恶臭的测定与证人

介绍了恶臭的测定和评价方法及有关知识。重点介绍了日本恶臭防止法所规定的仪器分析法和官能法中的三点比较式臭袋法，并从原理、应用方面对这两种分析方法进行了分析对比。此外，还介绍了目前国内外常用的恶臭评价标准。     

炼油恶臭污染治理技术在中国石化天津分公司的应用实例

简述了炼油装置区恶臭污染源的主要分布、恶臭气体组成和排放规律，介绍了恶臭治理的基本方法。通过治理实例，重点分析了目前常用的吸收法、燃烧法、生物法和吸附法等恶臭治理技术的优势和相对不足，并对恶臭治理应用技术方案的选择提出建议。     

恶臭气体生物处理技术研究进展

介绍了恶臭气体的种类、危害、特征、处理方法及原理；概述了恶臭气体的3种主要生物处理方法：生物滤池、生物滴滤池和生物洗涤器，介绍3种方法的工艺流程、技术特点及最新研究进展；提出了生物法处理恶臭气体亟需解决的问题及研究方向。     

恶臭污染及其治理技术（续）

恶臭污染及其治理技术（续）李立清，杨建康，陈昭宜（湖南大学，长沙４１００８２）（续１９９５年第３期）３．４吸收法３．４．１水吸收法让恶臭气体与水接触，使恶臭物质溶于水中，达到除臭的目的。此法仅对水溶性的恶臭物质有效，但存在二次污染问题，一般只作为预处...     

含硫气田恶臭气体阈限值与恶臭强度的关系

介绍了恶臭强度的6级分类法,针对含硫气田典型的5种含硫恶臭化合物,利用韦伯-费希纳公式研究了气体浓度和恶臭强度的关系,计算并分析了我国环境标准和职业卫生标准规定的阈限值对应的恶臭强度。GB/T14554—1993《恶臭污染物排放标准》规定一级厂界浓度标准限值对应的恶臭强度为2.5左右,二级新改扩建厂界标准限值对应恶臭强度为2.8左右。我国国家职业卫生标准GBZ 2.1—2007中规定的含硫恶臭气体职业接触限值对应的恶臭强度均在4以上。     

炼油厂厂界恶臭强度分级评估

石油炼制是产生恶臭污染的重点行业之一,恶臭强度是评估恶臭污染程度的重要参数。以炼油厂厂界大气特征污染物为研究对象,综合考虑检出率、嗅阈值和物质浓度3项指标,采用指标评分法筛选出厂界主要恶臭污染物硫化氢、氨、甲苯和二甲苯。基于韦伯-费希纳定律构建了恶臭强度分级评估方法,以某炼油厂为例进行了厂界恶臭强度评估,结果表明,厂界恶臭强度值为0.63,属于Ⅱ级(轻污染),硫化氢是恶臭强度的主要贡献源。应用感官测定法验证了该评估方法的可靠性。从恶臭管理的角度看,炼油厂在厂界达标排放的基础上应进一步实施恶臭污染综合治理措施,以改善周边的环境质量。     

工厂环境恶臭预测方法的探讨

在Weber-Fechner定律的基础上,提出了一个新的恶臭预测模式,并结合某铝材厂扩建工程的恶臭预测评价,对该模式进行了参数估值和模式验证,结果表明该模式较为理想。     

恶臭污染及其治理技术

介绍了恶臭物质的来源、对人体的危害及恶臭强度分级方法；综述了常用的恶息物质处理方法。     

低温等离子体治理恶臭气体研究进展

介绍了恶臭气体的分类和来源、传统的除臭方法以及这些方法的缺点；简述了低温等离子体产生的方法及其治理恶臭气体的机理；论述了介质阻挡放电、脉冲电晕放电、滑动弧光放电和其他方法在除臭方面的国内外研究进展；指出了利用等离子体治理恶臭气体存在的主要问题及其今后的研究方向。     

