地表水环境质量定性评价

针对目前缺乏统一的地表水环境质量定性评价准则的现状,根据我国主要水体的污染程度,提出了断面、河流、水系水质定性评价方法。     

“城考”中水环境质量指标的演替及发展

简述了“九五”-“十一五”期间城市环境综合整治定量考核(简称城考)中城市水环境功能区水质达标率指标的定义、内涵,监测指标内容及分类、指标权重及评价标准等因素的变化规律.指出,应重视环境质量指标选择与当前环境污染现状的衔接,补充重金属等环境优先污染物指标为水环境质量监测评价指标.提出了新的筛选原则和指标设计思路.     

Defining chemical status of a temporary Mediterranean River

Although the majority of rivers and streams in the Mediterranean area are temporary, no particular attention is being paid for such systems in the Water Framework Directive (WFD). A typical temporal Mediterranean river, draining an intensively cultivated basin, was assessed for its chemical status. Elevated concentrations of nitrates and salts in river water as well as nutrients and heavy metals in river sediments have been attributed to agricultural land uses and practices and point sources of organic pollution. A scheme for the classification of the river's chemical status (within the ecological quality classification procedure) was applied by combining pollution parameters in groups according to related pressures. In light of the temporal hydrological regime and anthropogenic impacts, sediment chemical quality elements were considered, in addition to hydrochemical ones. Despite the extensive agricultural activities in the basin, the majority of the sites examined showed a good quality and only three of them were classified as moderate. For the classification of the chemical quality of temporary water bodies, there is a need to develop ecologically relevant salinity and sediment quality standards.     

Trophic state index of a lake system using IRS (P6-LISS III) satellite imagery

Water pollution has now become a major threat to the existence of living beings and water quality monitoring is an effective step towards the restoration of water quality. Lakes are versatile ecosystems and their eutrophication is a serious problem. Carlson Trophic State Index (CTSI) provides an insight into the trophic condition of a lake. CTSI has been modified for the study area and is used in this study. Satellite imagery analysis now plays a prominent role in the quick assessment of water quality in a vast area. This study is an attempt to assess the trophic state index based on secchi disk depth and chlorophyll a of a lake system (Akkulam?CVeli lake, Kerala, India) using Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) P6 LISS III imagery. Field data were collected on the date of the overpass of the satellite. Multiple regression equation is found to yield superior results than the simple regression equations using spectral ratios and radiance from the individual bands, for the prediction of trophic state index from satellite imagery. The trophic state index based on secchi disk depth, derived from the satellite imagery, provides an accurate prediction of the trophic status of the lake. IRS P6-LISS III imagery can be effectively used for the assessment of the trophic condition of a lake system.     

Cluster analysis of Delhi's ambient air quality data

The purpose of this study was to study the spatial patterns of ambient air quality in Delhi in the absence of extensive datasets needed for space-time modeling. A spatial classification was attempted on the basis of ambient air quality data of nine years (1998 is latest year for which published data were available) for three criteria pollutants--nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and suspended particulate matter. Monitoring stations take 24-hour samples twice a week. Published monthly average concentration data were used in this study. A hierarchical agglomerative algorithm using the average linkage between groups method and the Euclidean distance metric was used. Cluster analysis indicated that till 1998, by and large, two distinct classes existed. The results of cluster analysis prompted an investigation of systematic biases in the monitored data. No statistically significant differences in the mean concentration of all pollutants were observed between stations belonging to different land-use types (residential and industrial). This fact would be useful, if and when the authorities consider modifying the network or expanding it in Delhi. The results also support the recommendation that Delhi have a uniform standard across all areas. This study has provided a methodology for Indian researchers and practitioners to do an exploratory study of spatial patterns of air pollution and data quality issues in Indian cities using the National Ambient Air Quality Monitoring System data.     

