一株对氯苯胺降解菌的分离鉴定及其降解特性

从某化工厂污水处理车间好氧池活性污泥中分离到一株降解对氯苯胺的细菌PCA039菌株 ,该菌株能够以对氯苯胺为唯一碳源、氮源生长 .经过对其形态特征、生理生化、以及 16SrDNA序列分析 ,该菌株初步鉴定为Diaphorobacter sp..进一步研究表明 ,该菌株的生长过程中 ,氯离子释放同步于对氯苯胺降解 ,并且氯离子的释放量与对氯苯胺的降解量相当 .其利用对氯苯胺生长的最适温度和pH分别为30℃和7.5,3d时间内的最适降解浓度为300mg/L(2.35mmol/L) .测定了降解途径中相关酶的活性 ,表明对氯苯胺经过苯胺双加氧酶初始氧化和羟基化后 ,芳环的裂解是由邻苯二酚2,3-双加氧酶催化.     

一株尼古丁高效降解菌株的分离鉴定和降解特性

从杭州利群环保纸业有限公司库存废烟叶中分离得到一株尼古丁高效降解菌株ZUTSKD.经形态、生理生化以及16S rDNA序列同源性分析,鉴定该菌株属于Pseudomonas sp.,命名为Pseudomonas sp. Strain ZUTSKD.该菌能以尼古丁为唯一碳氮源和能源生长,降解尼古丁最适温度为30℃,最适pH为7.5.添加氯化铵和葡萄糖有利于尼古丁的降解.在尼古丁的代谢产物中能够检测到3-(2,3,4-三氢-5-吡咯基)-吡啶,2,3′-二吡啶, 可天宁和3-羧基-吡啶.该研究表明,ZUTSKD菌株有很强的尼古丁降解能力,可用于处理烟草废弃物.     

乐果降解菌L3 的分离、鉴定及降解性能

从某农药厂废水处理池活性污泥中分离到1 株以乐果为唯一碳源生长的细菌,命名为L3.根据其生理生化特征和16S r RNA (GenBank Accession No.EU004590 )基因序列分析,将该菌株初步鉴定为副球菌属(Paracoccus sp.).该菌株能在6h 内降解100mg/L 的乐果至检出限以下.L3 降解乐果的最适pH 值为7.0,最适温度为35℃.土壤试验表明,L3 可在3d 内降解250mg/kg 乐果至检出限以下     

辛硫磷降解菌XSP-1的分离、鉴定及其降解特性研究

从农药厂污泥中分离到1株能以辛硫磷为唯一碳源生长的细菌, 命名为XSP-1.根据其生理生化特征和16S rRNA基因序列相似性分析, 将该菌株初步鉴定为戴尔福特菌属(Delftia sp.). 该菌株能在7 h内完全降解100　mg/L的辛硫磷. XSP-1降解辛硫磷的最适pH为7.0, 最适温度为35℃, 降解速率与初始接种量呈正相关, 该菌株对甲基对硫磷、毒死蜱、杀螟硫磷也有较好的降解能力. 根据已报道有机磷农药降解基因mpd的保守序列设计引物, 未从该菌株中扩增到目标条带, 但是该菌株是否带有新的有机磷农药降解基因仍需要进一步研究.     

一株耐盐原油降解菌的分离鉴定及其降解特性研究

通过对一株新分离到的耐盐原油降解菌进行形态学观察和生理生化鉴定,确定该菌株为假单胞菌(Pseudomonas sp).并对其生长特性和降解特性做了初步研究,确定了该菌株降解原油的最适条件为:原油的质量浓度为0.5 g/L、NaCl的质量浓度为30 g/L、pH值为8、温度30℃、摇床转速140 r/min、接种量为3%.在最适条件下,经过5 d的培养,原油的降解率为68%.实验结果表明该菌株治理海洋石油污染的应用前景较大.     

