几株紫色非硫细菌的分离鉴定与产氢特性分析

从重庆地区不同环境淤泥、泥水样品中,经富集培养、分离纯化,获得5株紫色非硫细菌.根据菌体的菌落形态、染色特性、生理生化特征及活细胞光吸收峰对菌株进行常规鉴定,结合菌株16S rDNA扩增测序进行分子生物学分析验证,构建了菌株与数据库中近缘菌株的系统发育树.以优化的培养条件(营养、pH、接种量等参数)对供试菌株的生理生化特性和产氢能力做了比较分析.结果显示,5个菌株均为光合产氢细菌,菌株ANI、D1为沼泽红假单胞菌(Rhodopseudomonas palustris),AN2、AS1、BS1等3株为类球红细菌(Rhodobacter sphaeroides);其中类球红细菌菌株AN2在给定的培养条件下光合产氢能力最高,可达9.55μg/mL d-1,是一株有应用前景的光合产氢细菌.图4表2参15     

不同酸碱条件下光合细菌的生长产氢特性

为了解光合细菌的产氢机理,对沼泽红假单胞光合产氢菌CQK-01在光生物平板反应器中进行序批次培养,以470 nm LED灯提供连续光照,葡萄糖为碳源底物,研究不同初始酸碱条件下产氢光合细菌的生长特性、产氢特性以及能量转化效率.结果表明,在弱碱性条件下最适宜产氢光合细菌的生长;在反应液为酸性条件下,光合细菌具有较高的产氢量、产氢速率和能量转化效率,然而产氢纯度随着初始pH值的增大而升高;在温度30℃、光照强度1 000lx、底物浓度75 mmol/L的实验条件下,光合细菌的最佳产氢pH值为7.0,实验中最大累积产氢量为8.0 mmol,最大产氢速率为3.39 mmol g-1(cell dry weight)h-1,产氢纯度高达70%,底物能量转化效率最大为1.98%,光能转化效率最大为7.7%.     

两株吡啶降解菌的分离与鉴定

为了研究石油污染土壤中含氮杂环化合物的降解情况,该研究选择吡啶作为目标污染物,采用选择性富集培养的方法,从45份石油污染土壤样品中,分离得到260株降解吡啶污染物的高效降解菌株,选择降解效率最高的2株吡啶降解菌命名为菌株4-11和2-13,进行种属鉴定、细菌的生长情况和吡啶降解性能的考察.实验证明,60 h菌株4-11和2-13对质量浓度为1000 mg·L-1吡啶的降解率分别达到65.5%和64.1%.通过形态学、生理生化鉴定和16S rDNA序列比对分析,确定菌株4-11属于产硫酸杆菌(Thiobacillus)与Thiobacillus intermediu 同源性最高,为99.8 %,菌株2-13属屈挠杆菌(Flexibacter)与 Flexibacter giganteus同源性最高,为99.9 %.     

低温纤维素降解菌的分离与鉴定

对内蒙古部分地区土壤中低温降解纤维素的微生物进行研究,以期获得一些高酶活的低温纤维素酶产生菌.采用纯培养的方法,在10℃下培养获得纯培养物.以细菌16S rDNA通用引物PCR扩增后进行序列同源性比对确定种属.以DNS法测定纤维素酶活性,并对酶活较高的菌株进行产酶条件的优化.结果共分离得到55株可低温降解纤维素的菌株,16S rDNA序列分析表明它们分别属于γ-变形菌纲(γ-Proteobacteria)、硬壁菌门(Firmicutes)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)以及β-变形菌纲(β-Proteobacteria).该55株菌的纤维素酶活性均在22℃下最高.其中菌株CF11在10℃下的酶活在分离得到的55株细菌中最高.通过优化,菌株CF11产纤维素酶的最佳条件初步确定为pH值为6.5,培养时间为10 d,并且是以酵母提取物作为氮源,其纤维素酶活为58.091 IU.因此菌株CF11是一株极具开发潜力的低温纤维素酶产生菌.     