Application of Water Quality Indices and Dissolved Oxygen as Indicators for River Water Classification and Urban Impact Assessment

The usefulness of water quality indices, as the indicators of water pollution, for assessment of spatial-temporal changes and classification of river water qualities was verified. Four water quality indices were investigated: WQI (considering 18 water quality parameters), WQI(min) and WQI(m) (considering five water quality parameters: temperature, pH, DO, EC and TSS) and WQI(DO) (considering a single parameter, DO). The water quality indices WQI(min), WQI(m) and WQI(DO) could be of particular interest for the developing countries because of the minimum analytical cost involved. As a case study, water quality indices were used to evaluate spatial and temporal changes of the water quality in the Bagmati river basin (Nepal) for the study period 1999-2003. The results allowed us to determine the serious negative effects of the city urban activity on the river water quality. In the studied section of the river, the water quality index (WQI) was 71 units (classified as good) at the entry station and 47.6 units (classified as bad) at the outlet station. For the studied period, a significant decrease in water quality (mean WQI decrease = 11.6%, p = 0.042) was observed in the rural areas. A comparative analysis revealed that the urban water quality was significantly bad as compared with rural. The analysis enabled to classify the water quality stations into three groups: good water quality, medium water quality and bad water quality. WQI(min) resulted in overestimation of the water quality but with similar trend as with WQI and is useful for the periodic routine monitoring program. The correlation of WQI with WQI(min) and DO resulted two new indices WQI(m) and WQI(DO), respectively. The classification of waters based on WQI(m) and WQI(DO) coincided in 90 and 93% of the samples, respectively.     

农业面源污染防治的监测问题分析

近年来,农业面源污染已成为许多国家和地区水环境质量改善的主要影响因素,开展农业面源污染监测将为深入打好污染防治攻坚战提供重要支撑。该文系统分析当前我国农业面源污染监测存在的主要问题,综合考虑国内外经验,提出如下建议:采取空间嵌套式的布局模式优化地表水环境监测点位,充分发挥环境监测的预测预报和风险评估功能;建立包括污染源、产排污系数和空间传输过程的农业面源污染全过程监测网络;定期开展土壤氮、磷养分含量评估和地下水硝酸盐氮测定和评估;建立完善数据整合与共享机制。     

松花江流域水生态环境中生物与生境和化学要素间的关联 性研究

利用2012年松花江流域生物、生境和水质的调查数据,采用生物完整性指数(IBI)评价松花江流域的水生态环境质量,并着重对IBI评价结果与生境质量、水质间的关系及生物与生境和化学参数间的相关关系进行了分析。结果表明,松花江流域IBI评价结果与其生境质量存在显著正相关,与水质评价结果基本一致。生境质量及大多数生境参数均与多项生物参数间存在显著/极显著的相关关系;其次,COD、CODMn、BOD5、TN、TP等超标化学因子也与多项生物参数存在显著/极显著的相关关系,说明生境受损和有机污染压力是引起松花江流域水生态环境质量变化的主要压力。为恢复和改善松花江流域的水生态质量,研究建议针对流域生境质量和超标化学污染开展相应的保护和控制措施。     

辽河流域浑河沈阳段地表水重点控制有机污染物的筛选

采用美国环保局工业环境实验室提出的化学物质的“潜在危害指数法”,对辽河流域浑河沈阳段地表水和底质中检出的有机污染物的潜在危害进行了排序,参考国内外有毒化学品优先控制名单的筛选原则和方法,结合本流域的实际情况,制定出重点控制有机污染物的评分标准,提出辽河流域浑河沈阳段重点控制有机污染物名单。考虑到个别有机污染物在水中的浓度很低,但在底质中相对含量较高,所以将底质的检测结果也纳入评分标准。     

基于灰色聚类方法的湖泊营养状态综合评价

将湖泊水体的营养状态看作一个灰色系统，建立用于识别湖泊营养状态属性的灰色聚类综合评价模型，将水质级别作为一个灰类，水质状态作为灰色变量，根据灰色白化权函数聚类方法来确定水体营养状况归类。以太湖为例，基于分布全湖的20个监测点数据，运用灰色聚类法对其进行富营养状态综合评价，结果表明，监测时段太湖大部分水体基本处于中营养水平，局部湖面达到中度富营养状态，客观地反映了太湖湖区水体营养状况。     

Use of PFU protozoan community structural and functional characteristics in assessment of water quality in a large, highly polluted freshwater lake in China

