西安市不同天气下可培养微生物气溶胶浓度变化特征

为探明天气状况对可培养微生物气溶胶分布特性的影响,于2014年8月-2015年7月利用Anderson六级空气微生物采样器对西安市微生物气溶胶进行采样,通过培养法检测分析了可培养细菌和真菌气溶胶在1 a的月际与季节性浓度变化特征,重点研究了不同天气状况下气溶胶的浓度与粒径分布.结果表明:西安市可培养细菌和真菌气溶胶月均浓度均在10月最高,分别为（1 004.81±546.14）和（765.54±544.36）CFU/m3.可培养细菌和真菌气溶胶的季节平均浓度均在夏季最低,分别为（361.96±56.96）和（280.33±74.43）CFU/m3;不同天气条件下气溶胶的浓度变化为晴天 < 雨天 < 阴云天 < 霾天.可培养细菌气溶胶在晴天、阴云天、雨天和霾天粒径分布的峰值分别出现在3.3~4.7、4.7~7.0、3.3~4.7、3.3~4.7 μm区间上,表现为明显的单峰分布;而可培养真菌气溶胶的粒径分布在非霾天则无显著性差异（P>0.05）.不同天气状况下可呼吸微生物气溶胶均超过总微生物气溶胶的60%.各天气状况下可培养细菌气溶胶的几何中值直径大于真菌气溶胶.      

兰州市春季微生物气溶胶浓度、粒径及细菌群落结构分布特性

分析了兰州市春季不同时段微生物气溶胶浓度、粒径和细菌群落结构组成的差异,探讨气象条件和空气污染物对微生物气溶胶分布的影响.结果表明,兰州市春季空气环境中总微生物、细菌、真菌和放线菌浓度均值分别为（2730±376）、（2243±354）、（349±38）和（138±22） CFU·m^-3,其中,细菌占82.16%,明显高于真菌和放线菌（P<0.05）.08：00~09：00时段总微生物、细菌和放线菌浓度明显高于18：00~19：00时段,微生物气溶胶浓度变化明显受气象条件和空气污染物的影响.细菌和真菌气溶胶粒子主要分布在前4级（>2.1 μm）,分别占85.13%和83.26%,而放线菌主要集中在后4级（<4.7 μm）上,占73.15%.Illumina MiSeq测序结果表明,08：00~09：00和18：00~19：00时段细菌群落结构组成差异不显著（P>0.05）.乳球菌属（Lactococcus）和芽孢杆菌属（Bacillus）为优势菌属,肠球菌属（Enterococcus）、葡萄球菌属（Staphylococcus）、假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas）、不动杆菌属（Acinetobacter）、克雷伯氏菌属（Klebsiella）、欧文氏菌属（Erwinia）、蜡样芽胞杆菌（Bacillus cereus）、无乳链球菌（Streptococcus agalactiae）和产气荚膜梭菌（Clostridium perfringens）等是兰州市春季空气环境的潜在病原菌.本研究结果为揭示兰州市春季微生物气溶胶污染状况以及相关病原菌对人类健康的潜在危害提供基础数据.     