一株菲降解菌的分离鉴定及其降解条件研究

以菲为研究对象,从克拉玛依稠油污染土壤中筛选到1株对菲具有较好降解效果的菌株JZ3-21。通过形态观察、生理生化指标及16S rDNA序列分析对该菌株进行了鉴定。该株菌的16S rDNA序列与Pseudomonas属的相似性达99%,结合分离菌株的形态、生理生化特征和16S rDNA基因序列的分析结果,初步鉴定该菌株为恶臭假单胞菌（Pseudomonas putida.）。对其降解条件进行了研究,结果表明：在40℃,pH 8.0,接种量为1.5%的条件下,菌株对初始质量浓度为100 mg.L-1的菲在64 h内的降解率高达94.2%。该菌对高质量浓度菲有较好的耐受性,其最高耐受质量浓度可达2 000 mg.L-1。     

一株产胞外多糖的山药内生细菌Lysinibacillus fusiformis S-1的分离和鉴定

微生物的胞外多糖是重要的生物资源,为获得新型的具有药用价值的胞外多糖产生菌,从山药、地瓜、马铃薯和胡萝卜的根茎组织中分离、筛选到11株能产胞外多糖的植物内生菌,利用苯酚–硫酸法对这11株菌的多糖产量进行了定量分析.对多糖产量最高的S-1菌株,检测其在发酵过程中菌体生长、胞外多糖生成以及发酵过程的pH变化,绘制其胞外多糖发酵代谢曲线.通过形态观察、培养特性观察、生理生化实验和16S rDNA序列分析对该菌株进行了鉴定.结果显示,S-1菌株在产糖培养基中可以产生1.50 g/L的胞外多糖,在11株菌中产量最高.16S rDNA序列分析显示该菌属于赖氨酸芽孢杆菌(Lysinibacillus),且与纺锤形赖氨酸芽孢杆菌(L.fusiformis)亲缘最近.综合其形态特征、培养特性和生理生化实验结果,将S-1菌株鉴定为纺锤形赖氨酸芽孢杆菌.该菌在胞外多糖产生菌中少有报道,为胞外多糖的进一步研究提供了菌种资源.     

不同生境产脂肪酶菌株的筛选及多样性

为发掘不同特性脂肪酶微生物资源,采用纯培养方法从青海高寒草地、雅安山区、成都平原分离得到产脂肪酶菌株54株.通过对菌株的DNA进行ERIC-PCR指纹图谱分析,按聚类树划分为5个操作分类单元.16S rDNA序列测定和聚类分析显示,分离菌株分布于芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、克雷伯氏菌属(Klebsiella)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、葡萄球菌属(Staphylococcus)、肠杆菌属(Enterobacter).多样性分析表明,与青海高寒草地、雅安山区相比,成都平原产脂肪酶菌株遗传多样性更为丰富.在54株菌中都出现了300 bp和1 300 bp两个特异且稳定出现的条带,这两个特异条带可能是产脂肪酶菌株的SCAR标记条带.     

干扰素废水菌种的筛选与产酶特性

针对干扰素废水具有抑制性导致活性污泥驯化培养难的问题,利用稀释涂布、富集培养的方法从干扰素废水中筛选出5株高效菌株,分别为IFN1~IFN5。观察5株高效菌种的菌落形态,经16S rDNA测序鉴定其中2株菌株为假单胞菌,2株菌株为索氏菌,1株为不动杆菌。完成了5株高效菌种的生理生化实验,分析其酶代谢系统:IFN1可产生蛋白酶和色氨酸酶;IFN2可产生过氧化氢酶、色氨酸酶和蛋白酶;IFN3可产生过氧化氢酶、色氨酸酶、蛋白酶和淀粉水解酶;IFN4可产生过氧化氢酶、蛋白酶和淀粉水解酶;IFN5可产生过氧化氢酶、蛋白酶。本研究为后续针对降解干扰素废水诱导酶的提取奠定基础。     

