水泥、粉煤灰及生石灰固化/稳定处理铅锌废渣

以铅锌废渣为研究对象,采用水泥、粉煤灰为固化剂,生石灰为稳定剂,对废渣进行固化/稳定化处理,并通过TCLP和Tessier连续提取法对固化/稳定化效果进行分析和评价.结果表明,单独添加水泥或水泥、粉煤灰混合固化处理废渣时,重金属铅TCLP浸出浓度显著减少,但达不到安全填埋要求;当稳定剂生石灰添加量为4%(废渣),固化剂废渣比为0.4∶1(粉煤灰与水泥比为1∶9)时,固化/稳定化效果最佳.此时,固化体中重金属Pb、Zn的浸出浓度分别为0.16 mg·L-1、0.243 mg·L-1,符合安全填埋要求.经过固化/稳定化处理后,降低了废渣中的重金属Pb、Zn交换态比例,有效地限制了重金属的迁移.XRD和SEM分析表明,废渣固化/稳定化后形成的Ca(OH)2、水化硅酸钙凝胶(C—S—H)及钙矾石等物质将重金属离子包容起来,形成稳定的固化体.     

制革污泥固化稳定化处理

为有效控制制革污泥中的重金属铬污染并安全填埋,采用石灰、粉煤灰和煤渣作为固化剂对制革污泥进行固化/稳定化处理,考察固化剂对制革污泥中重金属毒性的影响,并探讨了固化/稳定化的最佳工艺条件.结果表明,当石灰、粉煤灰和煤渣的掺量分别为0.12 kg.kg-1、0.02 kg.kg-1和0.08 kg.kg-1,养护天数为6 d时,制革污泥固化块抗压强度达到884 kPa,含水率由固化前的79.60%降低至30.20%,满足《危险废物填埋污染控制标准》（GB 18598—2001）的要求.固化块浸出液中Cu、Pb、Zn、Ni浓度同固化前相比,分别降低了92.1%、96.7%、92.8%、88.9%,Cr、Cd、Mn均未检出.固化块浸出液的铬浓度随着石灰添加量的增加而降低,随粉煤灰添加量的增加则为先降低、然后再升高,当石灰与粉煤灰添加量比为6∶1时,协同固化效果显著.     

固定化Acinetobacter sp. T1细菌处理河道氨氮污染的研究

利用吸附固定在无机载体上的高效脱氮细菌Acinetobacter sp. T1去除城市河道及底泥中的氨氮。从沸石、活性炭和硅藻土中选出最佳固定载体,优化固定过程中的环境条件,并进行去除氨氮的模拟实验。结果表明:硅藻土因其具有较大的比表面积、较高的Zeta电位,能固定更多的细菌,因而以硅藻土为载体制备的固定化细菌具有更高的氨氮去除率。同时,细菌T1在温度为35℃、pH值为8、摇床转速为90 r·min~(-1)、固定时间为24 h的条件下,在硅藻土上固定化效果最佳。在去除氨氮的模拟实验中,曝气辅助固定化细菌组对水体及底泥中氨氮去除效果最佳,反应16 d水体COD、NH_4~+-N和TN浓度分别减少75.98%、99.32%和89.36%,底泥TOC和TN含量分别减少54.56%和44.84%,底泥体积减少14.93%。     

磷酸镁水泥固化/稳定化重金属性能及作用机理研究进展

磷酸镁水泥(MPC)作为一种新型无机胶凝材料,是由过烧氧化镁和磷酸盐通过酸碱中和反应制备得来,具有早期强度高、结构紧密和体积形变小等优点,在固化/稳定化重金属方面受到广泛关注,但存在放热量大、凝结速度快等缺点.本文归纳了国内外学者对磷酸镁水泥固化/稳定化重金属和重金属污染土的研究,重点讨论重金属离子对磷酸镁水泥抗压强度、凝结时间、酸碱度和水化热的影响,环境对重金属MPC体系稳定性的影响,以及其固化/稳定化重金属离子的作用机理,得出主要固化机理为化学键合、吸附作用和物理包裹,最后指出磷酸镁水泥固化重金属研究的不足和对未来研究的展望,为磷酸镁水泥固化/稳定化重金属的研究提出了新思路.     