上海市生活垃圾房气溶胶中可培养细菌污染状况及种群特征

空气传播病原微生物受到越来越多的关注,生活垃圾携带大量病原菌,垃圾房可能会对周围环境及人群健康造成影响.以上海市某别墅区垃圾房、某校园垃圾房和周边某居民区垃圾房作为研究对象,分析垃圾房内和周边环境空气中可培养细菌的浓度、粒径和种群分布特征,解析环境因素与空气中可培养细菌污染的关系.结果表明,5个采样点（某别墅区垃圾房、其下风向、某校园垃圾房、某办公楼顶和某居民区垃圾房）的可培养细菌浓度分别为：（1254±92）、（280±123）、（172±47）、（84±18）和（175±174） CFU ·m^-3,别墅区垃圾房内生物气溶胶浓度显著高于其他采样点,主要原因是该垃圾房内存在湿垃圾就地处理生化处理设施.别墅区垃圾房内生物气溶胶可培养细菌粒径主要分布在1.1~4.7 μm,而其余4个采样点的细菌粒径主要为>7 μm,少数细菌粒径范围为1.1~2.1 μm.本研究5个采样点可培养细菌中优势门分别为变形菌门（Proteobacteria）和厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）,优势菌属分别为棒状杆菌属（Corynebacterium）和芽孢杆菌属（Bacillus）,同时检出棒状杆菌属（Corynebacterium）、葡萄球菌属（Staphylococcus）和不动杆菌属（Acinetobacter）等机会致病菌.某别墅区垃圾房内生物气溶胶的浓度与温度、相对湿度、PM_2.5和PM₁₀相关性较高,空气中微小杆菌属（Exiguobacterium）与PM₁₀、温度和相对湿度都具有较高的相关性.5个采样点的健康危险系数（HQ）值均小于1,但微生物定量风险评价结果表明,3个垃圾房的男性与女性工作人员健康风险均高于相应的基准值.研究结果揭示了生活垃圾房对周围环境气溶胶微生物组成的影响,为评价垃圾房内和周边空气质量提供参考.     

夏秋季节北京市居家室内微生物多样性的变化特征

室内空气中过高浓度的生物粒子有害人体健康.空气中的微生物通常与灰尘结合在一起,然而目前对家庭室内灰尘微生物多样性及其随季节变化特征的报道较少.本研究在北京市选择1户家庭,在夏季和秋季定期采集灰尘样品,通过高通量测序研究细菌和真菌群落组成及多样性,并分析细菌-真菌的网络互作特征.结果显示,室内灰尘细菌和真菌群落Shannon指数及Chao1指数夏季均显著高于秋季（p<0.05）.此外,室内灰尘细菌群落结构夏季与秋季无显著差异（p>0.05）,主要类群为假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas）、考克氏菌属（Kocuria）和芽孢杆菌属（Bacillus）;真菌群落结构夏季与秋季则明显不同（p<0.05）,夏季优势类群为曲霉属（Aspergillus）、链格孢属（Alternaria）和裂褶菌属（Schizophyllum）,而秋季曲霉属占绝对主导地位.室内灰尘微生物网络互作具有明显的季节特征,夏季微生物互作主要为细菌-细菌,以及细菌-真菌的正相互作用;而秋季微生物互作比夏季更紧密,以细菌-细菌的正相互作用为主.这些结果可为构建健康的居家环境提供参考依据.     

天津市冬季气溶胶吸湿因子的粒径分布特征

气溶胶粒径吸湿增长因子［g（RH）］是影响气溶胶消光和气溶胶辐射强迫的重要因素.利用吸湿性串联差分电迁移率分析仪（HTDMA）观测了天津市冬季不同污染状态下气溶胶粒子g_m（RH）的粒径分布.同时基于水溶性离子的粒径分布,利用κ-Köhler理论获取了较宽粒径范围内（60 nm~9.8 μm）的g_κ（RH）,为环境状态下气溶胶光学参数和直接辐射强迫的模拟提供基础.结果表明,清洁状态下大气光化学反应较为活跃,超细粒子（<100 nm）的g_m（RH）较高,g_m（RH=80%）在1.30以上.重度污染天,气溶胶中水溶性离子的质量分数随粒子粒径增大而增加,导致g_m（RH）随着粒子粒径增大而增大,300 nm粒子的g_m（RH=80%）和g_m（RH=85%）分别可达1.39和1.46.在较宽粒径范围（60 nm~9.8 μm）内,不同模态气溶胶的吸湿性强弱表现为积聚模态>爱根模态>粗模态.大气重污染过程中气溶胶粒径明显增大,积聚模态气溶胶中NO₃^-和SO₄^2-含量较清洁天明显增加,受此影响,污染状态下积聚模态气溶胶的吸湿性较清洁天明显增强,g_κ（RH）达到1.3~1.4,具有强吸湿性的气溶胶粒径范围也同时扩大,在0.18~3.1 μm粒径段均较高,对能见度恶化有重要的贡献.     

