间歇浸取对废物水泥窑共处置产品中Cr和As释放的影响

研究间歇浸取条件下废物水泥窑共处置产品中重金属Cr、As的释放,对水泥产品在实际应用中的环境安全性评价有重要意义.通过模拟煅烧实验制取含Cr和As的水泥熟料,并制取混凝土样品,采用pH影响实验和扩散浸出实验,研究了混凝土中Cr和As的溶解特性及其间歇浸取对混凝土中Cr和As释放的影响.结果表明,浸取方式对浸取液pH有较...     

基于生态水泥的再生混凝土中重金属浸出动力学研究

使用生态水泥、再生骨料制备再生混凝土.分别通过快速浸出实验和长期连续浸出实验对混凝土中的重金属进行浸取,并采用原子吸收光谱法检测浸出溶液中的重金属含量,对比研究再生混凝土与普通混凝土重金属浸出性能差异.研究发现,快速浸出实验条件下,再生混凝土浸出液各重金属浸出浓度高于普通混凝土浸出浓度,但仍低于《危险废物鉴别标准浸出毒性鉴别》(GB5085.3-2007)标准规定的限值.快速浸出实验条件下重金属浸出量与重金属总量相关性不显著,说明快速实验方法有局限性.长期连续浸出实验结果表明,再生混凝土各重金属元素的扩散系数高于普通混凝土(除Zn外),这是由再生混凝土独特的显微结构引起的.     

复掺粉煤灰吸附剂碳化固碳反应及对重金属浸出特性的影响

针对复掺方法提高粉煤灰矿物固碳效率和重金属析出钝化作用,采用粉煤灰掺入不同比例的消石灰和氧化铝制备了固碳吸附剂,利用三相高压反应釜模拟碳酸化固碳反应,利用热重-差热测试分析了不同配比固化剂CO_2固定量和固定效率,对碳酸化反应前后固化剂的化学成分进行了分析,揭示了复掺粉煤灰吸附剂固碳机理,对碳酸化反应前后固化剂材料中重金属浸出毒性进行了实验模拟。结果表明,粉煤灰基固化剂复掺消石灰后,增加了固化材料中CaO量,显著提高了碳酸化体系中pH值,当粉煤灰与消石灰质量比为1∶1时,碳固定效率最高,达到6.98%。当消石灰的投加量为50%时,As、Cd、Cu、Pb、Cr受到了较强的抑制效果,Ni、Zn的浸出浓度没有变化。因此,复掺消石灰、氧化铝的粉煤灰基碳固化材料可有效改善纯粉煤灰碳酸化固定CO_2的效率,并可降低粉煤灰碳酸化后重金属的浸出毒性。     

温度对生物淋滤废旧MH/Ni电池中重金属影响研究

在15～35℃内,探索温度对生物淋滤浸出废旧MH/Ni电池中重金属效果的影响.试验结果表明,温度越高,体系pH下降及SO2-4浓度上升的速率越快,电极材料中重金属Ni和Co的浸出率也相应提高.在35℃条件下,Ni的浸出率为98.0%,Co的浸出率为77.9%.     

液固比对含重金属水泥熟料制品中重金属释放的影响

通过模拟煅烧试验制取水泥熟料，参照JGJ 55-2000（《普通混凝土配比设计规程》）制取混凝土样品，参考SR003.1和NEN 7375浸出试验，分别研究液固比对粒状及块状混凝土样品中重金属（Cr、Ni和As）释放的影响。结果表明，在不同液固比条件下粒状混凝土中的重金属浸出浓度为Cr>Ni>As，Cr、As浸出浓度基本保持不变，分别为2 500 μg/L左右和5～6 μg/L，Ni在液固比（L∶S）<6时，浸出浓度随着液固比的增加而降低，在L∶S>6时，浸出浓度较稳定，为35.7～41.5 μg/L；浸出量均随着液固比的增加而增大。液固比（L∶S）<10时，块状混凝土中重金属累积释放量及扩散系数均随液固比的增加而增大，当L∶S>10时两者基本保持不变。     

废物水泥窑共处置产品中重金属释放模型研究——混凝土路面场景

通过模拟煅烧试验制取水泥熟料,并制得混凝土样品。在混凝土路面场景分析的基础上,参照欧盟固体中无机组分有效量测试方法(EA NEN7371),以pH=3.2的HNO3/H2SO4溶液(质量比为1∶2)为浸取液,在液固比为20 L/kg条件下,对混凝土样品进行模拟浸出实验;参照欧盟块状材料中无机组分的扩散实验方法(EA NEN7375)测定混凝土样品中重金属的有效释放量。模拟浸出实验结果表明,Cr、Ni和Cd在浸出过程中扩散控制是其释放的主要因素。在此基础上建立了重金属在混凝土路面中的释放模型。实验室实测累积释放量(实测值)与模型预测累积释放量(预测值)的拟合检验结果表明,实测值与预测值之间差异不显著,释放模型能较好地预测混凝土路面中重金属的长期累积释放量。     

pH值对烧结砖中重金属释放的影响

采用酸消解实验和NEN 7371浸出实验研究了烧结砖中重金属总量和有效释放量,采用pH-dependence实验研究pH对破碎烧结砖样品中重金属(Cr、Ni、As、Cd和Pb)浸出特性的影响,以及烧结砖样品的酸碱缓冲容量。结果表明,烧结砖中重金属的有效释放量低于总量,释放率从大到小依次为CdAsPbNiCr;烧结砖的酸缓冲容量较小,浸出液pH从7.03降到3.64,消耗了29.33 mmol/kg硝酸,碱缓冲容量较大,pH从7.03升到12.40,共消耗256 mmol/kg氢氧化钠溶液,因此在使用烧结砖的过程中要特别注意环境pH;浸提液的酸碱性是影响烧结砖中重金属浸出的重要参数,在实验研究的pH范围内,不同重金属的浸出规律不同。Cr和As的释放受pH影响较小,而Ni和Cd的浸出量随pH的增大而降低,Pb的浸出量在强酸和强碱条件下均较大,当pH在5.59~9.86的范围内浸出量很低。     

