滨海旅游活动的经济价值评价——以大连为例

人类的滨海旅游活动改变了滨海旅游资源的原生态,本文用福利经济学社会效用最大化原理分析旅游活动的经济价值,反应出人类改变滨海自然旅游资源的价值补偿。这种非市场社会公共品环境资源的价值通常用消费者剩余反应,可以通过从一种质量状态改善到另一种状态时的最大意愿支付(WTP)测量,WTP直接表现旅游者对承载旅游活动的环境资源的假想购买意愿。文中提出采用单解释变量对数效用差函数的离散条件评价法分析九类旅游活动的经济价值,得到大连滨海各种旅游活动的每人WTP为38-125元,在分析WTP和解释变量关系后发现偏好于更亲近海水和沙滩活动的旅游者愿意花费更大的个人意愿支付。旅游活动的经济价值分析从技术上增加了旅游资源管理的内涵,有利于实现旅游活动和旅游资源管理从粗放型向集约型的转变;旅游活动的经济价值评价研究也将为旅游景区提供适合的定价机制。     

农地选择价值研究的进展与趋势

为全面评估农地总价值、进一步深入研究农地城市流转过程中的选择价值，采用文献回顾法和归纳法综述了国内外有关选择价值的研究进展与趋势。研究发现，国内外关于选择价值的研究侧重点有所不同，研究成果也有差距。国内学者将选择价值、存在价值、遗产价值三者进行综合研究，研究内容较为单一，研究方法也以定性分析为主。而国外学者偏重于将选择价值单独进行研究，研究内容包括选择价值的概念、内涵及估算方法，并将选择价值应用到是否保护资源以及是否进行投资等一系列的现实问题当中。可见，国外对于选择价值的研究比较成熟，我国学者应在研究方向及研究方法上吸取国外的研究经验、借鉴国外的研究成果，并将其应用到我国土地价值评估的研究中去，为农地城市流转决策奠定坚实的理论基础.     

提升人文旅游资源价值的环境经济政策分析--以世界文化遗产平遥古城为例

本文通过分析人文旅游资源形成、人文旅游资源价值构成与环境的关系，揭示了改善生态环境对提升人文旅游资源价值的重要作用，进而剖析了为改善旅游资源生态环境而消除外部性成本和合理界定自然资源价值的经济政策机制，并提出了相应的政策建议。     

环境资源价值评估与赔偿的若干问题的分析

环境资源价值评估与赔偿过程涉及刭环境、社会和经济领域,具有复合性.以多元化视角讨论环境资源价值评估与赔偿过程,并提出相应的社会学范式.指出该过程中可能存在的问题:赔偿者或接受赔偿者可能借用所拥有或使用的环境资源的特殊性、信息不对称或中间人的寻租行为,不合理定价,引发矛盾;可能导致行为变迁;政府在制定赔偿政策时.未能有效地进行政策评价,导致行为的结果和期望不符合;个人缺乏公共需求信息或缺乏物质和符号激励,导致具有环境正外部性的产品供给不足.进而提出改进的总路:建立有效的监督机制,鼓励建立市场运作的第三方经济影响评价机构,鼓励NGO的发展,一定社会控制条件下的公众参与以及引入市场机制.     

生态产品价值评估问题探讨

对生态产品进行价值评估涉及到三大问题:一是需要明确什么是生态产品;二是采用什么样的评估框架结构和指标体系;三是对于每一个具体的指标,采用何种方法进行估算。本文在考察相关学术文献和政府文件后,用一个连续统一体模型阐述了生态产品概念,指出人们观察生态产品采用了不同角度,更反映出人们对生态产品认识的深化过程。本文认为,评估广义意义上的生态产品价值,需要从两个方面进行拓展:一是改造现行的静态模型,构建生态与经济相联系的动态模型;二是将重点由生态产品价值的计量转向生态产品的数量和质量的边际变化对人类福利的影响。基于此,本文列出了九种可以用于评估生态产品价值的框架结构类型方法,他们是:单项指标框架、多维支柱框架、间接驱动力-直接驱动力-生态产品-人类福祉变化框架(IDEHC)、目标-指数-联系框架、压力-状态-响应(PSR)框架、驱动力-压力-状态-影响-响应(DPSIR)框架、问题领域框架、分部门框架和空间分维框架,并重点介绍了前三种框架模型。对于具体的问题,应根据价值评估使用目的、评估的成本和收益、保持评估过程的开放性与动态性等原则选用相应的评估框架类型。依据市场化程度,可以采用的评估技术和方法有直接市场法、替代市场法和意愿调查法三大类。具体而言,直接市场法主要有成本法、生产率变动法、恢复费用法或重置成本法、影子项目法,替代市场法主要有旅行成本法、内涵价格法、防护费用法或规避行为法,意愿调查法主要有投标博弈法、权衡博弈法、优先性评价法、Delph法等。     

