森林资源参与式社区共管：治理语境下的价值考量

森林资源参与式社区共管是社区群众、政府、非政府组织及其它社会组织共同参与森林资源经营、管理和保护的治理模式.参与式社区共管沿袭治理理论的价值和精神,推动着传统森林资源管理模式的变革,力图构建参与、分权、多中心的森林资源管理体系.     

产权管制放松视角下政策性森林保险市场研究

政策性森林保险是为保障林农林业经营利益而采取的政府财政补贴政策。以湖南省为例,揭示产权管制放松视角下需求方、供给方和政府三方共同作用下的政策性森林保险市场状态与行为。研究认为,林业产权管制放松是产生森林保险需求的前提。由于林业的弱质性,在当前的生产经营环境下,政策性森林保险有存在的必然性,建议建立国家政策性森林保险基金,规范森林保险市场运行机制,并逐渐减少政府在森林保险市场的主体行为。     

环境政策评估过程中的公众参与问题研究

为了从当前的环境治理困境中突围,促进环境政策预期目标的达成,发挥环境政策评估应有的作用和效应,考虑到环境的公共性及环境保护的外部性特征,将公众参与纳入环境政策评估的过程中是多方利益主体的共同诉求.通过对相关文献的梳理以及对环境政策评估领域中公众参与现状的归纳分析,笔者发现,当前公众参与环境政策评估的现实困境主要体现在信...     

森林资源物权价值饱和视野下林农权益的研究

为有效解决当前林农权益的问题,深度分析了林农这一森林资源物权人在森林资源流转实践中面临的收益权受损、处分权剥夺以及补偿权受限等权益保障缺失的难题,创造性地将森林资源物权价值饱和理论运用于完善林农权益保障机制的实践中,构建林农权益内化权能巩固与外化侵权救济两种机制,从而实现林农权益保障机制的创新与完善。     

林农气候变化感知及适应性行为研究——以四川大熊猫保护区947户农户为例CSSCI

基于四川省大熊猫保护区周边947户农户的调查数据,运用Heckman Probit两阶段模型分析了林农气候变化感知与适应性行为选择;通过构建MNL模型,进一步探究林农选择各项适应性行为的影响因素。结果表明:气候变化感知是林农采取适应性行为的基础,年龄、文化程度和家庭受到自然灾害对林农的气候变化感知与适应性行为均有正向显著影响,而在保护区内的居住因素对其气候变化感知与适应性行为均有负向显著作用,林地面积、购买森林保险、借贷可获得性和接受保护区培训并未影响林农的气候变化感知,但对他们采取适应性措施具有显著正向作用。基于研究,提出提高林农教育水平、增强文化素质、提高抗灾能力、完善信贷服务体系、加强社区共管模式、开展保护区专项培训等建议。     

林农气候变化感知及适应性行为研究——以四川大熊猫保护区947户农户为例

基于四川省大熊猫保护区周边947户农户的调查数据,运用Heckman Probit两阶段模型分析了林农气候变化感知与适应性行为选择;通过构建MNL模型,进一步探究林农选择各项适应性行为的影响因素。结果表明:气候变化感知是林农采取适应性行为的基础,年龄、文化程度和家庭受到自然灾害对林农的气候变化感知与适应性行为均有正向显著影响,而在保护区内的居住因素对其气候变化感知与适应性行为均有负向显著作用,林地面积、购买森林保险、借贷可获得性和接受保护区培训并未影响林农的气候变化感知,但对他们采取适应性措施具有显著正向作用。基于研究,提出提高林农教育水平、增强文化素质、提高抗灾能力、完善信贷服务体系、加强社区共管模式、开展保护区专项培训等建议。     