光合细菌PCR检测技术的建立与应用

针对光合细菌传统的菌种鉴定方法和MPN定量方法存在费时、费力和准确性筹的问题,本研究建立了光合细菌特异PCR鉴定技术和实时荧光PCR定量的检测技术.以微生物肥料产品常用的光合细菌沼泽红假单胞菌和类球红细菌作为研究对象,分别依据16S rDNA序列和gyrB序列设计出具有种水平特异性的引物,优化并确定了PCR反应条件,其灵敏度达到100 pg/μL,对6个光合细菌产品鉴定的符合率为100%,结果表明建立的PCR鉴定技术具有特异性、灵敏性和实用性.再根据16S rDNA的保守序列设计了常用光合细菌通用引物,用其对系列稀释的已知菌含量样品的DNA模板进行荧光定量PCR,制作标准曲线.对10个光合细菌样品进行荧光定量PCR法测定,根据与标准曲线比较得出样品中的光合细菌含量,其结果与MPN法的相关系数为0.98,两者具有良好的相天性,结果表明建立的荧光定量PCR法可用于光合细菌的定量检测,并具有高特异性和快速等优点.     

甘薯块根腐烂真菌的分离和鉴定

从腐烂甘薯块根中分离到4株丝状真菌,分别编号为SP-1、SP-2、SP-3和SP-4,它们都能在甘薯块根片上快速生长.将这4株真菌接种在PDA培养基上,观察其菌落形态和结构特征.提取4株菌的总DNA,利用真菌的18S rDNA通用引物进行扩增、克隆和测序,其18S rDNA序列的长度分别为1 810 bp、1 769 bp、1 768 bp和1 770 bp.将这些序列在GenBank中进行序列比对,获得的同源性较高的序列用于构建系统进化树.根据分子鉴定和形态观察的结果,SP-1菌株是匍枝根霉(Rhizopus stolonifer)SP-1,SP-2是尖镰孢(Fusarium oxysporum)SP-2,SP-3是康宁肉座菌(Hypocreakoningii)SP-3,SP-4是肉座菌属(Hypocrea),命名为Hypocrea sp.SP-4.     

香芋高产、优质栽培技术与产品分级及加工

香芋是多年生宿根草本植物,属天南星科(Araceae)一年生栽培,是我省重要的特种蔬菜之一,随着农业结构调整步伐的加快,香芋的种植面积也在不断扩大,为了提高香芋的产量和品质,达到绿色蔬菜的标准,该文提出了香芋高产、优质栽培技术与产品分级及加工.表3,参5.     

Nanosensors and nanobiosensors in food and agriculture

The food and agriculture sector controls the economic growth of a developing country. The food industries have practices of growing crops, raising livestock and sea foods, food processing and packaging, regulating production and distribution with quality and safety. The process control and monitoring quality are crucial steps. Here we review nanosensors and nanobiosensors as alternative of classical quantification methods. Nanoscale dimensions of metal nanoparticles, metal nanoclusters, metal oxide nanoparticles, metal and carbon quantum dots, graphene, carbon nanotubes, and nanocomposites expand the sensitivity by signal amplification and integrate several novel transduction principles such as enhanced electrochemical, optical, Raman, enhanced catalytic activity, and superparamagnetic properties into the nanosensors. The electrochemical nanosensors, optical nanosensors, electronic nose and electronic tongue, nanobarcode technology, and wireless nanosensors have revolutionized the sensing in food and agriculture sectors with multiplex and real-time sensing capabilities. Despite previous success stories of the remunerative health sector, the approaches are transferred subsequently to food and agriculture sector; with potential application in detection of food contaminants such as preservatives, antibiotics, heavy metal ions, toxins, microbial load, and pathogens along with the rapid monitoring of temperature, traceability, humidity, gas, and aroma of the food stuff.     