分层型水库水体好氧不产氧光合细菌时空演替特征

好氧不产氧光合细菌（aerobic anoxygenic photosynthesis bacteria,AAPB）以多样的群落结构及独特的代谢功能在水体物质循环中扮演着重要角色.基于实时荧光定量PCR及Illumina MiSeq高通量DNA测序技术研究金盆水库水体中AAPB丰度及群落结构时空演替特征,结合冗余分析揭示环境因子对其群落结构影响规律.结果表明,金盆水库水体AAPB丰度（以pufM基因计）变化范围为（6.70±0.43）×10³~（2.69±0.15）×10⁴ copies·mL^-1,最大值出现于10月,且随水深增加而减小.样本主要归为19个属（除未分类菌属外）,优势AAPB菌属包括慢生根瘤菌属（Bradyrhizobium sp.）和甲烷菌属（Methylobacterium sp.）,两者隶属α-变形菌（α-Proteobacteria）,其中慢生根瘤菌属（Bradyrhizobium sp.）占比于11月最高,高达60%以上（除10 m外）,此外也发现了以低比例存在的红长命菌属（Rubrivivax sp.）,隶属β-变形菌（β-Proteobacteria）.AAPB不同属间存在较强的互作关系,如红杆菌属（Rhodobacter sp.）与小红卵菌属（Rhodovulum sp.）呈正相关,噬氢菌属（Hydrogenophaga sp.）与慢生根瘤菌属（Bradyrhizobium sp.）呈负相关等.AAPB种群结构组成及分布差异显著,主要受T、TN、NO₃^--N和光照强度影响,且由环境因素综合调控.如10月水深0、5和15 m水体AAPB种群结构受水温（T）、总氮（TN）和总磷（TP）显著影响,12月水深5 m水体AAPB种群结构受光照强度、pH、溶解氧（DO）和叶绿素a（Chla）显著影响等.研究结果对解析分层型水库水体AAPB丰度和多样性的时空变化特征具有指导意义,并为探索AAPB种群结构的水环境驱动因素提供理论依据.     

南京冬季晴天及雾-霾天气纳米气溶胶粒子谱日变化比较

利用2017年12月南京气溶胶数浓度与气象参数资料,比较研究晴天及雾-霾天中10~1000nm纳米气溶胶粒子谱日变化规律及差异特征.结果表明,单峰谱型出现与污染加重有明显关系,分别出现在晴天午后、霾严重污染阶段和污染消散阶段、浓雾过程,峰值粒径分别为晴天（20~100nm）、霾天（27~144nm）和雾天（34~122nm）.3种天气条件下,晴天较强的太阳辐射和较低的湿度适合小粒子生成,核模态占比在晴天最高;霾天气象场适合爱根态粒子大量稳定存在,爱根态占比在霾天最高;雾天大量气溶胶吸湿增长,导致积聚态占比在雾天最高.在霾天污染物累积阶段,大量积聚态粒子对核模态、爱根态粒子的碰并增长作用抑制核模态、爱根态粒子生成,核模态和爱根态粒子浓度变化率为-91.0%和-62.5%,而积聚态为89.7%.浓雾过程对爱根态粒子清除作用最明显.     