公众森林碳汇购买意愿影响因素研究——基于TPB—NAM整合模型

有效的碳普惠机制与森林碳汇产品的价值实现对中国生态文明的建设至关重要,理清公众森林碳汇购买意愿影响因素对森林碳汇政策的制定具有现实意义。基于计划行为理论、规范激活理论并融合生态文明思想内核,选用结构方程模型,利用515份社会公众问卷数据,实证检验了公众森林碳汇购买愿意影响因素及作用机理。结果表明：(1)公众森林碳汇购买意愿是理性和道德交互作用的结果,而非纯理性或纯道德驱动行为;(2)行为态度、感知规范和知觉行为控制都对公众森林碳汇购买意愿具有显著正向影响,但影响程度具有差异性,其中感知规范对购买意愿影响最大,因此公众环境道德素养是影响其森林碳汇购买行为的最重要因素;(3)社会公众森林碳汇购买意愿影响因素表征变量的具体作用表现不同：感知规范中,公众个体道德规范对其森林碳汇购买意愿影响最大;行为态度中,公众森林碳汇生态、政治效益认知对购买意愿影响最大;知觉行为控制中,森林碳汇信息量、森林碳汇价格等都是影响公众森林碳汇购买意愿的因素,但影响程度差异不大。     

建立和完善公众参与环境与发展综合决策机制的探讨

建立环境与发展综合决策的公众参与制度对实施可持续发展战略,实行政治民主具有重要的意义。公众参与环境与发展综合决策具有政策和法律依据,要采取切实有效的措施保障公众在环境与发展决策中的参与权。     

秦皇岛森林资源现状与可持续发展对策探讨

森林是生态系统的主体,森林资源是人类的宝贵财富和社会发展的基础。本文论述了森林可持续发展的重要意义,分析了秦皇岛森林资源现状,以及开发利用中存在的问题,探讨了秦皇岛森林资源可持续发展的对策。     

浅析森林认证与江西林业发展

为了更好地促进江西省的森林认证工作,在论述了森林认证的概念、目的和特点基础上,分析了江西省林业发展的优势条件和不利条件。认为开展森林认证工作有利于促进江西省森林的可持续经营;有利于森林经营单位与林农的关系更加融洽;有利于保护生态环境和生物多样性;有利于江西林业与国际接轨,开拓国际市场。     

Implementing Participatory Decision Making in Forest Planning

Forest policy decisions are often a source of debate, conflict, and tension in many countries. The debate over forest land-use decisions often hinges on disagreements about societal values related to forest resource use. Disagreements on social value positions are fought out repeatedly at local, regional, national, and international levels at an enormous social cost. Forest policy problems have some inherent characteristics that make them more difficult to deal with. On the one hand, forest policy decisions involve uncertainty, long time scales, and complex natural systems and processes. On the other hand, such decisions encompass social, political, and cultural systems that are evolving in response to forces such as globalization. Until recently, forest policy was heavily influenced by the scientific community and various economic models of optimal resource use. However, growing environmental awareness and acceptance of participatory democracy models in policy formulation have forced the public authorities to introduce new participatory mechanisms to manage forest resources. Most often, the efforts to include the public in policy formulation can be described using the lower rungs of Arnstein’s public participation typology. This paper presents an approach that incorporates stakeholder preferences into forest land-use policy using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). An illustrative case of regional forest-policy formulation in Australia is used to demonstrate the approach. It is contended that applying the AHP in the policy process could considerably enhance the transparency of participatory process and public acceptance of policy decisions.     

From Forest Regulation to Participatory Facilitation: Forest Employee Perspectives on Organizational Change and Transformation in India

Despite the critical role of government agencies in decentralizing natural resource governance, little work to date has focused on the organizational aspects of the responsible government bureaucracies. Based on a qualitative investigation of the perspectives of Forest Department employees involved in India's Joint Forest Management (JFM) program, this paper aims to provide an understanding of these internal dynamics. Elaborating on why bureaucracies with a learning orientation are essential if participatory natural resource management is to succeed, the paper underlines the constraints to transforming forest agencies' hierarchical work cultures. Foresters describe JFM as a radical departure from traditional forest governance, but suggest that corresponding transformation within the Forest Department has not occurred. Foresters cite as reasons: (1) a target-based incentive system that leaves little room for establishing the relationships with local people needed for collaborative management; (2) rigid rules and regulations that prevent the flexibility needed for adaptive, site-specific problem-solving; (3) a hierarchical, top-down style of communication that prevents the upper administration from learning what is happening on the ground and stifles initiative by field staff; (4) the need for a committed leadership to reverse this hierarchical culture. They point to the few such team-oriented leaders as the key to transforming the Forest Department and enabling participatory forest management to succeed. The authors also recommend accompanying changes in training and reward systems.     