利用微生物高效率脱臭处理技术

利用微生物脱臭方法比燃烧法、药剂洗涤法、活性炭吸附法等物理和化学脱臭法的运转费用低,这一点已引起人们的注意。工业上最初利用土壤脱臭是美国人R.D.Pomeroy提出的。他在1957年发表了用土壤处理硫化氢恶臭气体的专利。其原理很简单,恶臭气体从     

化学品生物降解性的评价与预测

介绍了有机化学物质生物降解性的测定方法及其预测方法研究概况，并讨论了生物降解性评价的发展前景。     

Sample preparation and biomass determination of SRF model mixture using cryogenic milling and the adapted balance method

The biogenic fraction of a simple solid recovered fuel (SRF) mixture (80 wt% printer paper/20 wt% high density polyethylene) is analyzed with the in-house developed adapted balance method (aBM). This fairly new approach is a combination of combustion elemental analysis (CHNS) and a data reconciliation algorithm based on successive linearisation for evaluation of the analysis results. This method shows a great potential as an alternative way to determine the biomass content in SRF. However, the employed analytical technique (CHNS elemental analysis) restricts the probed sample mass to low amounts in the range of a few hundred milligrams. This requires sample comminution to small grain sizes (<200 μm) to generate representative SRF specimen. This is not easily accomplished for certain material mixtures (e.g. SRF with rubber content) by conventional means of sample size reduction.This paper presents a proof of principle investigation of the sample preparation and analysis of an SRF model mixture with the use of cryogenic impact milling (final sample comminution) and the adapted balance method (determination of biomass content). The so derived sample preparation methodology (cutting mills and cryogenic impact milling) shows a better performance in accuracy and precision for the determination of the biomass content than one solely based on cutting mills. The results for the determination of the biogenic fraction are within 1–5% of the data obtained by the reference methods, selective dissolution method (SDM) and ¹⁴C-method (¹⁴C-M).     

Evaluation of thermally treated asbestos based on fiber number concentration determined by transmission electron microscopy

Appropriate treatment of asbestos waste is a significant problem. In Japan, inertization of asbestos-containing waste by novel techniques approved by the Ministry of the Environment is now promoted. A quantitative method of testing with high sensitivity to the asbestos levels present in the inertization products is required for the approval process, but many testing methods are only qualitative. Thus, we have developed an evaluation method for asbestos in inertized products, consisting of the extraction of fibers from inertized products and determination of fiber number concentration by transmission electron microscopy. We adopted this testing method to evaluate thermally treated asbestos. It was found that fiber number concentrations of thermally treated asbestos decreased with increased treatment temperature, and were below the environmental level (10² Mf/g) at more than 1000 °C for chrysotile and crocidolite and more than 1400 °C for amosite and other amphibole forms of asbestos.     

我国水中余氯测定标准的对比分析

分析了国内水中余氯测定标准的现状,从标准适用范围、标准对象、方法原理、样品预处理、干扰物和方法的精密度等方面对现行标准进行了分析讨论,提出目前国内水中余氯测定标准存在现状复杂、技术内容重复、术语名称和定义不统一、样品预处理、保藏和运输规定与检测方法之间不协调、方法的质量指标不同等问题,并对今后余氯测定标准化工作提出建议,特别是针对标准对象名称混乱和技术内容重复等现象,对标准制/修订工作提出了及时复审或修订标准、对关键技术内容开展比对试验以探讨差异存在必要性等建议。     

生物滴滤法处理药厂混合废气的工程实践

建立了生物滴滤现场中试装置,处理某生物发酵类制药厂生产车间和污水处理设施产生的混合废气。该装置28 d挂膜启动成功,对废气中恶臭和VOCs组分有较好的处理效果,能适应现场废气浓度和气量波动的变化。总体而言,喷淋强度对处理效果的影响较小,处理气流量对处理效果的影响较大。当处理气流量大于2 845 m³/h(对应空床停留时间40 s)时,对恶臭和VOCs的去除效果不理想。当处理气流量为2 000 m³/h时,VOCs的最大去除负荷为2.003 g/(m³·h),对应的进气负荷为2.119 g/(m³·h)。对该装置中填料上的微生物进行了高通量测序,发现金属杆菌(Metallibacterium sp.)、硫单胞菌(Thiomonas sp.)、黄杆菌(Fluviicola sp.)、支气杆菌(Cloacibacterium sp.)和嗜酸菌(Acidiphilium sp.)为优势菌种。     

