汞的微生物甲基化与去甲基化机理研究进展

甲基汞具有强烈的生物毒性和生物积累性,环境中甲基汞的产生主要与微生物相关,同时微生物也能通过去甲基化作用使甲基汞转变为无机汞.然而,目前国内外研究主要集中在汞的甲基化机理及影响因素,对汞的微生物去甲基化研究甚少.本文综述了汞的微生物甲基化、去甲基化研究史,以及微生物的主要作用机理,并对相关研究进行了展望,指出微生物酶促甲基化与氧化去甲基化机理研究将是以后工作的重点.     

海洋环境汞甲基化/去甲基化研究进展

汞（Hg）是一种在大气中具有较长停留时间并能进行长距离传输的全球性污染物.甲基汞（MeHg）具有毒性强、易富集、可随食物链放大的特点，是引起环境风险的主要汞形态.通过各种来源排放到海洋环境中的无机汞在沉积物和水柱中均可甲基化为MeHg，原位甲基化和去甲基化是控制海洋环境中甲基汞水平的关键过程.虽然目前已有综述总结了环境中汞甲基化/去甲基化，但对海洋生态系统中汞甲基化/去甲基化过程涉及相对较少.本文在总结海洋汞甲基化/去甲基化过程速率、途径和热点区域基础上，详细讨论了海洋光化学、非光化学以及微生物3种汞甲基化/去甲基化途径机制，并对未来研究方向进行了展望.在现有研究基础上，未来应在不同汞甲基化/去甲基化途径贡献估算、实际海洋环境汞甲基化/去甲基化基因/微生物作用验证、环境因素对海洋汞甲基化/去甲基化影响方面开展更深入研究.海洋汞甲基化/去甲基化的研究可为深入理解海洋汞的环境行为与风险和发展有效的汞污染风险防控技术提供科学依据和数据支撑.     

汞的环境光化学

作为一种全球污染物,汞在水体、底泥、土壤、大气等介质中以各种不同形态存在.各种汞形态具有不同的理化特性及毒性.汞形态的转化对于汞的迁移、毒性、食物链富集放大效应等具有重要影响.光照在汞的形态转化中起着重要作用,主要涉及光氧化、光还原、甲基汞的光降解以及无机汞的光化学甲基化等四个方面.本文对不同环境介质中汞的光化学转化过...     

环境中汞微生物转化研究进展

汞(Hg)污染是全球最为关注的环境问题之一.Hg的不同形态之间毒性差异大,其以有机形态存在的甲基汞(MeHg)具有强神经毒性,且能在生物体内富集,具有很强的健康与生态风险.环境中不同形态的Hg可以在生物与非生物作用下进行转化,特别是微生物在一定条件下驱动着Hg的甲基化、去甲基化、还原与氧化,从而影响Hg的移动性和生物有效性.因此,理解微生物参与Hg转化的特征与机制对人体健康和生态环境都有着重要的意义.已有不少研究报道了Hg的微生物转化过程,但缺乏一个系统的总结与归纳.本文综述了关于Hg微生物甲基化、去甲基化、还原和氧化的最新研究进展,重点讨论Hg甲基化微生物类群,分析了微生物对Hg的甲基化和还原机制,以及影响Hg甲基化过程的主要环境因子,并提出未来关于Hg微生物转化的研究方向与重点.     

Research progress on occurrence forms and microbial transformation of mercury北大核心CSCD

