乌伦古湖水质现状、变化趋势及预测

通过对乌伦古湖现状水质及近十年来水质变化趋势的评价,分析了污染成因,并采用灰色预测法预测乌伦古湖未来几年的水质状况,为区域水环境保护和水体污染防治提供科学依据。     

高温灰化—电极法测定乌伦古湖鱼中氟的方法初探

以乌伦古湖鱼体(鱼肉,不含鱼内脏)为研究对象,在碱性条件下,用硝酸镁固定样品中氟,高温灰化去除有机物,盐酸浸提,用离子缓冲溶液消除干扰离子,离子选择电极法测定乌伦古湖鱼中的氟。实际样品中加入1.00 mg/kg氟标准品,测定回收率分别为89.5%和88.0%,RSD为3.02%和4.29%。     

基于Landsat系列卫星分析1985—2015年东平湖叶绿素a浓度变化趋势

基于Landsat-5 TM数据和地面同步水质监测数据发现，近红外波段与红色波段比值与叶绿素a实测浓度存在较高相关性，并以此建立了提取水体表层叶绿素a浓度的遥感信息模型。经验证，该模型用于叶绿素a浓度反演的精度良好，平均相对误差为14.5%。将该模型应用于Landsat卫星系列数据，提取了东平湖1985-2015年每年度丰水期叶绿素a浓度信息，得到共31幅东平湖叶绿素a浓度分布图，并对其进行了时空分析。结果表明：1985-2015年，东平湖叶绿素a平均浓度范围为32.4~81.4 μg/L，空间分布上一般表现为湖周边浅水区高于湖中心深水区，且空间差异变化明显；时间序列上，东平湖叶绿素a浓度表现出一定的波动性，在1987、1988、1992年出现较高值，总体看来，在95%置信水平上秩相关系数为-0.592，浓度呈下降趋势。     

入湖溪流对西湖富营养化的影响调查

分析了西湖水质现状 ,指出入湖溪流的水质不佳是目前西湖保持富营养化状态的重要原因。提出了相应的对策建议。     

云南推行一湖一条例

云南省9大高原湖泊（滇池、抚仙湖、洱海、阳宗海、异龙湖、杞麓湖、星云湖、泸沽湖、程海）水污染综合防治工作一直是云南环保工作的重中之重，9大高原湖泊水环境的好坏也是云南生态环境的重要标志。云南省人大在原“一湖一条例”的基础上，先后修订颁布了抚仙湖、星云湖、杞麓湖、程海保护条例，目前滇池保护条例也正在制订中。     

洮滆水系湖库富营养化生态风险的特点与比较

茅东水库、长荡湖、涌湖、太湖竺山湾是洮滆水系从上游到下游排列的4大典型湖库,2008年的监测分析表明,氮、磷是该水系湖库富营养化的主要污染因子,并沿流域呈加剧趋势,上下游TP质量浓度为0.081～0.296 mg/L,差异小,而TN质量浓度为0.314～5.67 mg/L,差异大,长荡湖到涌湖是洮滆水系首要污染物TN快...     

五里湖—梅梁湖磷污染调查

通过对五里湖-梅梁湖洗涤剂“禁（限）磷”前后水体磷含量变化的调查，表明，禁止使用含磷洗衣粉两年后，五里湖水体中总磷含量降低20%，梅梁湖总磷含量也有下降趋势，但是五里湖近5年的总磷监测结果均超过《地表水环境质量标准》（GHZB1-1999）中Ⅴ类标准。指出，洗衣粉中所含的磷是湖区磷污染的重要来源，而水体磷负荷的大量来源是人体排泄、农业面源（含畜禽、水产养殖）和工业点源。提出，“治前”（禁磷）是前提，“治后”（除磷）是手段，根本的一条是控制入湖的总磷量，维持湖体生态平衡。     

基于熵权的WQI法在鄱阳湖水质评价中的应用

基于2009—2018年鄱阳湖15个监测点位的水质监测数据,采用基于熵权改进的综合水质指数（WQI）法研究10年间该湖水质年际、季节演变特征及空间分布情况。结果表明：鄱阳湖WQI多年平均值为78.41,水质总体处于差等级,其中氮、磷污染较为严重;该湖水质空间分布差异较小,各湖区WQI较为接近,湖区西北部和东南部污染相对较为严重;该湖夏季水质较好,水质与降水量及湖面风浪强度紧密相关;该湖污染物主要来自入湖河流周边的工、矿、企业的废水及采砂造成的污染物释放,建议控制、治理入湖河流水质,提高鄱阳湖较重污染区水质。     