基于价值取向的城市森林游憩服务需求研究

在调查南京城市森林游憩者的基础上,以森林价值取向为预测变量,对城市森林游憩服务需求进行了研究.研究表明,市民的森林价值取向包括生态取向、健康取向、文化取向、产品取向和消极取向五种类型;城市森林游憩服务需求则包括基本需求、拓展需求和个性需求三个层次.通过典型相关分析发现,对森林资源持“健康”、“文化”和“生态”价值取向的市民对森林游憩的“基本服务”需求明显,更重视森林的自然和文化环境保护;而持有“产品”和“消极”取向的市民,则希望森林游憩地能提供更多“拓展”和“个性”服务.在此基础上,提出了积极引导城市森林游憩者的政策建议.     

Factors influencing the sustained participation of farmers in participatory forestry: a case study in central Sal forests in Bangladesh

Wide acceptance of sustainable development as a concept and as the goal of forest management has shifted forest management policies from a traditional to a people-oriented approach. Consequently, with its multiple new objectives, forest management has become more complex and an information gap exits between what is known and what is utilized, which hinders the sustained participation of farmers. This gap arose mainly due to an interrupted flow of information. With participatory forestry, the information flow requires a broad approach that goes beyond the forest ecosystem and includes the different stakeholders. Thus in participatory forest management strategies, policymakers, planners and project designers need to incorporate all relevant information within the context of the dynamic interaction between stakeholders and the forest environment. They should understand the impact of factors such as management policies, economics and conflicts on the sustained participation of farmers. This study aimed to use primary cross-sectional data to identify the factors that might influence the sustained participation of farmers in participatory forestry. Using stratified random sampling, 581 participants were selected to take part in this study, and data were collected through a structured questionnaire by interviewing the selected participants. To identify the dominant factors necessary for the sustained participation of farmers, logistic regression analyses were performed. The following results were observed: (a) sustained participation is positively and significantly correlated with (i) satisfaction of the participants with the tree species planted on their plots; (ii) confidence of the participants that their aspired benefits will be received; (iii) provision of training on different aspects of participatory forestry; (iv) contribution of participants' money to Tree Farming Funds. (b) The sustained participation of farmers is negatively and significantly correlated with the disruption of local peoples' interests through implementation of participatory forestry programs, and long delays in the harvesting of trees after completion of the contractual agreement period.     

Realization of participation and spatiality in participatory forest management – a policy–practice analysis from Zanzibar,Tanzania

The efforts in sustainable natural resource management have given rise to decentralization of forest governance in the developing world with hopes for better solutions and effective implementation. In this paper, we examine how spatially sensitive participation is realized from policy to practice in the process of establishing participatory forest management in Zanzibar, Tanzania. Our policy–practice analysis shows that the policies in Zanzibar strongly support decentralization and local level participation has in practice been realized. However, the policy does not emphasize participatory process design nor address the possibilities of using spatial information and technologies to ensure wider participation. Thus, the practices fall short in innovativeness of using site-sensitive information with available technologies. Reflecting the Zanzibari Community Forest Management Agreements (CoFMA) context with examples of participatory use of spatial information and technologies in other parts of the world, we discuss ways to improve the Zanzibari CoFMA process towards increased participation, communication, local sense of ownership and more sustainable land management decisions, and argue for the future implementation of CoFMA as a spatially sensitive participatory process.     