HDTMAB改性粉煤灰对水体中磷的吸附特性

制备了十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(HDTMAB)改性粉煤灰,研究了该改性粉煤灰对水体中磷的吸附特性,结果表明:①当HDTMAB负载量为10%时,改性粉煤灰吸附磷酸盐的效果最佳;②改性粉煤灰对磷酸盐的吸附速度很快,20min可达吸附平衡;③改性粉煤灰对磷酸盐的吸附行为能较好地符合Langmuir等温吸附模型和Freundlich等温吸附模型,但在Freundlich模式下表现为两个线性区;④pH对改性粉煤灰吸附磷酸盐的性能有显著影响,随着pH的升高对磷酸盐的吸附能力逐渐增加。     

曝气复氧对底泥氮素生物地球化学循环影响的作用机制研究

通过分析底泥氮污染物释放规律和转化过程,以及底泥生境、氮形态变化和氮循环功能微生物群落结构变化的规律,探讨了不同曝气复氧条件影响底泥氮生物地球化学循环的生物代谢、物理化学联合作用的机制。结果表明：曝气复氧对底泥中氮的生物地球化学循环影响是一个包括微生物代谢作用和物理化学作用的复杂联合作用过程。水体好氧环境的改变主要引起参与底泥氮循环的硝化、亚硝化和反硝化功能菌群群落结构的演变,对异养菌和氨化菌的影响不大,证明环境好氧条件的改变对底泥有机质生物分解产生氨氮的微生物代谢过程影响不大,主要对底泥释放的氨氮硝化、反硝化等生物转化过程产生大的影响。不同溶解氧条件下,底泥释放的氮素在微生物作用下主要以NH4＋-N和NO3--N的形式进入试验体系,并在特定的氧化还原电位（临界值-200 mV）和pH（临界值6.70）条件下通过物理化学作用在底泥中以离子交换态氮（IEF-N）、碳酸盐结合态氮（CF-N）、铁锰氧化态氮（IMOF-N）及有机态和硫化物结合态氮（OSF-N）等不同形态氮相互转化,同时,在氮的转化和循环过程中部分输入上覆水体。在低溶解氧组实验条件下[ρ（DO）〈0.5 mg.L-1],底泥向水体输出氮总量为底泥可转化态氮的19.7%,主要为氨氮,最大释放速率达到289.13 mg.m-2.d-1,释放的质量浓度可达到18.8 mg.L-1;好氧条件下（DO饱和）,底泥向水体输出氮总量为底泥可转化态氮的1.8%;好氧-缺氧条件下为11.7%,主要以N2的形式释出系统。     

粉煤灰渗滤系统处理城市非点源污染物效果评估

对粉煤灰介质渗滤系统处理城市非点源污染物的效果进行了研究.吸附实验表明粉煤灰对氨氮和磷酸盐具有良好的吸附能力.渗滤系统对雨水径流污染处理采用室内小试的方式进行,在70 d内共模拟33次雨水负荷,期间渗滤装置对溶解有机碳(DOC)的平均去除率为88.1%,总氮(TN)的平均去除率为41.0%,氨氮(NH0-N)平均去除率为95.5%,总磷(TP)去除率为81.0%,符合城市非点源污染控制的实践要求.污染物去除主要以吸附过程为主,有机物、氨氮、磷的去除主要发生在渗滤柱表层的0—10 cm,硝化-反硝化主要发生在0—40 cm之间.滤层高度可以从130 cm适当减小为100 cm.吸附动力学表明粉煤灰对氨氮的吸附在3 h达到平衡,对磷酸盐的吸附平衡时间为6 h.微生物对渗滤系统的影响需要进一步研究,随着运行时间的延长,微生物效应将得以体现,污染物的去除效果可能会进一步提高.     