水资源价值理论研究进展与展望

水资源价值理论是价值核算的基础，在水资源价值研究中举足轻重。水资源价值研究是在对传统自然资源价值观反思的基础上开展起来的，伴随着现代经济的迅速发展，人们已认识到传统的价值观念难以适应现代化经济发展的需要，水资源价值理念必须进行重新认识并加以完善。旨在分析水资源价值理论的研究进展，提出未来发展的方向，给水资源价值理论研究以启示。首先分析了水资源价值的构成和内涵，指出水资源价值是经济、社会、生态环境价值的统一；接着详细介绍了各价值论的主要观点，并分析提出了目前存在的主要问题；最后在展望部分从生态经济学角度出发，将能值价值论引入水资源价值研究中，提出水资源能值价值理论的想法，以期为水资源价值评估提供有启发意义的思路与方法。     

浅述森林生物多样性价值评估

国内外学术界对森林生物多样性价值评估进行了广泛的研究,这有利于准确核算自然资源环境价值,也有利于更好地保护自然资源环境。结合生物多样性评估的最新研究进展,对生物多样性定义及组成、生物多样性价值的定义及评估方法进行简单阐述。文章对研究成果进行总结并提出问题,森林生物多样性是极其复杂的巨系统,依靠当前国际通行研究方法及研究深度还远不能笼统的对其价值做出科学评估,还需做出巨大的调查和研究工作,以文献研究得出价值评估结论有一定局限性,但可为此类评估提供一些参考。     

中国自然资源资产负债表框架体系研究——以SEEA2012、SNA2008和国家资产负债表为基础的一种思路

自然资源资产负债表反映的是一国或地区在某一时点上对于自然资源环境的权利义务状态,可以看成是某一特定时点生态责任主体对所拥有的自然资源资产价值和所承担的生态环境负债所拍的一张"快照"。首先,本文以DPSIR链理论模型、环境经济核算体系(SEEA2012)、国民经济核算体系(SNA2008)国家资产负债表为理论基础,构建了自然资源资产负债表的理论框架。对经济和环境信息进行整合,需要采用一种跨学科方法。依照《中华人民共和国统计法》的要求,在国民经济核算体系(SNA)中需要编制国民资产负债综合表一张,机构部门资产负债表四张。国家资产负债表方法,就是以一国或一国政府为会计主体,通过账户整合将分散的分类核算账户纳入统一的资产负债权益框架,以期初和期末的资产、负债及净资产存量等形式,综合反映出一国物质财富"家底"的编报方法与技术体系。采用国家资产负债表的方法对自然资源总体情况进行信息披露,就是利用会计学中的资产负债表工具,客观全面反映生态责任主体在某一时点的自然资源静态存量情况,显示某一时间上自然资源资产的"家底"和结构,反映一定时间内的自然资产存量的变化。自然资源资产负债表是充分利用上述理论基础和核算方法进行自然资源信息披露的一种方式。接着,本文采用国家资产负债表的编制方法和技术手段,构建了以资产、负债和净资产为会计要素的自然资源资产负债表,以全面反映自然资源环境"家底"。自然资源资产是指天然存在、有使用价值、产权明确、可提高人类当前和未来福利的自然环境因素的总和;自然资源负债从经济本质上看,是会计主体在某一时点上应该承担的自然资源"现时义务",该"现时义务"是人类在利用自然资源过程中所承担的能以货币计量、需以资产或劳务偿付的环境责任;自然资源净资产,是一国或地区所拥有的全部自然财富总和,它在数量上应该等于自然资源资产减去自然资源负债,即全部自然资源资产减去全部自然资源负债后的净值。最后,本文提出了推进自然资源行政管理改革、建立和完善自然资源台账系统、建立自然资源经营权交易市场、颁布自然资源计量核算准则体系等政策配套措施。     

江苏环境经济系统的能值分析与可持续发展对策研究

能值分析将自然资本的价值纳入人类社会环境经济系统评价范畴，解决了传统方法无法衡量自然资本服务价值对经济过程的影响问题。文章通过对江苏主要能值指标的分析，得出江苏环境经济系统近20年来的发展是不可持续的，并从能值分析角度提出实施江苏可持续发展的对策。     