汞是一种高毒性且具有持久性的重金属污染物,汞污染的治理与修复在近几十年一直是国内外研究热点.了解微生物对汞赋存形态的转化作用,对汞污染的治理与修复具有重要意义.总结汞的不同赋存形态、毒性及对应的常用分析方法,其中甲基汞(methyl mercury,MeHg)是毒性最强的汞形态之一.环境中汞的化学形态能发生转化,尤其以微生物驱动的汞的甲基化、MeHg的去甲基化和汞的氧化还原最为常见.依据汞转化类型将汞转化相关微生物分为汞甲基化、MeHg去甲基化、汞还原、汞氧化等类群,将对应的汞转化作用机制分为基于hgcAB基因的汞甲基化、基于mer操纵子基因的MeHg去甲基化和Hg2+还原、胞内过氧化氢酶介导的Hg0氧化.微生物汞转化过程不仅受到pH和温度的显著影响,而且还受到汞的赋存形态和游离汞的浓度、微生物种/群结构与功能、矿物种类、中间体和次生产物及其交互作用的影响,基于此,提出正确客观表征汞的微生物转化过程需要综合分析微生物组和矿物组的变化规律及其交互作用的综合效应.针对酸性矿山废水(AMD)极端环境微生物汞转化研究的不足,未来的工作将聚焦结合多组学手段、同步辐射谱学和密度泛函理论(DFT)计算等分析技术研究汞赋存形态的微生物转化过程,分析和阐明汞转化中间体的键合作用方式和转化机制,从而为AMD汞污染的预防、治理和修复提供依据.(图2表2参107)     

硒（Ⅳ）对无机汞生物甲基化影响的初步研究

本文以蓟运河含汞底泥为实验材料,研究了硒(Ⅳ)对无机汞生物甲基化的影响,发现低浓度的硒(Ⅳ)对汞的生物甲基化有促进作用,而较高浓度时则可抑制汞的生物甲基化。当硒量达20ppm后则无机汞不能进行甲基化作用。     

沉积物中汞的生物可利用性研究进展

沉积物是汞在水体中的主要分布相,同时也被认为是许多水生生物摄取汞的主要途径,本文综述了近年来在沉积物中汞的生物可利用性领域所取得的最新研究进展,包括体外消化液萃取法估测沉积物中汞的生物可利用性、可能影响汞生物可利用性的生物地球化学因素(汞在沉积物中的浓度、沉积物的组成、汞与沉积物的接触时间、汞与沉积物的结合形式,以及沉...     

环境中汞的微生物还原过程及机制

汞是一种全球性的环境污染物.汞的还原过程可降低地表环境汞浓度,促进汞的大气传输,对汞的区域/全球循环、甲基化及生物积累具有重要的作用.地表环境微生物还原是汞还原的重要过程,在多种环境介质中均可发生.本文介绍了多种环境介质中微生物汞还原在汞生物地球化学循环中的重要作用,详细总结了有氧与缺氧条件下微生物汞还原的途径与机制,提出了微生物还原汞的其它可能机制,并对相关领域的研究进行了展望.     

硫化汞纳米颗粒的微生物摄入及其在汞甲基化中的作用

甲基汞因其独特的食物链富集特性和毒性使汞成为重要的全球污染物.厌氧环境中微生物介导的汞甲基化是甲基汞生成最主要的来源,厌氧环境中不同汞地球化学形态控制着甲基汞的生成过程.硫化汞纳米颗粒是在实际厌氧环境中新近发现的重要颗粒汞形态,对其环境行为还缺乏基本认识.本文基于硫化汞纳米颗粒的环境行为,重点围绕其与微生物的相互作用,讨论并总结了硫化汞纳米颗粒的生成、硫化汞纳米颗粒的微生物摄入、溶解以及硫化汞纳米颗粒对微生物汞甲基化的影响,并进一步对硫化汞纳米颗粒与微生物相互作用的未来研究重点进行了展望.     

生物扰动对沉积物中污染物环境行为与生物可利用性的影响

疏水性有机污染物进入环境水体后易于与沉积物结合,对沉积物中的底栖动物造成危害。底栖动物引起的生物扰动作用可以通过改变沉积物的地球化学性质,对其中污染物的赋存形态、迁移转化和生物可利用性产生重要影响。在综述了国内外生物扰动影响沉积物中污染物环境行为和生物可利用性的最新研究进展基础上,重点讨论了沉积物颗粒交换、水体环境条件改变、疏水有机污染物解吸释放过程以及对生物扰动影响的定量化表征。最后对该研究方向进行了展望,指出应重点研究多种污染物及不同生物共存条件下的生态效应,以及造成沉积物扰动的影响因素的定量化表征等。     