镧改性膨润土对长荡湖底泥磷的释放机制

在监测常州长荡湖水样和沉积物磷形态与含量的基础上,开展了在温度、pH、溶氧度等不同环境因子背景下镧改性膨润土对底泥磷释放的抑制效果研究.通过对比监测上覆水体磷的浓度、底泥磷的形态变化,考察了镧改性膨润土对水体磷的钝化效果以及底泥磷的固定作用.结果表明,镧改性膨润土可以很好地抑制底泥释磷,抑制底泥的释放率达到了55%—75%.温度和溶氧度的变化对镧改性膨润土的抑磷率无影响,而强酸碱(pH=4、pH=10)环境相较与中性环境(pH=7)抑磷效率减少15%;沉积物中Ex-P和Fe/Al-P等活性态磷含量下降了55%—60%,而Ca-P等稳定态磷含量上升1—1.1倍,说明镧改性膨润土可以改变沉积物磷的形态,由不稳定态转化为稳定态,提高了底泥对磷的滞留能力,降低了对上覆水释放的风险.利用镧改性膨润土控制长荡湖水体磷污染具有较好的应用前景.     

镧改性沸石改良太湖底泥的磷吸附特征

采用镧改性沸石对太湖底泥进行改良,通过吸附试验分析镧改性沸石改良太湖底泥的磷酸盐吸附特征.结果表明,Langmuir和Freundlich等温吸附模型可以较好地描述太湖底泥对水体中较高浓度磷酸盐(1～15 mg·L-1)的吸附平衡,根据Langmuir吸附方程,未改良太湖底泥对水体中磷的最大吸附容量为791 mg·kg-1,镧改性沸石添加量为10、25和50 g·kg-1的改良太湖底泥对水体中磷的最大吸附容量分别为937、1 037和1 505mg.kg-1.准二级动力学模型可以较好地描述太湖底泥对磷酸盐的吸附动力学过程.太湖底泥对磷酸盐的去除能力随pH值增加而降低,其对磷酸盐的吸附属于自发和吸热过程.改良太湖底泥对磷酸盐的吸附能力明显高于未改良太湖底泥,并且其吸附能力随镧改性沸石添加量的增加而增加.镧改性沸石添加量为10～50 g · kg-1的改良太湖底泥的磷吸附-解吸平衡浓度为0.129～0.241 mg·L-1,明显低于未改良太湖底泥(0.386 mg·L-1).被改良底泥中镧改性沸石所吸附的磷以NaOH-P和HCl-P等较稳定的形态存在,厌氧状态下不易释放.     

锁磷剂及覆盖技术对长广溪不同污染类型河段底泥磷释放的控制效果

为探索城郊污染河道底泥磷释放的控制技术,选择无锡市城郊河道长广溪不同污染类型河段(农田区、农田支流区、生活区、工业区、一期修复区、二期修复区、一期修复支流区),采集底泥原状泥柱,进行锁磷剂和黄沙覆盖控磷技术处理,室内培养3周,测定磷的控制效果.结果发现,长广溪不同污染类型河段底泥中磷的释放速率具有明显差异,农田区、农田支流区、生活区、工业区、一期修复区、二期修复区、一期修复支流区的底泥磷的释放速率分别为:0.767、0.383、0.317、0.672、0.370、0.027、0.458μg P·m-2·d-1.除二期修复区外,所有河段的水体磷含量及底泥释放量均较高,生态修复时有必要进行底泥磷释放控制,其中农田区及工业区底泥污染最重,磷的释放速率也最高.锁磷剂和黄沙覆盖对所有河段底泥的磷释放均有较强的控制作用,锁磷剂的控制效率在81.25%—100%之间,黄沙的控制效率在62.50%—93.24%之间;对于农田区、农田支流区、一期修复区及一期修复支流区河段,黄沙和锁磷剂均能有效将底泥磷释放控制到较低水平,满足河道磷控制的目标,但对于工业区和生活区河段,只有锁磷剂能够达到控制目标,黄沙的控制效果不理想.研究表明,在太湖流域的城郊污染河道的生态修复中,锁磷剂和黄沙均可作为底泥磷控制材料使用,黄沙在部分类型水体可以替代锁磷剂,而锁磷剂的效果稳定,作用持久,操作简便,是相对更好的底泥控磷材料.     