3-PBA降解菌BA3的降解特性及基因工程菌构建

从石油污染土壤中分离到1株能以3-苯氧基苯甲酸(3-PBA)为唯一碳源生长的细菌,命名为BA3.根据其生理生化特征和16S rDNA序列相似性分析,将该菌鉴定为鞘脂菌属(Sphingobium sp.).该菌株在60 h内对100 mg·L-1的3-苯氧基苯甲酸的降解率达到99%.降解3-苯氧基苯甲酸的最适温度为30℃...     

杀螟硫磷降解菌FDS-1的分离鉴定及其降解特性

从长期受杀螟硫磷污染的土壤中分离到一株能以杀螟硫磷为唯一碳源生长的细菌 FDS-1,根据其生理生化分析和 16S rDNA(GenBank Accession No. AY550913)序列同源性分析,将该菌初步鉴定为伯克霍尔德氏菌属(Burkholderia sp.).该菌能在 14h 内完全降解100mg/L 的杀螟硫磷.该菌降解杀螟硫磷最适 pH 值为 7.0,最适温度为 30℃,菌株降解杀螟硫磷的速率和起始接种量呈正相关.酶的定域试验表明,该菌中有机磷水解酶为胞内酶.     

低温条件下1,2,4-三氯苯降解菌的筛选及降解特性

在10 ℃的低温条件下, 从吉林石化化工厂排污管和长春第一汽车制造厂污水处理厂的混合污泥中驯化并分离出10株能以1,2,4-三氯苯（1,2,4-TCB）为唯一碳源的降解菌株, 通过筛选得到6株高效1,2,4-TCB降解菌株. 以6株菌的混合菌为研究对象, 考察其对1,2,4-TCB的降解特性. 结果表明, 混合菌在以葡萄糖为辅助碳源, 硫脲为氮源, pH为7.0, 盐度为2.0%, 溶液体积100 mL的条件下对1,2,4-TCB的降解效果最佳, 且添加辅助碳源对1,2,4-TCB的降解有一定的促进作用. 根据菌种的生理生化特征对降解菌进行初步鉴定, 结果表明,6株菌分别属于弧菌属（Vibrio sp.）, 奈瑟氏球菌属（Neisseria sp.）, 螺菌属（Spirillum sp.）, 无色细菌属（Achromobacter sp.）, 醋酸单胞菌属（Acetobacter sp.）和节细菌属（Archrobacter sp.）.      

低温条件下硝基苯降解菌的分离及降解特性

低温条件下,从东北制药总厂的曝气池与氯霉素生产废水集水池污泥中分离、筛选得到6株以硝基苯为唯一碳源的降解菌,对6株菌进行降解能力研究得知,菌株cc-2为低温高效硝基苯降解菌。经形态特征和生理生化特征分析,初步鉴定属于不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter sp.)。菌株cc-2降解性能研究结果表明:菌株最佳条件为生长温度15℃、培养基pH值为7、摇床转速为140 r/min。最佳降解条件下,当硝基苯初始浓度为200 mg/L时菌株48h降解率达66.84%。外加葡萄糖和乙酸钠促进了菌株cc-2对硝基苯的生物降解,降解率分别为80.44%和78.57%,该菌株的生长降解性能研究为低温环境中硝基苯的修复提供了技术支撑。     

甲氰菊酯降解菌JQL4-5的分离鉴定及降解特性研究

从农药厂废水处理池的活性污泥中分离到1株能以甲氰菊酯为唯一碳源生长的细菌,命名为JQL4-5.根据其生理生化特征和16S rDNA(GenBank Accession No.DQ177525)序列相似性分析,将该菌株鉴定为鞘氨醇单胞菌属(Sphingomonas sp.).该菌株在24h内对20 mg/L的甲氰菊酯的降解率达到99.8%.降解甲氰菊酯的最适温度为30℃,pH为7.0,降解速率与初始接种量呈正相关.酶的定域试验表明,降解甲氰菊酯的酶为胞内酶.     