市场经济与土肥科技

土肥的基础地位是不随社会性质或社会经济类型的变化而变化的，它既具重要性，又具长久性．市场经济是仍然需要土肥科技的．土肥科技的教学、科研和推广的力度必须加大，局面必须改观，且宜快不宜迟．土肥科技工作者一定要将培肥地力作为中心工作．根据广东的实际，增施有机肥是培肥地力的主要措施，因而抓秸秆还田和发展冬绿肥是我们工作的重点．     

基因污染与生态环境安全

论述了基因污染可能对生态环境安全造成的影响。转基因作物有可能污染天然物种的基因库；有可能破坏传统农作物品种的遗传多样性，加速作物种植品种的单一化及基因资源的流失；使抗除草剂作物的基因向野生或半野生植物漂移的可能性加大，有可能创造出“超级杂草”；带有病毒型转基因作物的基因重组，有可能创造出新的植物病毒，导致新的病害；BT转基因抗虫作物分泌的毒素，在食物链中传递，很难加以控制，对非目标生物造成危害，并最终破坏自然生态系统的平衡。文章还从不同角度分析了基因污染的严重性。     

Indoor and outdoor air pollution and lung cancer in New Hampshire and Vermont

Indoor and outdoor air pollution is known to contribute to increased lung cancer incidence. This study is the first to address the contribution of home heating fuel and geographical course particulate matter (PM₁₀) concentrations to lung cancer rates in New Hampshire, USA. First, Pearson correlation analysis and geographically weighted regression were used to investigate spatial relationships between outdoor PM₁₀ and lung cancer rates. While the aforementioned analyses did not indicate a significant contribution of PM₁₀ to lung cancer in the state, there was a trend towards a significant association in the northern and southwestern regions of the state. Second, case-control data were used to estimate the contributions of indoor pollution and secondhand smoke to the risk of lung cancer with adjustment for confounders. Increased risk was found among those who used wood or coal to heat their homes for more than 10 winters before the age of 18, with a significant increase in risk per winter. Resulting data suggest that further investigation of the relationship between heating-related air pollution levels and lung cancer risk is needed.     

Characteristics of dispersions and water-soluble extracts of crude and refined oils and their toxicity to estuarine crustaceans and fish

The quantitative hydrocarbon composition and behavior in seawater of water-soluble fractions (WSF) and oil-in-water dispersions (OWD) of 4 oils was investigated. Two crude oils, South Louisiana crude and Kuwait crude, and two refined oils, No. 2 fuel oil and bunker C residual oil, were used in these investigations. The WSFs of the crude oils had higher total oil-hydrocarbon concentrations and were richer in light aliphatics and single-ring aromatics than were the WSFs of the refined oils. The WSFs of the refined oils contained significantly higher concentrations of naphthalenes than did those of the crudes. The hydrocarbon composition of the aqueous phase of OWDs closely resembled that of the parent oils. Gentle aeration of the OWDs resulted in a loss of 80 to 90% of the aqueous hydrocarbons in 24 h. Alkanes disappeared from the dispersions more rapidly than aromatics. The WSFs and OWDs of the refined oils were considerably more toxic to the 6 test species than were those of the crude oils. The test species can be ranked according to increasing sensitivity to oil as follows: Cyprinodon variegatus, Menidia beryllina, Fundulus similus, Penaeus aztecus postlarvae, Palaemonetes pugio and Mysidopsis almyra. The results of this investigation are discussed in relation to the potential impacts of oil spills on the marine and estuarine environments.     

1株贫营养好氧反硝化菌的分离鉴定及其脱氮特性

从水库底泥样品中,以硝酸盐为唯一氮源进行驯化、分离筛选出1株能在贫营养及好氧条件下进行高效反硝化的菌株PY8,经过电镜形态学观察、生理生化和16S rDNA序列分析,并基于16SrDNA序列结果,构建了该菌株的系统发育树,最终确定菌株PY8为根瘤菌Rhizobiumsp.。考察了初始pH值、温度、C/N、初始硝酸钠质量浓度、投菌量对菌株PY8硝酸盐还原活性的影响,以及该菌株的异养硝化性能。结果表明,在pH6.0～10.0,温度25～30℃,C/N1.0～9.0,初始硝酸钠质量浓度0.01～0.50g·L-1,投菌量1%～15%时,菌株PY8培养72h后的硝氮去除率可达到95%以上。另外,该菌株具有同时硝化-反硝化作用,在培养过程中氨氮去除率可达到58%左右。实验结果表明,菌株PY8在微污染水体生物脱氮领域中具有很大的应用潜力。