自然资源价值的理论思考--论劳动价值论中自然资源价值的缺失

自然资源的价值首先要在哲学层面予以肯定，然后探讨如何利用市场实现自然资源的合理配置，这里的关键问题是自然资源的价值要在市场中得以充分体现。本文认为以劳动价值论为理论基础，来解释自然资源的价值、解决自然资源的市场配置问题是难以奏效的。现实在呼唤新的自然资源价值理论的诞生。     

WSSD 2002, Latin America and Brazil: Biodiversity and Indigenous People

Latin America comprehends notable variations in terms of natural environment, availability of natural resources, living standards, and demographic patterns. Latin America is a mosaic of cultures, post- and pre-Columbian. The rich variety of life forms discovered and described by chroniclers and traveling naturalists in the Neotropics contributed to the proposal, in mid-XVIIIth century, of a new system of classification and a scientific code of nomenclature for all organisms. Biodiversity was, for many centuries, a source of resources to be exploited in natura. In scientific circles, its inventory became the domain of taxonomists. But modern technology showed how important the miriad of life forms really are as sources of chemical molecules to be engineered as drugs and reassembled as novel manufactured products. We are on the brink of a new agricultural and medical revolution, thanks to the techniques of genetic engineering, which will lead eventually to the elimination of hunger and malnutrition.In this essay, the Brazilian environmental and social heterogeneity will serve as an example to illustrate some key points, which have influenced sustainability policies. The Amazon deforestation and indigenous knowledge (IK), subjects often associated with areas of high biodiversity, are usually the focus of environmental debates. The importance of IK in integrating development, reducing poverty and sustainability are considered together with the intellectual property rights of native populations.In the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) Implementation Plan, a few paragraphs were dedicated to Latin America, because of the pre-existing Action Platform on the Road to Johannesburg 2002, approved in Rio de Janeiro in October 2001. This paper calls attention to the need to draw up specific environmental policies for a region which shows an extremely high cultural and biological diversity, associated with a high availability of forests and water, among other resources.     

湘鄂赣农业资源与专业化区域化方向

湘鄂赣地理位置优越,农业资源丰富,稻谷、茶叶、麻类、棉花、油料、柑桔和淡水产品、禽蛋、肉类等在我国居有重要的地位,因此,大力发展三省农业生产,对我国人民实现小康生活具有战略意义。今后,要加速专业化区域化进程。我们找出生产潜力所在:改造低产田、低产园、低产水面;开发“三高”技术;开垦荒地、荒山、荒水;适当提高复种指数。通过建设,三省主要农产品将自给有余,还可满足国内外市场的需要。努力方向:高效农业开发——综合农业开发,吨粮田开发,玉米带开发,饲料稻开发,山区开发;合理布局农业生产;深化农业商品基地建设,发展综合利用,搞活商品流通;全面提高农业现代化水平,加强农业社会服务体系。     

Ethnosciences––A step towards the integration of scientific and indigenous forms of knowledge in the management of natural resources for the future

Integration of indigenous knowledge and ethnoscientific approaches into contemporary frameworks for conservation and sustainable management of natural resources will become increasingly important in policies on an international and national level, both in countries that are industrialised and those that have a developing status. We set the scene on how this can be done by exploring the key conditions and dimensions of a dialogue between ȁ8ontologiesȁ9 and the roles, which ethnosciences could play in this process. First, the roles of ethnosciences in the context of sustainable development were analysed, placing emphasis on the implications arising when western sciences aspire to relate to indigenous forms of␣knowledge. Secondly, the contributions of ethnosciences to such an ȁ8inter- ontological dialogueȁ9 were explored, based on an ethnoecological study of the encounter of sciences and indigenous knowledge in the Andes of Bolivia, and reviewed experiences from mangrove systems in Kenya, India and Sri Lanka, and from case-studies in other ecosystems world-wide, incl. Australia, Burkina Faso, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Indonesia, Nepal, Niger, Philippines, Senegal, South-Africa and Tanzania.     

Paradoxical ozone associations could be due to methyl nitrite from combustion of methyl ethers or esters in engine fuels

We review studies of the effects of low ambient ozone concentrations on morbidity that found a negative coefficient for ozone concentration. We call this a Paradoxical Ozone Association (POA). All studies were in regions with methyl ether in gasoline. All but one study carefully controlled for the effects of other criterion pollutants, so the phenomenon cannot be attributed to them. One was in southern California in mid-summer when ozone levels are highest. Because ozone is created by sunlight, the most plausible explanation for a POA would be an ambient pollutant that is rapidly destroyed by sunlight, such as methyl nitrite (MN). A previously published model of engine exhaust chemistry suggested methyl ether in the fuel will create MN in the exhaust. MN is known to be highly toxic, and closely related alkyl nitrites are known to induce respiratory sensitivity in humans. Support for the interpretation comes from many studies, including three linking asthma symptoms to methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) and the observation that a POA has not been seen in regions without ether in gasoline. We also note that studies in southern California show a historical trend from more significant to less significant ozone-health associations. The timing of those changes is consistent with the known timing of the introduction of gasoline oxygenated with MTBE in that region.     