Structural and functional parameters of protozoan communities colonizing on PFU (polyurethane foam unit) artificial substrate were assessed as indicators of water quality in the Chaohu Lake, a large, shallow and highly polluted freshwater lake in China. Protozoan communities were sampled 1, 3, 6, 9 and 14 days after exposure of PFU artificial substrate in the lake during October 2003. Four study stations with the different water quality gradient changes along the lake were distinguishable in terms of differences in the community's structural (species richness, individual abundance, etc.) and functional parameters (protozoan colonization rates on PFU). The concentrations of TP, TN, COD and BOD as the main chemical indicators of pollution at the four sampling sites were also obtained each year during 2002-2003 for comparison with biological parameters. The results showed that the species richness and PFU colonization rate decreased as pollution intensity increased and that the Margalef diversity index values calculated at four sampling sites also related to water quality. The three functional parameters based on the PFU colonization process, that is, S(eq), G and T90%, were strongly related to the pollution status of the water. The number of protozoan species colonizing on PFU after exposure of 1 to 3 days was found to give a clear comparative indication of the water quality at the four sampling stations. The research provides further evidence that the protozoan community may be utilized effectively in the assessment of water quality and that the PFU method furnishes rapid, cost-effective and reliable information that may be useful for measuring responses to pollution stress in aquatic ecosystems.     

Evaluation of R-EMAP Techniques for the Measurement of Ecological Integrity of Streams in Washington State's Coast Range Ecoregion

We used methods from EPA's Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP) to assess the regional status of streams within the Coast Range ecoregion of Washington State. Study objectives were: to determine the ecological condition of wadable, 1st-order through 3rd-order streams; to provide information for the development of water quality biological criteria; and to determine the applicability of EMAP-derived methods in Washington. Stream condition was assessed using EMAP indicators for habitat (chemical and physical) and biology (invertebrate and vertebrate assemblages). EMAP's probability survey was used to select 75 1st through 3rd-order stream sites from the USGS 1:100,000 series hydrographic layer. Of these, 45 sites were sampled. Multivariate techniques were used to identify community types and related physical and chemical habitat. Overall, about 25% of the sites were rated least-impacted. Most impacts were associated with non-point source pollution, mainly forestry practices. The R-EMAP method was a successful tool for assessment of regional status and ecological integrity; however, in order to use it for biological criteria development in Washington State, the method would require some modification to complement the current state protocols.     

清水河流域水质综合分析与评价

通过2018年4月、7月和11月在清水河流域布设32个采样点,监测F^-、TN、TP等6项水质指标,应用单因子评价法、综合污染指数法、灰色关联法、模糊综合评价法对该河水质状况作综合评价,并分析F^-是否参与评价时水质的变化情况。结果表明:当F^-不参与水质评价时,清水河各月水质污染程度为7月>11月>4月;当F^-参与水质评价时,水质污染程度为11月>7月>4月。模糊综合评价法的评价结果更符合实际水体情况,清水河上游—下游水质逐渐变差。当F^-参与评价时,清水河整体水质状况变差。     

猛进水库水环境问题研究

猛进水库是五家渠地区的主要水源地,也是乌鲁木齐市重要的淡水鱼供应基地.近年来,猛进水库水质呈不断恶化的趋势,水质为劣V类,为此,猛进水库水质恶化问题已经成为各级政府及公众十分关注的问题.本文选用新疆水环境监测中心多年对猛进水库水质监测及调查的资料,对猛进水库水质现状进行分析评价,运用季节性肯达尔(Kendall)检验等方法,分析了猛进水库水质变化趋势及影响猛进水库水质的主要污染源,提出了进一步保护猛进水库水质的建议,为改善其水环境质量提供依据.     

低浓度石油类监测与评价的问题探讨

分析表明,当地表水中石油类浓度很低时,受多方面因素影响,其监测结果的准确性和评价结论的可靠性会下降,应选用合适的监测方法,同时要注意引入污染问题。     

Air quality assessment along Dhanbad - Jharia road

Road ambient air pollution status along Dhanbad – Jharia road isstudied and presented in this article. The selection of this areais made considering the importance of the road in Dhanbad district and the nature of activities taking place along the road, which reflect that the portion of road upto Dhansar can be considered as having commercial areas on both sides and that from Dhansar to Jharia as having industrial areas on both sides.For the assessment of the ambient air quality along the road monitoring is done at the following five locations: Indian Schoolof Mines (ISM), main gate; Bankmore; Dhansar police check post; Dhansar opencast project agent office and a residential house beside the Rajapur opencast project. The location of ISM, maingate is specially chosen as this represents a commercial shoppingcomplexes and the situation can be compared with that at Bankmore. Monitoring of ambient air quality is done following thestandard procedure prescribed in IS: 5182. In addition the concentration of lead, zinc, copper, iron, manganese, cadmium metals in SPM is also monitored. The ambient air quality is monitored in the months of September and November 1999, respectively, to represent monsoon and winter seasons. The SPM concentration observed at all the five locations in the winterseason is more than the permissible limits for commercial andindustrial areas. However, in the monsoon season, the SPM concentration is higher than the permissible limit at the twocommercial locations, i.e., ISM gate and Bankmore, while it isless than the prescribed limit for industrial areas at the remaining three locations. At the ISM gate and Bankmore the SPM generation is mainly by vehicular traffic while at other three locations it was in addition due to mining and other activities.     