水体颗粒物的粒径和组成对多环芳烃生物降解的影响

采用模拟实验方法,研究黄河水体颗粒物的粒径和组成对苯并[a]芘和的生物降解速率的影响及影响机制.结果表明,苯并[a]芘和在水/颗粒物混合体系的降解符合一级动力学规律,颗粒物的存在促进了二者的生物降解,并且中沙(7～25μm)的促进作用最大,细沙(<7μm)次之,粗沙(>25μm)最小.在中沙、细沙和粗沙体系中,苯并[a]芘的一级动力学常数分别为0.024 8d^-1、0.021 2d^-1、0.019 2d^-1,的一级动力学常数分别为0.028 8d^-1、0.026 1d^-1、0.021 8d^-1.其影响机制主要包括:①颗粒物的存在促进了体系中多环芳烃降解菌的增长,且中沙和细沙体系中微生物增长快于粗沙体系.②多环芳烃(PAHs)吸附于颗粒物表面,其解吸作用使得颗粒物附近PAHs的浓度相对较高,且由于微生物也主要生长于水/颗粒物界面,这样使得微生物和PAHs接触的机会增大.由于中沙和细沙体系中颗粒物对微生物和PAHs的吸附作用均远大于粗沙体系,因此使得中沙和细沙体系中PAHs的降解速率大于粗沙体系.另外,与中沙相比,细沙对PAHs的吸附作用更强,解吸相对困难,从而使细沙体系中PAHs的降解速率低于中沙体系.     

多环芳烃在污泥与菜籽饼堆肥中的降解规律

研究了城市污泥和菜籽饼堆肥体系中16种多环芳烃(PAHs)在94 d内的降解演化过程.堆肥体系开始时16种PAHs的总浓度为1.792 mg·kg~(-1),堆肥结束后其总浓度为0.153 mg·kg~(-1).其总降解率为91.5% (p<0.05).堆肥过程中,堆体腐殖酸呈现先上升后下降,最后又稳步上升的趋势;与此同时,PAHs则呈现先下降后上升,最后又明显下降的趋势(第31～61 d).PAHs的微生物降解主要发生在堆肥的第16～31 d,但是苯环数≤3的PAHs降解过程与苯环数≥4的PAHs在堆肥第31～47 d存在差异:苯环数≤3的PAHs(除了菲)存在着一个持续的降解过程,但是苯环数≥4的PAHs和菲在堆肥第31～46 d表现出浓度的上升.这表明苯环数≥4的PAHs和菲存在强吸附作用,它们紧密的吸附使得微生物不易进行生物降解.PAHs化合物降解率与其相对分子质量之间存在正相关的关系,即相对分子质量越大的化合物其降解率越高,苯并(b)荧蒽例外.     

芘高效降解菌的分离鉴定及其降解特性研究

采用富集培养的方法从多环芳烃污染的土壤中分离到3株能高效降解四环芳烃芘的细菌J1、J2、J3,经形态观察、生理生化和16SrDNA鉴定,J1属于铜绿假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas aeruginosa),J2属于黄杆菌属(Flavobacterium mizutaii),J3属于短短芽孢杆菌属(Brevibacillus parabrevis).3株细菌均能以芘作为碳源生长,在含芘50、100、200、500、1 000 mg/L的无机盐液体培养基中培养7 d后细菌总数达到最高,在含芘200 mg.L-1的无机盐液体培养基中7d的降解效率分别达到53.04%、65.03%、51.02%.3株细菌对培养基具有较广泛的pH适应范围,在芘浓度200 mg/L,pH为4～9的液体条件下,均可生长,且对芘有很好的降解.虽然可以采用芘的二氯甲烷溶液或者N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)溶液向培养液中添加芘,但是以N,N-二甲基甲酰胺添加的方式芘在水溶液中起到很好的分散作用,更有利于3株细菌对芘的降解.     

Biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments from the Daliao River watershed, China

The Daliao River, as an important water system in Northeast China, was reported to be heavily polluted by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Aerobic biodegradations of four selected PAHs (naphthalene, phenanthrene, fluorene and anthracene) alone or in their mixture in river sediments from the Daliao River water systems were studied in microcosm systems. E ects of additional carbon source, inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus, temperature variation on PAHs degradation were also investigated. Results showed that the degradation of phenanthrene in water alone system was faster than that in water-sediment combined system. Degradation of phenanthrene in sediment was enhanced by adding yeast extract and ammonium, but retarded by adding sodium acetate and not significantly influenced by adding phosphate. Although PAHs could also be biodegraded in sediment under low temperature (5°C), much lower degradation rate was observed. Sediments from the three main streams of the Daliao River water system (the Hun River, the Taizi River and the Daliao River) demonstrated di erent degradation capacities and patterns to four PAHs. Average removal rates (15 or 19 d) of naphthalene, phenanthrene, fluorene and anthracene by sediment were in the range of 0.062–0.087, 0.005–0.066, 0.008– 0.016 and 0–0.059 mg/(L d), respectively. As a result, naphthalene was most easily degraded compound, anthracene was the hardest one. In multiple PAHs systems, the interactions between PAHs influenced each PAH biodegradation.     

Isolation of marine benzo[a]pyrene-degrading Ochrobactrum sp. BAP5 and proteins characterization

A bacterial strain BAP5 with a relatively high degradation ability of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) was isolated from marine sediments of Xiamen Western Sea, China and identified as Ochrobactrum sp. according to 16S rRNA gene sequence as well as Biolog microbial identification system. Strain BAP5 could grow in mineral salt medium with 50 mg/L of BaP and degrade about 20% BaP after 30 d of incubation. Ochrobactrum sp. BAP5 was able to utilize other polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (such as phenanthrene, pyrene and fluoranthene) as the sole carbon source and energy source, suggesting its potential application in PAHs bioremediation. The profile of total soluble protein from Ochrobactrum sp. BAP5 was also investigated. Some over- and special-expressed proteins of strain BAP5 when incubated with the presence of BaP were detected by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and found to be related with PAHs metabolism, DNA translation, and energy production based on peptide fingerprint analysis through matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry.     

生物强化和生物刺激对土壤中PAHs降解的影响

采用生物强化(农田土中添加PAHs污染土或污泥)和生物刺激(PAHs污染土中添加(NH4)2HPO4)2种措施,研究了土壤中13种PAHs的降解及CO2的释放量.结果显示,农田土壤中的微生物对2~5环的PAHs都有较强的降解能力,添加污染土显著增强了对5环PAHs的降解,表明污染土中的微生物对高环PAHs的降解能力更强;添加污泥对促进PAHs降解的作用不明显,可能是好氧培养条件不适合厌氧菌的生长.添加N、P营养盐可显著提高污染土中3~4环PAHs的降解,但5环PAHs在添加和未添加N、P中的降解率始终较低,均小于10%.CO2的释放呈现先增加再降低,再略微增加直至平稳的过程,且与PAHs的降解高度响应,说明PAHs的降解与微生物活性密切相关.     

Isolation of marine benzo[a]pyrene-degrading Ochrobactrum sp. BAP5 and proteins characterization

A bacterial strain BAP5 with a relatively high degradation ability of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) was isolated from marine sediments of Xiamen Western Sea, China and identified as Ochrobactrum sp. according to 16S rRNA gene sequence as well as Biolog microbial identification system. Strain BAP5 could grow in mineral salt medium with 50 mg/L of BaP and degrade about 20% BaP after 30 d of incubation. Ochrobactrum sp. BAP5 was able to utilize other polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (such as phenanthrene, pyrene and fluoranthene) as the sole carbon source and energy source, suggesting its potential application in PAHs bioremediation. The profile of total soluble protein from Ochrobactrum sp. BAP5 was also investigated. Some over- and special-expressed proteins of strain BAP5 when incubated with the presence of BaP were detected by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and found to be related with PAHs metabolism, DNA translation, and energy production based on peptide fingerprint analysis through matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry.     