镍渣的重金属浸出特性

在分析镍渣的矿物相组成和重金属元素含量的基础上,鉴定了镍渣样品的浸出毒性,并考察了pH、液固比和浸出时间等条件对镍渣样中铬、铅、铜和锌等重金属浸出特性的影响。结果表明,镍渣中的重金属总量约为渣样的0.9%,且铬、铜和锌的含量较高,需进行安全管理。实验所用镍渣样品为第Ⅰ类一般工业固体废物。在强酸条件下镍渣中重金属浸出浓度较大,pH3后浸出浓度显著降低;液固比40 L/kg时,镍渣中重金属不断溶出,液固比40 L/kg后,浸出达到饱和,浸出浓度趋于平衡;随着浸出时间的增加,重金属离子的浸出浓度先增加后减少,但由于各重金属性质不同,各重金属达到最大浸出浓度的时间不同。     

pH对污水污泥中污染物浸出的影响

研究pH对污泥中污染物浸出的影响可以为投海过程中海洋水体酸碱性变化对污泥中污染物浸出的影响及其变化规律提供理论依据。为了得出不同pH值对污泥中污染物浸出的影响，采用CEN/TS 14429：2005浸出实验对上海5个污水处理厂脱水污泥中重金属、溶解性有机碳、溶解性硫化物和主要离子的浸出情况进行了研究，同时分别以超纯水和海水为浸提剂研究在相应pH范围内盐度对上述指标浸出的影响。结果表明，Zn、Cd、Pb和As在酸性和碱性条件下浸出量较高，在中性或接近中性条件下浸出量则最低，且海水中Zn和Cd的浸出量比超纯水中高；Cu在碱性条件下的浸出量明显比酸性条件高；在所研究的pH范围内，5个污泥样品中溶解性有机碳的浸出量均随pH的升高而增高；仅酸挥发性硫含量最高的S5在海水中有较明显的溶解性硫化物浸出；部分污泥样品中的氮在酸性纯水中有较高的浸出量，海水中浸出量较少；而无论海水或纯水中，磷在强酸和强碱条件下均有明显浸出。     

2种浸出方法对水泥熟料的适用性比较

采用2种不同类型的代表性浸出方法:TCLP和NEN7371对不同重金属含量及不同烧制条件下所得水泥熟料进行浸出实验.结果表明,NEN7371方法下各样品中所有受试重金属几乎均有检出,大部分重金属的浸出率均高于10%;重金属的浸出浓度与其在熟料样品中含量的趋势对应性较好;TCLP方法下各样品中的受试重金属均只有部分检出,且浸出率一般在0.5%左右,浸出浓度很低,仪器检测误差较大.说明在考察水泥熟料中重金属的浸出特性时,NEN7371方法的适用性相对更好.     

Optimization of Height of Release of Air Pollutants

A number of key projects in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) particulate R&;D program having applicability to industry are presented. For electrostatic precipitators (ESP) there is presented the result of work on large diameter discharge electrodes which provide a decrease in penetration of up to a factor of 4 when compared to conventional small diameter electrodes. Also discussed is the multistage ESP which provides a collection efficiency that would require a collecting plate area 4 or 5 times larger with conventional ESP technology. The E-SOX technology makes use of the multistage concept to free up space in the ESP for SO₂ removals of up to 90%. Electrostatically augmented fabric filtration provides a reduction in pressure drop of about 5 0% as compared to conventional fabric filtration. Wind tunnel modeling of windbreaks for material storage piles indicates a potential for providing engineering design data that would allow significant emission reduction caused by wind erosion     

Investigation of the characteristics of the reflectivity of clouds

This paper investigates some of the reflectivity characteristics that clouds (when modelled as solid bodies) must exhibit to be compatible with observations that the reflecting surface of a cloud (i) appears almost equally bright across its face, (ii) is brightest when the cloud is opposite to the Sun but decreases in brightness as the cloud moves to other positions and (iii) increases in brightness with increasing optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight. These observations, respectively, are shown to imply that the peak value of the bidirectional total reflectivity from a cloud surface (i) increases in inverse proportion to the cosine of the angle between the Sun and the normal to the cloud surface, as the incident angle increases, (ii) appears to be directed back in the direction of the incident radiation, and (iii) increases as optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight increases. The results could have application in many fields (e.g. modelling diffuse radiance distributions for cloudy skies).     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

扬中生态环境建设的思考与实践

结合扬中生态环境的基本情况和存在的不足，进行了具体分析，对扬中未来生态建设的发展方向提出了建议及实施措施。     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实施

在实施ISO／IEC17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核实施阶段的关键环节，提出召开首次会议、收集审核证据、确定审核发现和召开末次会议的技术方法，对提高内部审核的质量和有效性、获得可靠的审核结论具有重要意义。     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

Spectrophotometric Determination of Atmospheric Acidity by means of the Displacement of the Equilibrium of Acid-Base Indicators

A method is described for determining acidity by means of the spectrophotometric determination of the displacement of the equilibrium of açid-base indicators. The method is simple, sensitive and free of known interferences. There is no dependence on costly or sophisticated equipment and the results obtained are reliable and reproducible.     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的策划

在实施ISO／IEC 17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核策划阶段的关键环节，提出审核范围确定、审核计划和抽样方案制订的质量控制要求，为有序高效地实施内部审核提供了技术方法。