填料型微生物燃料电池产电特性的研究

将石墨和碳毡作为阳极填料组装成填料型微生物燃料电池,其启动期在1 d左右,低于平板型微生物燃料电池的启动期.碳毡作为填料时,微生物燃料电池的最大产电功率密度为1 502 mW/m2(37.6 W/m3),优于石墨作为填料的MFC.将碳毡与碳纸烧结一体以提高填料型微生物燃料电池阳极的导电性,与平板型微生物燃料电池相比,其面积内阻从0.071 Ω穖2下降到0.051 Ω穖2,最大电流密度从3 000 mA上升到8 000 mA,最大产电功率密度从1 100 mW/m2(27.5 W/m3)上升到2426 mW/m2(60.7W/m3),阳极电势平均下降100 mV.循环流量影响填料型微生物燃料电池的产电能力,当流量低于1 mL/min时,其产电功率密度随流速降低而下降.填料型微生物燃料电池在外电阻为600 Ω下长期稳定运行30 d以上,其库仑效率约为10.6%.     

微生物燃料电池表观内阻的构成和测量

将微生物燃料电池内部各种阻力用表观内阻统一表征,在建立其等效电路的基础上将表观内阻分为欧姆内阻和非欧姆内阻2部分.通过稳态放电法测量微生物燃料电池表观内阻,在改变外电阻后稳定时间需要60 s以上方能保证测定准确性,通过稳态放电法测定一室型微生物燃料电池的表观内阻为289 Ω,当外电阻等于表观内阻时微生物燃料电池对外输出功率达到最大,为241 mW/m²;通过电流中断法测量一室型微生物燃料电池的欧姆内阻为99 Ω,测定结果与断电前电流强度无关;当一室型微生物燃料电池对外供电分别处于活化极化区、欧姆极化区和浓差极化区时,非欧姆电阻占总内阻的比例分别为93％、66％和75％,在电池对外供电达到最大时非欧姆占总内阻比例最低.提高微生物燃料电池产电能力需要同时降低电池的欧姆内阻和非欧姆内阻.     

2种不同结构的微生物燃料电池的产电性能比较

微生物燃料电池（microbial fuel cell,MFC）目前仍面临着产能低和成本高的问题,因此系统比较同样条件下不同结构MFC的产电性能对于最终提高其产电效率具有重要意义.通过构建2种不同结构的MFC反应器：单室型MFC和双室型MFC,以乙酸为燃料,固定外电阻为1 000 Ω,对其产电性能进行了比较研究.结果表明,单室型MFC和双室型MFC均可稳定地输出电能,平均最大输出电压分别为600 mV和650 mV,平均运行周期分别为110 h和90 h;单室型MFC和双室型MFC的最大面积功率密度分别为113.8 mW/m²和382.4 mW/m²,最大体积功率密度分别为1.3 mW/m³和2.2 mW/m³;根据稳态放电法确定双室型MFC的内阻为188 Ω,单室型MFC的内阻为348 Ω,双室型MFC的产电性能及运行稳定性均优于单室型MFC.阳极的面积和质子通道的大小都会对MFC的库仑效率产生影响.     

阳极初始电势对微生物燃料电池产电的影响

在微生物燃料电池中,阳极电势会对产电菌的富集和生长产生影响.为进一步明确阳极电势的作用,确定适合微生物生长的最佳阳极电势,在微生物燃料电池的阳极室中设置附加电路以改变阳极的初始电势,考察阳极初始电势对产电微生物的影响.将阳极初始电势设为350 mV时,产电微生物的生长明显变慢.而阳极初始电势为-200 mV和200 mV时,微生物的生长速度基本相同.稳定运行后,阳极初始电势分别为350、200和-200 mV的微生物燃料电池,阳极内阻分别为71、43和80 Ω.通过变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)分析微生物燃料电池稳定产电前后阳极微生物群落结构,虽然3个微生物燃料电池的阳极初始电势不同,但稳定后微生物群落结构相似,Clostridium sticklandii、Pseudomonas mendocina、Paenibacillus taejonensis在阳极的富集量最多,MFC对这3种细菌的强化富集作用最明显.     

甲烷生物燃料电池的产电影响因素及机制研究

考察了阳极电极材料、电极面积、电极电位、pH、阴极电子受体对甲烷生物燃料电池（MFC）产电性能的影响,并通过高通量测序、循环伏安法（CV）分析了其可能的电催化机制.结果表明,透气布/碳布（GTC）复合材料为阳极时产电性能（1251.3 mA·m^-2）最佳,分别是石墨烯/中空纤维膜（G-HFM）阳极（34.8 mA·m^-2）和碳布（CC）阳极（3.21 mA·m^-2）的36倍和390倍;阳极面积越大,MFC启动时间越快,电流密度越大;当电极恒电位为0.1 V （vs.SHE）时,其产电能力较-0.1、+0.3及+0.5 V时高;pH=7最有利于产电;溶解氧为MFC阴极电子受体时,最大功2率密度（703.9 mW·m^-2）优于铁氰化钾（457.2 mW·m^-2）、空气阴极（124.2 mW·m^-2）和高锰酸钾（20.7 mW·m^-2）作为电子受体的MFC.阳极室微生物群落结构分析显示,电活性细菌Geobacter（17.14%）和Desulfovibrio（8.51%）为优势种,其产电机理可能是甲烷氧化菌（Methanobacterium、Methylomicrobium等）与电活性细菌协同氧化甲烷驱动MFC产电.添加NO气体、N-乙酰蛋氨酸和蛋白酶K均可明显抑制阳极生物膜的电化学活性,表明其胞外电子传递过程依赖细胞色素c、Ni-Fe氢酶及与电极接触的外膜蛋白的介导作用.     