太湖湖风指数阈值的计算

根据2012年8月17—23日的太湖湖风加密观测实验结果,将湖岸3个常规气象站和湖面2个浮标站观测的风速和气温资料代入经典的湖风指数公式,通过Fisher二级判别法和历史拟合率最大法确定了太湖湖风指数的阈值为3.0。该结论为研究太湖湖风的发生频率及其对蓝藻水华全湖输移的影响提供了理论依据。     

1987—2016年太湖总氮浓度变化趋势分析

基于可获取的太湖国控监测点位总氮监测数据，分析了1987—2016年太湖总氮浓度变化趋势。结果表明，近30年来，太湖湖体总氮浓度年均值在1.74~3.88 mg/L之间，总体呈先上升、后下降的波动变化趋势，1996年浓度达历史峰值；其变化具体可分为上升期、波动期、下降期三个阶段，约以10年为一个阶段。分湖区分析，西部湖区、北部湖区2000—2016年总氮年均浓度与全湖总氮浓度呈明显的正相关，为影响湖体总氮浓度的主要湖区。总氮多年月均值浓度变化显示，2000—2016年湖体总氮多年月均值年内呈较明显的季节变化规律，月均最大值、最小值分别出现在3月和9月。空间变化分析表明，西部湖区的宜武片区及南部湖区的湖州长兴片区为湖体总氮的两个污染扩散核心。湖体总氮主要受15条主要入湖河流汇入影响，这些河流总氮年均浓度整体高于湖体，是太湖总氮治理的重点。     

滨海新区地表水水质评价与污染源分析

滨海新区在大力发展工业的同时,面临水资源紧缺与水环境恶化等问题,基于2020年至2021年滨海新区内15个监测站位的丰水期、枯水期实测数据,通过改进型加拿大水质指数模型对滨海新区地表水进行水质评价,在水质评价的基础上,利用相关性分析与绝对主成分-多元线性回归模型分析影响地表水水质状况的污染源。15个水质监测站位水质评价结果表明：丰水期水质指数为32.27～82.80,良好水质站位1个,中等水质站位6个,较差水质站位7个,差等水质站位1个;枯水期水质指数为47.28～81.36,良好水质站位1个,中等水质站位12个,较差水质站位2个。污染源分析结果表明：丰水期中,污染源为生活污水、农业面源污染、养殖尾水点源污染;枯水期中,主要污染源为工业废水、生活污水、养殖尾水面源污染。     

国家水环境质量监测网络发展历程与展望

阐述了水环境质量监测的定义和目的，介绍了构成国家水环境质量监测网络的6个子网，即地表水环境质量监测网、地表水环境质量自动监测网、地下水环境质量监测网、饮用水源地环境质量监测网、水污染防治专项规划水体环境质量监测网和锰三角地区水环境质量监测网的发展历程与现状。指出了目前该网络存在的不足，提出建立水环境质量监测网络设计技术体系、扩大监测网覆盖面、扩展监测项目等建议。     

我国河流水质评价污染因子选择方案探讨

在选用综合污染指数法进行地表水水质评价时 ,由于污染因子选择不尽一致 ,造成地表水水质评价结果不具有可比性。为了使地表水评价结果具有可比性 ,必须选择相对固定的评价因子。笔者对我国七大流域 1 990～ 2 0 0 1年水质监测数据进行了全面分析 ,提出了能够反映我国河流污染现状的污染因子选择方案。     

Design of on-line river water quality monitoring systems using the entropy theory: a case study

The design of a water quality monitoring network is considered as the main component of water quality management including selection of the water quality variables, location of sampling stations and determination of sampling frequencies. In this study, an entropy-based approach is presented for design of an on-line water quality monitoring network for the Karoon River, which is the largest and the most important river in Iran. In the proposed algorithm of design, the number and location of sampling sites and sampling frequencies are determined by minimizing the redundant information, which is quantified using the entropy theory. A water quality simulation model is also used to generate the time series of the concentration of water quality variables at some potential sites along the river. As several water quality variables are usually considered in the design of water quality monitoring networks, the pair-wise comparison is used to combine the spatial and temporal frequencies calculated for each water quality variable. After selecting the sampling frequencies, different components of a comprehensive monitoring system such as data acquisition, transmission and processing are designed for the study area, and technical characteristics of the on-line and off-line monitoring equipment are presented. Finally, the assessment for the human resources needs, as well as training and quality assurance programs are presented considering the existing resources in the study area. The results show that the proposed approach can be effectively used for the optimal design of the river monitoring systems.     