废水中甲醇分析方法的研究

建立了废水中甲醇的3种分析方法，毛细管柱气相色谱法、填充柱气相色谱法和变色酸分光光度法。测定废水中甲醇浓度相对标准偏差分别为1．45％，2．93％，3．61％，平均回收率分别为100．88％，98．19％，97．62％。实验结果表明：3种方法能较好对应，其中毛细管柱气相色谱法灵敏度最高，方法检出限为0．05mg／L。     

Toxicity screening of biodegradable polymers. II. Evaluation of cell culture test with medium extract

Cell culture testing with material extracts was applied to toxicity screening of some commercial degradable plastics: a plasticized cellulose acetate, an aliphatic polyester (Bionolle), polyhydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate (Biopol), and polycaprolactone (TONE polymer). Cell culture medium with serum was used as extraction medium. Methods for the determination of morphology and viability of cells cultured in the extract were investigated. Phase-contrast light microscopy of cells, enhanced by neutral red staining, provides high-contrast images for qualitative evaluation of cell morphology and lysis. Compared to the determination of protein using the Bradford method and of neutral red uptake, the determination of dehydrogenase activity using 3-[4,5-dimethylthia-zol-2-yl]-2,5-diephenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) is more sensitive and accurate. The relative MTT activity of cells cultured in fresh extracts indicate that TONE polymer (all shapes) and Bionolle (test bars and films) are comparable to materials currently used in the food industry (polyethylene terephthalate, atactic and isotactic polystyrene) with no toxic effects on cells.     

Test methods to aid in the evaluation of the diversion of biodegradable municipal waste (BMW) from landfill

This response follows on from a recent discussion by Sánchez (2009) on test methods to aid in the evaluation of the diversion of biodegradable municipal waste (BMW) from landfill. Test methods to assess the biodegradability/biodegradable content of organic waste are of great interest across Europe for different purposes, such as landfill acceptance criteria, monitoring treatment facility performance and for monitoring the diversion of biodegradable municipal waste (BMW) from landfill. Many studies have recently attempted to correlate short-term test methods with long-term anaerobic test methods. This response discusses recent findings and conclusions made by Sánchez (2009) and describes recent work undertaken at Cranfield University to develop the enzymatic hydrolysis test (EHT) method. The EHT has previously shown potential as a short-term, non-biological, biodegradability assessment tool, however there is a requirement to further develop this test method. We conclude that aerobic and anaerobic biological test methods are not the only suitable methods of assessing waste treatment process performance; and that alternative methods such as EHT are feasible and potentially suitable.     

Simultaneous determination of volatile and semivolatile organic compounds in soil

A microscale solvent extraction (MSE) method was developed for the simultaneous determination of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) in soil. Tests of precision, recovery, and comparability to other Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) methods have been completed, and the MSE method compares well to Soxhlet and sonication extraction. Based on these validation data, EPA has assigned number 3570 to this method. Method 3570 has several advantages, including reduced use of solvent and soil sample, generating much less laboratory waste. Laboratory space and labor requirements are reduced as compared to many other sample preparation methods. Consequently, Method 3570 can provide comparable chemical data at less cost or environmental impact.     

建设项目卫生防护距离的确定方法

建设项目环境影响评价过程中的选址问题至关重要,卫生防护距离的可达性是必不可少的因素.以合成氨厂为例,探讨环境影响评价中卫生防护距离的确定方法,对无组织排放源、源强及参数的确定进行了说明.