundments by underground storage of the captured water to ensure a more reliable and sanitary supply for livestock and wildlife. A system is most effective in desert regions where (or when) both stream and ground water are unavailable; where rainfall is infrequent, but in storms resulting in rapid runoff; and where land surface topography and morphology coincide to form sites that permit the productive use of a system. A system should not be installed without sound legal and hydrological advice. Careful engineering is essential to the safe and proper design of a system, especially its subsurface barrier.     

烟气海水脱硫排水水质对周边海域的影响分析

从理论计算和国内外已投运工程的实际运行监测两方面，对海水脱硫排水水质进行了分析，结果表明在采用成熟工艺的前提下，海水脱硫的排水水质包括重金属等指标，全部可以达到我国海水三类标准，绝大部分指标满足海水一类标准，而且通过对国内外已经投运项目的长期监测，也未发现对周围海域的生态环境造成不利影响。     

湛江市农业水资源"开源节流"的技术途径

在分析湛江市农业水资源特点及利用状况的基础上,根据湛江的社会经济发展水平,认为采取"节流优先、高效为本、多渠道开源"的策略,达到源"足"、流"畅"、效"高"是促进湛江农业可持续发展的有效途径.     

城市面源污染形成过程及其排放特征研究进展

随着城市的迅速发展,城市面源污染日益成为影响城市水体水质的重要因素。本文按照地表累积—降水—径流冲刷—输送这一城市面源污染的形成过程对次降雨径流平均浓度、初始冲刷效益等污染特征进行了研究,分析了不同下垫面及不同功能区的污染特性。     

CHEMICAL PRECIPITATION-COAGULATION FOR ORGANIC COLOR REMOVAL FROM GOUNDWATERS1

ABSTRACT: Many wells produce water that is highly colored by organic substances. Colored water may cause aesthetic, economic, and health problems for the cities using it as a municipal supply. Characterization of water from a number of wells showed that the color causing compounds were hydroxylated aromatic carboxylic acids which were precipitated below pH 4.5 and were almost completely ionized above pH 4.5. Through jar tests, a chemical precipitation-coagulation treatment system was developed. The optimal sequence of chemical addition was alum first, followed by pH adjustment and addition of a polyelectrolyte. Rapid mix tests demonstrated the need for a reaction period after alum and after acid addition, and that the rapid mix time controlled floc size for a given flocculation period. Flocculation tests, varying both the floc time and mean velocity gradient, G, showed that an optimum G exists for each floc time and that the residual color decreased with decreasing values of velocity gradient.     

Dynamic contact angle effects on gas-liquid behaviors in the cathode of proton exchange membrane fuel cell with stirred tank reactor design

Liquid water management is still a critical issue in the improvement of proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) performance. In this work, for the first time, the liquid water behavior and transport inside the cathode of a PEMFC with a stirred tank reactor (STR) design, rather than the conventional PEMFC flow channel design, are numerically studied. The dynamic contact angle (DCA) is applied to multiple wall boundaries in the numerical model through a user-defined-function (UDF) code, i.e., STR-DCA model. Another numerical model with the static contact angle (SCA) and same operating conditions, i.e., STR-SCA model, is also developed for comparison. The volume of fluid (VOF) method is employed in the simulation to track the gas-liquid interface. The results show that the liquid water distribution and transport are significantly different between these two models, indicating the remarkable effects of DCA on the simulation results. It is also verified the capability of STR-PEMFC to reduce the liquid water flooding, showing the potential of this channel-less type fuel cell in the further development.     

基于边际成本的地方环境保护税税率制定研究

我国自2018年1月1日起开征环境保护税,《中华人民共和国环境保护税法》授予地方政府适用税额和应税污染物项目数的调整权限。为推动地方环境保护税政策制定和出台,本文在对工业企业生产运营、污染物排放、污染治理设施运行数据调查分析的基础上,构建了一套"边际治理成本+调整系数"的地方环境保护税税政制定方法,用该方法计算了某地区水污染物环境保护税适用税额,并对环境保护税应税污染物项目数增加的必要性展开了探讨。计算结果显示,该地区工业企业水污染物边际治理成本为2.36元/污染当量,可制定水污染物环境保护税额为2.8元/污染当量,应税污染物项目数按照一类水污染物前五项、二类水污染物前三项征收为宜。     

Relations of fish community composition to environmental variables in streams of central Nebraska,USA

Nine sites on streams in the Platte River Basin in central Nebraska were sampled as part of the US Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment Program during 1993–1994. A combination of canonical correspondence analysis and an index of biotic integrity determined from fish community data produced complementary evaluations of water-quality conditions. Results of the canonical correspondence analysis were useful in showing which environmental variables were significant in differentiating fish communities at the nine sites. Five environmental variables were statistically significant in the analysis. Median specific conductance of water samples collected at a site accounted for the largest amount of variability in the species data. Although the percentage of the basin as cropland was not the first variable chosen in a forward selection process, it was the most strongly correlated with the first ordination axis. A rangeland-dominated site was distinguished from all others along that axis. Median orthophosphate concentration of samples collected in the year up to the time of fish sampling was most strongly correlated with the second ordination axis. The index of biotic integrity produced results that could be interpreted in terms of the relative water quality between sites. Sites draining nearly 100% cropland had the lowest scores for two individual metrics of the index of biotic integrity that were related to species tolerance. Effective monitoring of water quality could be achieved by coupling methods that address both the ecological components of fish communities and their statistical relationships to environmental factors.     

城市环境水文问题分析

城市化对水环境污染是一个具有普遍性和严重性的问题.城市水环境污染分为点污染和面污染两类.本文针对城市降雨径流污染(城市面源污染)作了系统分析.其内容包括城市化对降雨径流的影响,城市面污染的积累和暴雨径流的冲刷,以及推求城市暴雨径流污染负荷过程的模拟途径.     

ECONOMIC APPRAISAL OF A GROUND WATER DEVELOPMENT PROJECT1

A ground water development project in the northern part of Thailand was appraised by means of benefit-cost analysis. This is the first project in Thailand to develop ground water for irrigation purposes and it is also the first project which made use of an underground PVC pipe water distribution system. Results indicate that the project is economically feasible. In comparing different water distribution systems, it is also found that distribution by means of underground PVC pipes is more economical compared to an open ditch system if the life of the latter is relatively short and the rates of inflation are high.     

Photocatalytic Production of Methane and Hydrogen Through Reduction of Carbon Dioxide with Water Using Titania Pellets

This paper presents an experimental study on employing a pellet form of catalyst in photo-reduction of carbon dioxide with water. Water was first absorbed into titania pellets. Highly purified carbon dioxide gas was then discharged into a reactor containing the wet pellets, which were then illuminated continuously for 65 hours using UVC lamps. Analysing the products accumulated in the reactor confirmed that methane and hydrogen were produced through photo-reduction of carbon dioxide with water. No other hydrocarbons were detected. Increasing the temperature in the reactor has showed little change on the amount of methane produced.     

“第一类污染物”防治需求的紧迫性及其对策措施

"第一类污染物"是指会对人体健康产生长远不良影响的污染物,包括8种重金属和类金属。已经证实,工业源重金属超量排放严重,使水土及生态环境遭受到"第一类污染物"的严重污染,面临的"第一类污染物"防治形势更加紧迫。本文在重金属污染现状与治理需求分析的基础上,通过长期调研,针对重点行业提出了6项综合防治措施,建议从源头严格控制排放总量,对重点企业进行监管与治理,总结与创新重金属修复新技术等,旨在推动第一类污染物的污染防治。