粉煤灰对土壤和作物生长的影响

粉煤灰施用量控制在60～600t／hm2,不会造成土壤、粮食的污染,且能改善土壤的物理、化学和生物学性质．有利于养分的转化。粉煤厂磁化后15～7．5t／hm2的施用量即可达到最佳的改上增产效果。本文在分析粉煤灰埋化性质的基础上,讨论了粉煤灰对土壤和作物生长的影响,同时也提出了降低粉煤灰中有害物质对土壤和作物不利影响的农用技术。     

Levels and patterns of polychlorinated biphenyls in residues from incineration of established source-classified MSW in China

Municipal solid waste (MSW) source-classified collection represents an advancement in resource cycling and secondary pollution control in China. Comparative experiments were performed to assess the levels and patterns of polychlorinated biphenyls in bottom ash, fly ash from boiler, and fly ash from bag filter from an MSW incineration plant with source-classified collection of MSW. Polychlorinated biphenyls were concentrated in the bag filter fly ash and in the bottom ash. The total amount of polychlorinated biphenyls was much lower than in fly ashes and bottom ash from traditional mixed waste incineration. Total concentration of coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls and toxic equivalent quantities were also reduced. Due to variations of feed waste, complete combustion, including continuously high incineration temperature, low CO concentrations and high air excess ratio were observed. Incineration temperature showed a negative correlation, while CO concentration showed a positive correlation with total and coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls, indicating that the latter can be reduced by controlling combustion conditions related to properties of feed waste.     

Trace elemental characterization of fly ash

The purpose of this study was to determine heavy metal concentrations in ash samples taken from the filter of the gas cleaning system of biomass incinerators in Austria. Knowing the concentrations of heavy metals is important for the decision of further treatment or utilization of the ashes. The heavy metals contained in the ashes remain in the bottom ash of the incinerator or leave the incinerator with the off-gas and are collected in the off-gas filter. The amount of the metals in the collected fly ash depends on the composition of the input material. The aim of this study was to examine this influence and compare the results with literature data. For measurement, the fly ash samples were at first dissolved in a microwave digestion unit using nitric acid and hydrochloric acid. Afterwards, 20 metals were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. Al, Fe, Mg, Mn, and Zn were found in higher concentrations in the fly ash samples. The enrichment factor between the concentrations in the fly ash and the concentrations in the input material was on average in the range of 18.     

粉煤灰资源的农业利用

本文根据粉煤灰农业利用的基础及国内外研究现状，阐述了粉煤灰农业利用现状，包括直接施用于农田、利用粉煤灰生产化肥、贮灰场覆土或不覆土造田和填坑造地等。并对粉煤灰农业利用的前景提出了一些看法。     

Effect of seawater salinity on the synthesis of zeolite from coal fly ash

A novel method for the synthesis of zeolite was developed in this paper. The synthesis was carried out by hydrothermal activation after alkali fusion and coal fly ash （CFA） was used as raw material with seawater of different salinities. Seawater salinity was varied from 32 to 88 for zeolite crystallization during the hydrothermal process. The results show that seawater salinity plays an important role in zeolite synthesis with CFA during hydrothermal treatment. The products were a mixture of NaX zeolite and hydroxysodalite; seawater salinity more strongly affected the crystallization than the type and chemical composition of the zeolites. The yield of CFA transformed into zeolite gradually rose with the increase in salinity, reaching a transformation rate of 48%--62% as the salinity increased from 32 to 88, respectively. The proposed method allows for the efficient disposal of by-products; therefore, the application of seawater in zeolite synthesis presents promising economic and ecological benefits.     