Assessment of water quality using multivariate statistical techniques in the coastal region of Visakhapatnam,India

The present study was intended to develop a Water Quality Index (WQI) for the coastal water of Visakhapatnam, India from multiple measured water quality parameters using different multivariate statistical techniques. Cluster analysis was used to classify the data set into three major groups based on similar water quality characteristics. Discriminant analysis was used to generate a discriminant function for developing a WQI. Discriminant analysis gave the best result for analyzing the seasonal variation of water quality. It helped in data reduction and found the most discriminant parameters responsible for seasonal variation of water quality. Coastal water was classified into good, average, and poor quality considering WQI and the nutrient load. The predictive capacity of WQI was proved with random samples taken from coastal areas. High concentration of ammonia in surface water during winter was attributed to nitrogen fixation by the phytoplankton bloom which resulted due to East India Coastal Current. This study brings out the fact that water quality in the coastal region not only depends on the discharge from different pollution sources but also on the presence of different current patterns. It also illustrates the usefulness of WQI for analyzing the complex nutrient data for assessing the coastal water and identifying different pollution sources, considering reasons for seasonal variation of water quality.     

Integrating sentinel watershed-systems into the monitoring and assessment of Minnesota’s (USA) waters quality

Section 303(d) of the Clean Water Act requires States and Tribes to list waters not meeting water quality standards. A total maximum daily load must be prepared for waters identified as impaired with respect to water quality standards. Historically, the management of pollution in Minnesota has been focused on point-source regulation. Regulatory effort in Minnesota has improved water quality over the last three decades. Non-point source pollution has become the largest driver of conventional 303(d) listings in the 21st century. Conventional pollutants, i.e., organic, sediment and nutrient imbalances can be identified with poor land use management practices. However, the cause and effect relationship can be elusive because of natural watershed-system influences that vary with scale. Elucidation is complex because the current water quality standards in Minnesota were designed to work best with water quality permits to control point sources of pollution. This paper presents a sentinel watershed-systems approach (SWSA) to the monitoring and assessment of Minnesota waterbodies. SWSA integrates physical, chemical, and biological data over space and time using advanced technologies at selected small watersheds across Minnesota to potentially improve understanding of natural and anthropogenic watershed processes and the management of point and non-point sources of pollution. Long-term, state-of-the-art monitoring and assessment is needed to advance and improve water quality standards. Advanced water quality or ecologically-based standards that integrate physical, chemical, and biological numeric criteria offer the potential to better understand, manage, protect, and restore Minnesota’s waterbodies.     

环境质量评价的生物方法研究

环境质量的生物评价是以生物对环境污染的表现为基础的.环境质量评价的生物方法包括环境指示生物的选择,环境质量生物评价指标的确定和环境质量分类等3个步骤.论述了环境污染的生物表现,提出了选择环境指示生物的原则,给出了环境质量生物评价的3类指标,建立了环境质量4级分类体系.     

Scaling the trophic index (TRIX) in oligotrophic marine environments

The TRIX index used for the assessment of trophic status of coastal waters has been applied in many European seas (Adriatic, Tyrrhenian, Baltic, Black Sea, and North Sea). However, all these waters are characterized by high nutrient levels and phytoplankton biomass; index calibration based on systems that are principally eutrophic may introduce bias to the index scaling. In the present work the TRIX trophic index is evaluated using three standard sets of data characterizing oligotrophy, mesotrophy, and eutrophication in the Aegean (Eastern Mediterranean) marine environment. A natural eutrophication scale based on the TRIX index that is suitable to characterize trophic conditions in oligotrophic Mediterranean water bodies is proposed. This scale was developed into a five-grade water quality classification scheme describing different levels of eutrophication. It is questionable whether this index can form a universal index of eutrophication or the scaling of TRIX should be region specific.