焦化厂多环芳烃污染土壤的强化微生物修复研究

从北京焦化厂采集了多个多环芳烃(PAHs)污染土壤样品,目的是从中分离出PAHs降解菌并确定其适宜的生存条件,进行富集培养后,应用于焦化厂污染土壤的强化微生物修复.分别以美国EPA优先控制的16种PAHs中的一种为唯一碳源,采用平板划线法对降解菌进行分离并通过基因分析方法确定其种属,共获得7种PAHs降解菌,这些菌混合在一起,在适当的浓度条件下,可对16种2～6环的PAHs进行降解.在液体培养基中16种PAHs总浓度(ΣPAH16)为17μg/mL时,单一菌即可生长良好且具有降解活性,但当ΣPAH16为166μg/mL时,不论是单一菌还是混合菌(7种PAHs降解菌),其生长和活性均受到抑制.针对北京焦化厂污染土壤,设计了5组处理,即对照(C)、添加营养物(N)、添加营养物和降解菌(N+B)、添加营养物和表面活性剂(N+S)、以及添加营养物、降解菌和表面活性剂(N+B+S).经过5周的实验,与C组相比,N+B组16种PAHs的去除率平均提高了32%,N+B+S组16种PAHs的去除率平均提高了46%(其中10种4～6环PAHs的去除率平均提高了52%).添加PAHs降解菌和表面活性剂可明显增强土壤中PAHs的降...     

Degradation of pyrene by immobilized microorganisms in saline-alkaline soil

Biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is very difficult in saline-alkaline soil due to the inhibition of microbial growth under saline-alkaline stress. The microorganisms that can most effectively degrade PAHs were screened by introducing microorganisms immobilized on farm byproducts and assessing the validity of the immobilizing technique for PAHs degradation in pyrene-contaminated saline-alkaline soil. Among the microorganisms examined, it was found that Mycobacterium sp. B2 is the best, and can degrade 82.2% and 83.2% of pyrene for free and immobilized cells after 30 days of incubation. The immobilization technique could increase the degradation of pyrene significantly, especially for fungi. The degradation of pyrene by the immobilized microorganisms Mucor sp. F2, fungal consortium MF and co-cultures of MB+MF was increased by 161.7% (P < 0.05), 60.1% (P < 0.05) and 59.6% (P < 0.05) after 30 days, respectively, when compared with free F2, MF and MB+MF. Scanning electron micrographs of the immobilized microstructure proved the positive effects of the immobilized microbial technique on pyrene remediation in saline-alkaline soil, as the interspace of the carrier material structure was relatively large, providing enough space for cell growth. Co-cultures of different bacterial and fungal species showed different abilities to degrade PAHs. The present study suggests that Mycobacterium sp. B2 can be employed for in situ bioremediation of PAHs in saline-alkaline soil, and immobilization of fungi on farm byproducts and nutrients as carriers will enhance fungus PAH-degradation ability in saline-alkaline soil.     

Degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by Pseudomonas sp. JM2 isolated from active sewage sludge of chemical plant

It is important to screen strains that can decompose polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) completely and rapidly with good adaptability for bioremediation in a local area. A bacterial strain JM2, which uses phenanthrene as its sole carbon source, was isolated from the active sewage sludge from a chemical plant in Jilin, China and identified as Pseudomonas based on 16S rDNA gene sequence analysis. Although the optimal growth conditions were determined to be pH 6.0 and 37℃, JM2 showed a broad pH and temperature profile. At pH 4.5 and 9.3, JM2 could degrade more than 40% of fluorene and phenanthrene (50 mg/L each) within 4 days. In addition, when the temperature was as low as 4℃, JM2 could degrade up to 24% fluorene and 12% phenanthrene. This showed the potential for JM2 to be applied in bioremediation over winter or in cold regions. Moreover, a nutrient augmentation study showed that adding formate into media could promote PAH degradation, while the supplement of salicylate had an inhibitive effect. Furthermore, in a metabolic pathway study, salicylate, phthalic acid, and 9-fluorenone were detected during the degradation of fluorene or phenanthrene. In conclusion, Pseudomonas sp. JM2 is a high performance strain in the degradation of fluorene and phenanthrene under extreme pH and temperature conditions. It might be useful in the bioremediation of PAHs.