Development of a Methodology for Selecting Criteria and Indicators of Sustainable Forest Management: A Case Study on Participatory Assessment

This paper describes an application of multiple criteria analysis (MCA) in assessing criteria and indicators adapted for a particular forest management unit. The methods include: ranking, rating, and pairwise comparisons. These methods were used in a participatory decision-making environment where a team representing various stakeholders and professionals used their expert opinions and judgements in assessing different criteria and indicators (C&I) on the one hand, and how suitable and applicable they are to a forest management unit on the other. A forest concession located in Kalimantan, Indonesia, was used as the site for the case study. Results from the study show that the multicriteria methods are effective tools that can be used as structured decision aids to evaluate, prioritize, and select sets of C&I for a particular forest management unit. Ranking and rating approaches can be used as a screening tool to develop an initial list of C&I. Pairwise comparison, on the other hand, can be used as a finer filter to further reduce the list. In addition to using these three MCA methods, the study also examines two commonly used group decision-making techniques, the Delphi method and the nominal group technique. Feedback received from the participants indicates that the methods are transparent, easy to implement, and provide a convenient environment for participatory decision-making.     

Maintenance of Forest Biodiversity in a Post-Soviet Governance Model: Perceptions by Local Actors in Lithuania

Successful biodiversity conservation does not depend on ecologic knowledge alone. Good conservation policies and policy implementation tools are equally important. Moreover, the knowledge, skills, and attitudes of local actors, directly in charge of operations in the field, are a key to successful policy implementation. The connections between policy objectives and their implementation as well as the involvement of local actors’ efforts in implementing policy objectives largely depend on the governance model in use. This article assesses the knowledge of local actors in relation to the biodiversity conservation objectives and tools in Lithuanian forest management. As a main framework for this study, the needs assessment approach was applied. The study used both in-depth open-ended interviews and follow-up telephone interviews. Two state forest enterprises in Lithuania were selected as the study sites. The findings indicate that policy objectives in the field of forest biodiversity conservation and the related tools are well known but not well understood by those in charge of forest biodiversity policy implementation. To improve the situation, a transition toward adaptive learning and participatory governance as a means of facilitating conservation efforts is proposed.     

Impact of Community-Based Forest Management on Forest Protection: Evidence from an Aid-Funded Project in Ethiopia

Many African countries have adopted community-based forest management (CBFM) to prevent deforestation. However, empirical studies have not reached a consensus on the effectiveness of CBFM. The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of the establishment of participatory forest management associations in Ethiopia. We used remote sensing data to gauge the change in forest area and employed a two-stage least squares model to correct for possible biases. The results indicate that the forest area managed by forest associations declines more in the year of establishment than forest areas with no association. This finding suggests that villagers may engage in "last-minute" logging. However, 1 year after the establishment of the forest associations, the forest area of the associations increased substantially, most likely because the associations monitor illegal logging, enabling the regeneration of open areas within the registered forest area. On average, the forest area of the forest associations increased by 1.5?% in the first 2 years, whereas forest areas not managed as part of an association declined by 3.3?%. The cumulative impact over 2 years yields a net increase in the rate of change of 4.8?%. These results demonstrate that it is important to improve the monitoring of forest areas during the initial establishment of participatory forest management associations to maximize the effects of association establishment.     

Assessing the role of learning devices and geovisualisation tools for collective action in natural resource management: Experiences from Vietnam

In northern Vietnam uplands the successive policy reforms that accompanied agricultural decollectivisation triggered very rapid changes in land use in the 1990s. From a centralized system of natural resource management, a multitude of individual strategies emerged which contributed to new production interactions among farming households, changes in landscape structures, and conflicting strategies among local stakeholders. Within this context of agrarian transition, learning devices can help local communities to collectively design their own course of action towards sustainable natural resource management. This paper presents a collaborative approach combining a number of participatory methods and geovisualisation tools (e.g., spatially explicit multi-agent models and role-playing games) with the shared goal to analyse and represent the interactions between: (i) decision-making processes by individual farmers based on the resource profiles of their farms; (ii) the institutions which regulate resource access and usage; and (iii) the biophysical and socioeconomic environment. This methodological pathway is illustrated by a case study in Bac Kan Province where it successfully led to a communication platform on natural resource management. In a context of rapid socioeconomic changes, learning devices and geovisualisation tools helped embed the participatory approach within a process of community development. The combination of different tools, each with its own advantages and constraints, proved highly relevant for supporting collective natural resource management.