基于改进的多目标决策的水环境质量综合评价

在对水环境质量综合评价中,多目标决策-理想区间法解决了水环境质量评价标准是区间而非点的缺陷。但是在计算监测点到各理想区间向量的距离时,各水环境质量指标权重直接影响综合评价的结果,通常的确定方法是简单的假设各水环境质量指标的权重相等,这与实际情况相悖。为了解决这一问题,提出了将超标法用于多目标决策法中,利用超标法确定各水环境质量指标的权重,然后将其应用于多目标决策-理想区间法来分析水环境质量等级。并将改进后的多目标决策-理想区间法应用于珠江口及邻近海域的水环境中。基于超标法确定权重的多目标决策-理想区间法与聚类分析相比更有效,与等权重的多目标决策-理想区间法相比,更能体现水环境的污染状况,可应用于各种环境因子的综合评价中。     

官厅水库富营养化的评价

综述了官厅水库水系的近期状况 ;在库区选择了 8个具有代表性的断面 ,分析测试了 1 1项水质指标 ,采用 Vol-lenweider的理论评价了库区水质为中 -富营养等级 ;提出了改善水库水系的 4点建议     

A water quality monitoring network design using fuzzy theory and multiple criteria analysis

A proper water quality monitoring design is required in a watershed, particularly in a water resource protected area. As numerous factors can influence the water quality monitoring design, this study applies multiple criteria analysis to evaluate the suitability of the water quality monitoring design in the Taipei Water Resource Domain (TWRD) in northern Taiwan. Seven criteria, which comprise percentage of farmland area, percentage of built-up area, amount of non-point source pollution, green cover ratio, landslide area ratio, ratio of over-utilization on hillsides, and density of water quality monitoring stations, are selected in the multiple criteria analysis. The criteria are normalized and weighted. The weighted method is applied to score the subbasins. The density of water quality stations needs to be increased in priority in the subbasins with a higher score. The fuzzy theory is utilized to prioritize the need for a higher density of water quality monitoring stations. The results show that the need for more water quality stations in subbasin 2 in the Bei-Shih Creek Basin is much higher than those in the other subbasins. Furthermore, the existing water quality station in subbasin 2 requires maintenance. It is recommended that new water quality stations be built in subbasin 2.     

惠济河水质管理信息系统的研制

把管理信息系统应用于水质管理,采用一维稳态多河段水质模型,建立了惠济河水质管理信息系统.该系统由水质监测数据的管理、水质的模拟预测和水质评价三部分组成,实现了数据的输入、存储、修改、删除和查询以及生成报表和数据图形的打印等功能,为水污染防治、水资源可持续开发利用和社会经济持续发展提供信息技术支持.     

A probabilistic water quality index for river water quality assessment: a case study

Available water quality indices have some limitations such as incorporating a limited number of water quality variables and providing deterministic outputs. This paper presents a hybrid probabilistic water quality index by utilizing fuzzy inference systems (FIS), Bayesian networks (BNs), and probabilistic neural networks (PNNs). The outputs of two traditional water quality indices, namely the indices proposed by the National Sanitation Foundation and the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment, are selected as inputs of the FIS. The FIS is trained based on the opinions of several water quality experts. Then the trained FIS is used in a Monte Carlo analysis to provide the required input-output data for training both the BN and PNN. The trained BN and PNN can be used for probabilistic water quality assessment using water quality monitoring data. The efficiency and applicability of the proposed methodology is evaluated using water quality data obtained from water quality monitoring system of the Jajrood River in Iran.     

Development of an Overall Index of Pollution for Surface Water Based on a General Classification Scheme in Indian Context

Various National and International Agencies involved in water quality assessment and pollution control have defined water quality criteria for different uses of water considering different indicator parameters. Classification schemes for water quality criteria/standards developed by these agencies differ inaddition to terminologies used such as Action level, Guide level etc. in defining the concentration values in these classes. In the present article a general classification scheme viz. Excellent,Acceptable, Slightly Polluted, Polluted and Heavily Polluted water is proposed for surface water quality assessment. The concentration ranges in these classes are defined in Indianscenario considering Indian Standards and CPCB criteria. Standardsby the European Community (EC), WHO etc. and the reported factsabout the pollution effects of important water quality indicatorparameters on the surrounding were also taken into account. Themathematical equations to transform the actual concentrationvalues into pollution indices are formulated and correspondingvalue function curves are plotted. Based on the individual indexvalues, an `Overall Index of Pollution' (OIP) is estimated. Theapplication of OIP is demonstrated at a few sampling stations onriver Yamuna based on observed water quality data. The general classification scheme along with concentrationranges defined in these classes will be of immense use fordetermining the surface water quality status with reference tospecific individual parameter, and the OIP for assessing theoverall water quality status in Indian context.