Mercury fractionation in the sediments of Vembanad wetland, west coast of India

Transformations among different mercury species associated with sediments can have a major effect on the metal's mobility and potential for methylation and hence bioaccumulation. In the present study, various fractions of mercury in the sediments of Vembanad wetland system analysed. Total mercury (THg) concentration in the surface sediment varied from 16.3 to 4,230?ng/g. The results of sequential extraction showed that the major portion of mercury in these sediments existed as elemental form followed by organo-chelated form. The least portion observed was the residual fraction (mercury of natural origin). Even though the percentage of mercury observed in the easily available fractions is relatively small, absolute values of these mobile Hg fractions are quite high due to the very high total mercury values. The fractionation of mercury in the sediment was controlled by the organic matter, sulphur complexes and concentration of THg. The results showed that the bioavailability of mercury is high as the amount of mercury found in the initial three fractions is high, which can also enhance the methylation potential of the Vembanad wetland sediments. The fractionation pattern of mercury also revealed the presence of anthropogenic mercury content in the Vembanad wetland sediments.     

水/气界面间汞交换通量的研究进展展

本文综述了近年来国内外大量文献,对有关水体和大气中汞的存在形态、特性及水/气间汞交换通量的影响因素进行了总结,描述了目前国内外相关领域的研究现状,并对该领域下一步的研究方向进行了探讨.     

Principal biogeochemical factors affecting the speciation and transport of mercury through the terrestrial environment

It is increasingly becoming known that mercury transport and speciation in the terrestrial environment play major roles in methyl-mercury bioaccumulation potential in surface water. This review discusses the principal biogeochemical reactions affecting the transport and speciation of mercury in the terrestrial watershed. The issues presented are mercury-ligand formation, mercury adsorption/desorption, and elemental mercury reduction and volatilization. In terrestrial environments, OH-, Cl- and S- ions have the largest influence on ligand formation. Under oxidized surface soil conditions Hg(OH)2, HgCl2, HgOH+, HgS, and Hg0 are the predominant inorganic mercury forms. In reduced environments, common mercury forms are HgSH+, HgOHSH, and HgClSH. Many of these mercury forms are further bound to organic and inorganic ligands. Mercury adsorption to mineral and organic surfaces is mainly dictated by two factors: pH and dissolved ions. An increase in Cl- concentration and a decrease in pH can, together or separately, decrease mercury adsorption. Clay and organic soils have the highest capability of adsorbing mercury. Important parameters that increase abiotic inorganic mercury reduction are availability of electron donors, low redox potential, and sunlight intensity. Primary factors that increase volatilization are soil permeability and temperature. A decrease in mercury adsorption and an increase in soil moisture will also increase volatilization. The effect of climate on biogeochemical reactions in the terrestrial watershed indicates mercury speciation and transport to receiving water will vary on a regional basis.     

汞在海洋浮游植物中的生物累积和毒性效应

浮游植物是海洋生态系统的主要初级生产者,同时作为食物也是许多水生生物摄取汞的主要途径。本文综述了近年来汞在海洋浮游植物中的最新研究进展,包括汞在浮游植物中的吸收、累积规律及其影响因素,汞对浮游植物的毒性效应(生长抑制、光合作用影响)以及生物的适应机制(汞的还原、螯合解毒、矿化固定等),最后对浮游植物中汞累积和毒性的未来研究方向进行了展望。     

Total mercury in marine species from the French coast of the Eastern English Channel

Mercury (Hg) in fish can present a potential risk to wildlife and human consumers. Mercury levels were determined in 12 fish species and 2 invertebrate species from the French coast of the Eastern English Channel collected in June and November 2012. Total mercury concentrations in the muscle tissues ranged between 0.04 and 1.63 µg g^-1 (d.w.). Dab and sandeel displayed a significant positive correlation between Hg concentrations and fish length. Seasonal differences in Hg concentrations were observed for dab and shrimp. The lesser weever showed significantly higher concentrations of Hg (0.97 ± 0.34 µg g^-1 d. w.) than all other species. Gobies and sprat, which had the smallest size, showed significantly lower concentrations than herring, whiting, pout and sardine. Among the considered species, flatfish such as dab, flounder, plaice and sole displayed intermediate levels of Hg. In the present study, the fish age expressed as specimen length seems to be one of the major factors governing Hg contents in muscle tissues. Finally, mercury concentrations in commercial fish from the Eastern English Channel were below the levels fixed by the European Union for total mercury in edible parts of fish products.     