Prognosis of the spatiotemporal dynamics of ecosystems by means of universal kriging

The use of quantitative data for constructing prognostic maps of the dynamics of ecosystem degradation and restoration by nonlinear simulation methods is a topical field of landscape ecology. This method of dynamic cartography is based on fiberwise comparison of data on the state of Chernye Zemli (the Kalmyk Republic, Russia) in different years and the detailed analysis of the period on which the prognosis was based. For this purpose, materials of repeated aerial and satellite photography obtained during a long period (1954–1993) were used. Comparison of maps characterizing the dynamics of Chernye Zemli between 1958 and 1993 allows prognostic electronic maps for the next 10–15 years (with a five-year interval) to be drawn and land prognosis for the next 20–30 years (1998–2023) to be obtained. Deceased     

Household water in rural asia: a case study of the construction of a piped water system in Bangui,Ilocos Norte,Philippines

In early 1980 an extension agent was assigned to the rural municipality of Bangui, Ilocos Norte, Philippines to work on development projects – in particular the improvement of the supply of safe water for drinking and sanitation. After many months of visiting spring sites and meeting with community leaders, a small part of the municipality was selected to build a gravity fed piped water system. Although the system took many months to plan, identify funding and construct, the 600 community members were ultimately rewarded with house to house connections that enabled them to achieve per capita water consumption levels above the minimum levels recommended by the World Health Organization. Of course, money was critical to ensure the project’s success, but many other factors played an equally critical role. For instance, without the active participation of the community and the unwavering support of the community leadership the project would not have survived the initial planning stage. Also, the extension agent played a critical role by acting as a conduit between funding agencies, the Bureau of Public Works and the community. The primary lesson to be learned from this experience is that the success of rural development projects is largely driven by the synergy between the community, technical support, financial support, and agents of change such as extension agents. If any of these ingredients had been lacking, the project result would likely have been far different.     

Distributions of personal VOC exposures: a population-based analysis

Information regarding the distribution of volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations and exposures is scarce, and there have been few, if any, studies using population-based samples from which representative estimates can be derived. This study characterizes distributions of personal exposures to ten different VOCs in the U.S. measured in the 1999-2000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Personal VOC exposures were collected for 669 individuals over 2-3 days, and measurements were weighted to derive national-level statistics. Four common exposure sources were identified using factor analyses: gasoline vapor and vehicle exhaust, methyl tert-butyl ether (MBTE) as a gasoline additive, tap water disinfection products, and household cleaning products. Benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, xylenes chloroform, and tetrachloroethene were fit to log-normal distributions with reasonably good agreement to observations. 1,4-Dichlorobenzene and trichloroethene were fit to Pareto distributions, and MTBE to Weibull distribution, but agreement was poor. However, distributions that attempt to match all of the VOC exposure data can lead to incorrect conclusions regarding the level and frequency of the higher exposures. Maximum Gumbel distributions gave generally good fits to extrema, however, they could not fully represent the highest exposures of the NHANES measurements. The analysis suggests that complete models for the distribution of VOC exposures require an approach that combines standard and extreme value distributions, and that carefully identifies outliers. This is the first study to provide national-level and representative statistics regarding the VOC exposures, and its results have important implications for risk assessment and probabilistic analyses.     

Geographic Variation in the Seasonal Reproductive Strategy of the Mite Varroa jacobsoni in the Honeybee Nest

Variation in the reproduction of Varroa jacobsoni mite was studied in relation to the expansion of the range of its parasitism on the honeybee. Geographic differences in the seasonal dynamics of mite reproduction in the nests of bee families were revealed. Variation in the sex ratio of mites and the factors inhibiting their reproduction at the northern boundary of the honeybee range are considered. The forms of parthenogenetic reproduction in V. jacobsoni are discussed.     

Long-term increase in climatic dryness in the East-Mediterranean as evidenced for the island of Samos

The Eastern Mediterranean region is among the regions which were predicted to become drier under IPCC climate scenarios. Here, we document a gradual reduction of rainfall and tree growth and the loss of rural springs during the last decades of the twentieth century. Years with severe drought are associated with very low tree growth (dendrochronology) and dry falling of springs as evidenced by interviews with local stakeholders. The paper discusses the consequences of accelerating drought on natural vegetation and agriculture and points at the interaction with fire dynamics and economy, both likely to enhance the drought effect.