环境因素对接种Shewanella baltica的微生物燃料电池产电能力的影响

通过筛选获得1株Shewanella baltica,分别改变阳极基质种类、浓度、pH和温度,考察不同条件下接种该菌后MFC产电特性.乳酸钠作为基质时接种该菌的MFC产电功率密度最大,MFC产电功率密度和基质浓度满足Monod模型.阳极溶液pH和温度对接种该菌的MFC产电功率密度影响最大.阳极溶液pH为8时接种该菌的MFC产电功率密度最大可达1 236 mW/m²,最大功率密度上升主要是阳极内阻和阳极电势影响所致.接种该菌的MFC最大产电功率密度在50℃达到1 197 mW/m²,最大功率密度随温度变化的主要原因是温度对阳极内阻的影响,20～50℃时MFC电流密度与温度满足Arrhenius方程.     

电极构型对空气阴极生物燃料电池发电性能的影响

在空气阴极生物燃料电池(ACMFC)中,从阴极扩散进入阳极的氧气能够被兼性微生物作为电子受体还原,进而导致电子损失严重.本研究利用葡萄糖作底物,对2种不同电极构型的空气阴极生物燃料电池ACMFC1和ACMFC2的功率输出和电子回收进行了比较研究.结果表明,ACMFC1的内阻为302.14Ω,阳极电位为-323mV,最大功率密度为3 070 mW/m³;ACMFC2的内阻为107.79Ω,阳极电位为-442mV,最大功率密度达到9 800 mW/m³.在间歇条件下,ACMFC2可以连续运行220h,电子回收率为30.1%;而ACMFC1只能运行不到50h,电子回收率为9.78%.因此,合理的设计空气阴极生物燃料电池电极构型可以减小内阻,增大电池电动势进而增大功率输出,提高电子回收率.     

利用玉米浸泡液产电的微生物燃料电池研究

以玉米淀粉生产过程中的浸泡液（玉米浸泡液）作为接种液和基质,利用“三合一”膜电极的单室空气阴极微生物燃料电池进行试验,采用在线监测电压和废水分析方法对产电功率和化学需氧量（COD）、氨氮进行测定,探讨高COD、高氨氮有机废水产电及废水处理的可行性.结果表明,经过94 d（1个周期）的连续运行（固定外电阻为1 000 Ω）,17 d时输出电压达到最大（525.0 mV）,稳定期最大输出功率可达169.6 mW/m²,此时电池相应的电流密度为440.2 mA/m²,内阻约为350 Ω,开路电压619.5 mV;但燃料电池电子利用效率较低（库仑效率为1.6%）;1个周期结束时浸泡液的COD去除率达到51.6%,氨氮去除率25.8%.本试验利用玉米浸泡液成功获得电能,同时对浸泡液有效地进行了处理,为其资源化利用提供新途径.     

阳极材料对6 L微生物燃料电池性能及有机废水处理效果的影响

阳极材料是影响微生物燃料电池实用化的关键因素之一.本文以碳刷、碳布或石墨毡阳极和泡沫镍空气阴极制成紧凑式6 L单室双空气阴极微生物燃料电池(MFC),研究不同阳极材料对电池启动过程和运行以乙酸钠为基质的人工废水和实际屠宰废水的产电性能和废水处理效果的影响,比较了单位阳极成本的产电效益.结果表明:阳极材料对紧凑式MFC的启动过程没有明显影响;在产电性能方面,碳刷阳极MFC在人工废水和屠宰废水中的输出功率密度最高,分别为(56.3±1.8)W·m~(-3)和(19.5±0.8)W·m~(-3),其次为碳布阳极MFC,分别为(46.0±1.7)W·m~(-3)和(16.9±0.6)W·m~(-3),最差的是石墨毡阳极MFC,分别为(40.8±1.5)W·m~(-3)和(11.9±0.5)W·m~(-3);在废水处理效果方面,不同阳极MFC在运行人工废水或屠宰废水时COD去除率没有明显差别,均在90%左右.碳刷阳极MFC所产生的经济效益最高,在运行乙酸钠和屠宰废水时分别为(3.44±0.08)m W·元-1和(0.97±0.05)m W·元-1,分别比碳布MFC和石墨毡MFC高18.6%、12.8%和38.7%、80%.本研究结果说明碳刷是微生物燃料电池实用化过程中最合适的阳极材料.     

用高浓度对苯二甲酸溶液产电的微生物燃料电池

以高浓度对苯二甲酸（TA）溶液为底物,研究微生物燃料电池的产电效果.以厌氧活性污泥作为接种体,经过210 h驯化,开路电压达到0.54 V,证明了TA可以作为微生物燃料电池的底物进行产电.深入研究了不同pH值和底物浓度对产电的影响,实验结果表明,当体系pH为8.0时,负载两端（R=1 000 Ω）电压最大,底物浓度越高,负载两端电压越大,并逐渐趋近于一个最大值,通过Monod方程回归得到该微生物燃料电池体系输出电压的最大值U_max为0.5 V,K_s值为785.2 mg/L.当底物浓度（以COD计）为4 000 mg/L时,最大输出功率密度为96.3 mW/m²,库仑效率为2.66%,COD去除率为80.3%.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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