Environmental geochemistry studies in the area of Idrija mercury mine, Slovenia

Five centuries of mining and processing of mercury ore in the Idrija area have resulted in widespread contamination of different environmental compartments. Environmental impacts on a regional and local scale, caused by atmospheric emissions from the Idrija ore roasting plant, were established in the investigations of mercury spatial distribution in soil and attic dust in 160 km(2) area. Very high values were determined in the Idrijca River valley, and they decrease exponentially with the distance from Idrija. Mercury concentrations in attic dust are higher than in surrounding soils and the attic dust/soil ratio changes with distance. Measurements of mercury in the air confirmed widespread dispersion of mercury and showed highly elevated mercury concentrations around roasting plant and mine ventilation shaft. Beside, systematic monitoring of mercury contents in the stream sediments has demonstrated that huge amounts of mercury are stored in areas where ancient overbank sediments were deposited, and there was no decrease in mercury concentration in active sediments during the last 15 years. Recently, interesting and extremely polluted locations of historical small-scale roasting sites in the Idrija surroundings were discovered. Ongoing geochemical study aims to determine the extreme pollution and significance of these sites for wider contamination of soils and aquatic systems. Presented studies have shown that Hg mining in Idrija caused intense pollution of local and regional environment including the aquatic systems in the Gulf of Trieste, which is seen as the final sink of a major part of the Hg stored in soils and river sediments in the Idrija area.     

Seasonal distribution and speciation of mercury in a gold mining area,north-west province,South Africa

The seasonal speciation of mercury (Hg) was determined in water, soil, and sediments from watersheds located in the North-West province of South Africa. The study area is known to have a long history of mining activities which also include the recovery of gold from old tailings. Both inorganic (IHg) and methyl mercury (MHg) were detected at high concentrations (up to 8480 μg IHg kg^?1 and 13 μg MHg kg^?1) in surface sediments during dry season. A considerable remobilization of Hg from bottom sediments was observed in water from dry to wet season as well as the migration of Hg away from pollution sources due to seasonal influences. Hg in sediments mostly has been speciated as Hg⁰. Enhancement of Hg methylation occurred mainly in deeper sediments at regions corresponding to the lowest redox potential, higher pH, and enrichment of IHg. Hg values in borehole waters were very high (up to 3310 ng L^?1) suggesting a serious contamination of the site groundwater which needs to be addressed urgently in order to minimize further impact that affects the Vaal River and other water systems located nearby.     

Principal Biogeochemical Factors Affecting the Speciation And Transport of Mercury through the terrestrial environment

It is increasingly becoming known that mercury transport and speciation in the terrestrial environment play major roles in methyl-mercury bioaccumulation potential in surface water. This review discusses the principal biogeochemical reactions affecting the transport and speciation of mercury in the terrestrial watershed. The issues presented are mercury-ligand formation, mercury adsorption/desorption, and elemental mercury reduction and volatilization. In terrestrial environments, OH^–, Cl^– and S^– ions have the largest influence on ligand formation. Under oxidized surface soil conditions Hg(OH)₂, HgCl₂, HgOH⁺, HgS, and Hg⁰ are the predominant inorganic mercury forms. In reduced environments, common mercury forms are HgSH⁺, HgOHSH, and HgClSH. Many of these mercury forms are further bound to organic and inorganic ligands. Mercury adsorption to mineral and organic surfaces is mainly dictated by two factors: pH and dissolved ions. An increase in Cl^– concentration and a decrease in pH can, together or separately, decrease mercury adsorption. Clay and organic soils have the highest capability of adsorbing mercury. Important parameters that increase abiotic inorganic mercury reduction are availability of electron donors, low redox potential, and sunlight intensity. Primary factors that increase volatilization are soil permeability and temperature. A decrease in mercury adsorption and an increase in soil moisture will also increase volatilization. The effect of climate on biogeochemical reactions in the terrestrial watershed indicates mercury speciation and transport to receiving water will vary on a regional basis.