Treatment of dyeing wastewater using coal fly ash as co-coagulant

This article deals with the co-coagulation of dyeing wastewater by coal fly ash using FeSO₄ as coagulant, Benzo Scarlet 4BS and Brilliant Acid Scarlet 3R as the testing dyes. The optimal concentration of FeSO₄ for co-coagulation process is 0.6–0.8?g/L wastewater, and the concentration of fly ash 4–5?g/L. The experimental results show that the co-coagulation process by fly ash helps to improve the color reduction, greatly accelerate the formation and settling of the floc, and reduce the content of the floc. The mechanism for co-coagulation process is discussed and similar effect is obtained when the co-coagulation method is applied for the treatment of the real dyeing wastewater samples.     

Utilization of fly ash in adsorption of heavy metals from wastewater

The aim of this study was to assess the toxicity reduction of wastewaster after treatment with fly ash. Fly ash is a waste material which is formed as a result of coal burning in power plants, but has the potential to adsorb heavy metal ions. The present study examined the adsorption capacity of fly ash to adsorb Pb²⁺, Cu²⁺, and Zn²⁺ from waste water under different conditions of contact time, pH, and temperature. Uptake of metal ions by fly ash generally rose with increasing pH. At lower temperatures the uptake of heavy metal adsorption were enhanced. Significant reduction in Pb²⁺ (79%), Cu²⁺ (53%), and Zn²⁺ (80%) content was found after treatment with fly ash of waste water treatment. Using the microtox test toxicity of the effluent was reduced by 75% due to removal of Pb²⁺ ion by the fly ash. Data indicated that fly ash generated by power plants may be used beneficially to remove metals from waste water.     

焚烧炉飞灰熔融处理组成特性分析

将焚烧飞灰在不同温度下进行熔融实验，用扫描电镜对熔融前后试样的微观结构和形貌变化进行比较，结果显示：熔融体表观结构平整光滑，有较高的硬度，其断面有光泽产生且无明显气孔，试样已达到完全熔融；用X射线衍射分析仪对试样熔融前后成分的变化进行分析，未经熔融处理的试样主要晶相为：NaCl，KCl，SiO2，CaCO3，CaSO4，Ca2SiO4以及Ca12Al14O33，CaS和钙黄长石为熔融后试样的主要晶相．其次还有CaO和透灰石；浸出实验结果显示熔融处理后飞灰的毒性得到降解．     

Utilization of MSWI fly ash as partial cement or sand substitute with focus on cementing efficiency and health risk assessment

• Washed MSWI fly ash was used as partial cement or sand substitute. • Sand replacing is beneficial for strength, while cement replacement reduces strength. • Cementing efficiency factor and mortar pore structure explain the strength results. • Health risk assessment was conducted for MSWI fly ash blended cement mortar. • CR and HI contributed by different exposures and heavy metals were analyzed. The strength of cement substituted mortar decreases with the increase in fly ash amount, whereas the strength increases when the fly ash is blended as sand substitute. A mortar with highest strength (compressive strength= 30.2 Mpa; flexural strength= 7.0 Mpa) was obtained when the sand replacement ratio was 0.75%. The k value (cementing efficiency) of fly ash varied between 0.36 and 0.15 for the fly ash fraction in binder between 5% and 25%. The k values of fly ash used for sand replacement were all significantly above that used for cement substitution. The macropores assigned to the gaps between particles decreased when the fly ash was used as sand replacement, providing an explanation for the strength enhancement. The waste-extraction procedure (toxicity-sulphuric acid and nitric acid method (HJ/T 299-2007)) was used to evaluate metal leaching, indicating the reuse possibility of fly ash blended mortar. For the mortar with the mass ratio of fly ash to binder of 0.5%, the carcinogenic risks (CR) and non-carcinogenic hazard quotient (HQ) in sensitive scenario for blended mortar utilization were 9.66 × 10^-7 and 0.06, respectively; these results were both lower than the threshold values, showing an acceptable health risk. The CR (9.89 × 10^-5) and HQ (3.89) of the non-sensitive scenario for fly ash treatment exceeded the acceptable threshold values, indicating health risks to onsite workers. The main contributor to the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk is Cr and Cd, respectively. The CR and HQ from inhalation was the main route of heavy metal exposure.