BP-1生物降解群落结构解析及关键功能菌的降解效能评估

生物降解是有机污染物去除的重要途径,为探究环境中微生物对2,4-二羟基二苯甲酮（2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone,BP-1）的降解能力,本文以BP-1为唯一碳源,设置好氧和厌氧条件分别驯化富集功能菌群,通过高通量测序技术深度解析群落多样性及功能菌群,在此基础上筛选关键功能菌,并评估其降解效能.结果显示,好氧降解是BP-1降解的主要途径,BP-1在好氧处理系统中的降解速率是厌氧体系的2.74倍.好氧体系中微生物群落多样性显著高于厌氧体系,变形菌门（Proteobacteria,40.66%）是好氧体系中的优势菌门,红环菌目（Rhodocyclales,28.15%）、假单胞菌目（Pseudomonadales,3.11%）、鞘氨醇菌目（Sphingomonadales,2.22%）是变形菌门中占优势地位的菌目.采用选择性培养基从好氧驯化污泥中筛选获得4株BP-1降解菌,经鉴定分别为甲基营养型芽孢杆菌（Bacillus methylotrophicus） BP1.1、解淀粉酶芽孢杆菌（Bacillus amyloliquefaciens） BP1.2、红球菌（Rhodococcus sp.） BP1.3和鞘氨醇单胞菌（Sphingomonas sp.） BP1.4,其中甲基营养型芽孢杆菌BP1.1降解速率最快,在6 h内对BP-1的降解率高达99.9%,显著降低了BP-1引起的急性毒性和类雌激素效应,为高效去除废水中BP-1提供了微生物种质资源.     

3株细菌对土壤中芘和苯并芘的降解及其动力学

研究了3株多环芳烃(PAHs)高效降解菌对土壤中芘和苯并芘(BaP)的降解动态,用Michaelis-Menton和Monod动力学模型对结果进行拟合.结果表明,3株细菌对芘和BaP的降解率有显著性差异.芽孢杆菌(Bacillus sp.SB02)42 d对芘和BaP的降解率均最高.当土壤中芘和BaP的初始浓度为50　mg/kg时,芽孢杆菌(Bacillus sp. SB02)、动胶杆菌(Zoogloea sp. SB09)、黄杆菌(Flavobacterium sp. SB10)42 d对芘的降解率分别为42.69%、32.88%、25.07%, 对BaP的降解率分别为33.04%、25.39％、22.02%.3株细菌对芘和BaP的降解速率也存在显著性差异.芽孢杆菌(Bacillus sp., SB02)最快,1周可降解20.88％芘和12.6%的BaP,动胶杆菌(Zoogloea sp.SB09)次之,黄杆菌(Flavobacterium sp.SB10)降解速率最慢.     

高量秸秆还田配施芽孢杆菌对沙化土壤细菌群落及肥力的影响

探讨高量秸秆还田模式协同配施芽孢杆菌等功能菌群对沙化土壤的培肥潜能,解析土壤碳氮磷组分和菌群功能活性的变化特征,可为高效提升沙化土壤肥力提供依据.采用随机区组试验,设置秸秆不还田（CK）、高量还田梯度分别为6.00 kg ·m^-2（ST1）、12.00 kg ·m^-2（ST2）、24.00 kg ·m^-2（ST3）、6.00 kg ·m^-2+芽孢杆菌（SM1）、12.00 kg ·m^-2+芽孢杆菌（SM2）和24.00 kg ·m^-2+芽孢杆菌（SM3）这7个处理组.利用16S rRNA高通量测序技术分析细菌多样性和群落结构,土壤农化分析方法测定土壤化学性质.结果发现：①高量秸秆还田协同配施芽孢杆菌显著降低土壤细菌群落α多样性;②高量秸秆还田单一模式显著富集变形菌门,降低放线菌门的相对丰度,配施芽孢杆菌对细菌群落结构变异性的影响更显著,在属水平上表现为假单胞菌、罗河杆菌和芽孢杆菌等有益菌属的相对丰度显著增加;③基于FAPROTAX的功能预测发现：高量秸秆还田配施芽孢杆菌显著提高了土壤菌群对有机物质的分解潜力和氮组分转化潜力;④与对照相比较,高量秸秆还田配施芽孢杆菌显著提升了ω（SOM）、ω（TP）和ω（AP）,分别提高了31.20~32.75 g ·kg^-1、0.11~0.18 g ·kg^-1和29.69~35.09 mg ·kg^-1.因此,高量秸秆还田配施芽孢杆菌可显著提升沙化土壤有机质与磷组分含量、细菌功能活性与有益菌属丰度,对旱区沙化中低产田地力快速提升具有重要意义.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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