保护性耕作对后茬冬小麦土壤CO2和N2O排放的影响

为研究保护性耕作对后茬冬小麦土壤CO2和N2O排放的影响,在前茬进行常规耕作(T)、免耕(NT)、免耕+秸秆覆盖(NTS)、常规耕作+秸秆施用(TS)这4种处理,采用静态箱-气相色谱法分析土壤CO2和N2O排放通量.结果表明,保护性耕作没有改变后茬土壤CO2和N2O排放的季节性规律,对冬小麦生物量无明显影响;保护性耕作显著减少了土壤CO2和N2O累积排放量.与T相比,TS、NT、NTS的全生育期土壤CO2累积排放量分别降低了5.95%(P=0.132)、12.94%(P=0.007)和13.91%(P=0.004),土壤N2O累积排放量分别减少了31.23%(P=0.000)、61.29%(P=0.000)和33.08%(P=0.000).本研究表明免耕与秸秆施用能减少后茬作物生长季土壤的CO2和N2O排放量.     

SiB3模式对作物区CO2通量的模拟研究

以苏州东山观测站农田为对象,通过使用简单生物圈模式(SiB3),在苏州东山站选取不同植被类型作为模式输入参数进行CO2通量的模拟,并利用苏州东山站2010-04-16~2011-06-30日的观测数据进行对比,讨论不同植被对苏州东山站CO2通量的影响.结果发现,选择玉米作为站点植被类型输入模式模拟的各月CO2通量日变化趋势与观测数据比较一致;而选择普通作物类型输入模式模拟获得的CO2通量,在4月和5月,白天低估CO2通量,6月高估CO2通量;选择茶树类型作为模式植被类型输入的模拟结果,高估5月和6月白天的CO2通量.另外,本研究还使用SiB3模式对每日CO2通量进行模拟,与观测对比后发现,选择的3种植被类型模拟获得的结果能较准确模拟出每日CO2通量的收支,但存在一定偏差.这说明,选择正确的植被类型能够使SiB3模式有效地模拟出CO2通量的日变化,但对时间从小时上升到每日尺度的CO2通量进行模拟时还存在一定困难,需要进一步验证.     

Effect of drainage on CO2, CH4, and N2O fluxes from aquaculture ponds during winter in a subtropical estuary of China

Aquaculture ponds are dominant features of the landscape in the coastal zone of China.Generally,aquaculture ponds are drained during the non-culture period in winter.However,the effects of such drainage on the production and flux of greenhouse gases(GHGs)from aquaculture ponds are largely unknown.In the present study,field-based research was performed to compare the GHG fluxes between one drained pond(DP,with a water depth of 0.05 m)and one undrained pond(UDP,with a water depth of 1.16 m)during one winter in the Min River estuary of southeast China.Over the entire study period,the mean CO_2flux in the DP was(0.75±0.12)mmol/(m~2·hr),which was significantly higher than that in the UDP of(-0.49±0.09)mmol/(m~2·hr)(p0.01).This indicates that drainage drastically transforms aquaculture ponds from a net sink to a net source of CO_2in winter.Mean CH_4and N_2O emissions were significantly higher in the DP compared to those in the UDP(CH_4=(0.66±0.31)vs.(0.07±0.06)mmol/(m~2·hr)and N_2O=(19.54±2.08)vs.(0.01±0.04)μmol/(m~2·hr))(p0.01),suggesting that drainage would also significantly enhance CH_4and N_2O emissions.Changes in environmental variables(including sediment temperature,p H,salinity,redox status,and water depth)contributed significantly to the enhanced GHG emissions following pond drainage.Furthermore,analysis of the sustained-flux global warming and cooling potentials indicated that the combined global warming potentials of the GHG fluxes were significantly higher in the DP than in the UDP(p0.01),with values of739.18 and 26.46 mg CO_2-eq/(m~2·hr),respectively.Our findings suggested that drainage of aquaculture ponds can increase the emissions of potent GHGs from the coastal zone of China to the atmosphere during winter,further aggravating the problem of global warming.     

Fluxes of nitric and nitrous oxides from agricultural soils in a cool temperate climate

Fluxes of NO and N₂O from sandy loam soils cropped with winter wheat and a clay loam soil under ryegrass, with and without the addition of NH₄NO₃ fertilizer, were measured using static and dynamic chamber methods. Nitric oxide fluxes ranged from −0.3 (deposition) to 6.9 (emission) ng NO-N m⁻² s⁻¹. The corresponding N₂O flux ranged from 0 to 91 (emission) ng N₂O-N m⁻² s⁻¹. The NO flux was temperature dependent. Activation energies ranged from 40 to 81 kJ mol⁻¹. Nitric oxide and N₂O fluxes increased linearly with soil available nitrogen (NH₄ + NO₃). Emissions of NO and N₂O were not detectable from unfertilized ryegrass plots. Instead, nitric oxide was absorbed by the soil and vegetation at a maximum rate of 0.31 ng NO-N m⁻² s⁻¹. The aeration state of the soil controlled the relative rates of NO and N₂O emission. Nitric oxide was the major gas emitted from well aerated soils, conditions that favour nitrification. The NO/N₂O emission ratio was >100 for the coarse-textured sandy loam soil and the clay loam soil only during low rainfall periods. Nitrous oxide was the major gas emitted from less aerated soils, conditions that allowed denitrification to occur. The NO/N₂O emission ratio was <0.001 for the clay loam soil when rainfall was high and soils were wet. Extrapolation to the U.K. situation showed that agricultural land may account for 2–6% of the total annual NO_x emission and for 16–64% of the total annual N₂O emission in the U.K.     

不同水分管理方式下水稻生长季N2O排放量估算：模型应用

基于田间原位测定结果,作者建立了不同水分管理方式下稻田N₂O排放估算的统计模型. 在模型验证和输入参数检验的基础上, 本研究应用模型估算了20世纪50～90年代我国稻田水稻生长季N₂O直接排放量. 结果表明, 由于水稻种植面积和氮输入量的增加、以及水分管理方式的变化, 稻田N₂O-N季节排放量从20世纪50年代平均每年9.55 Gg增加到了90年代每年32.26 Gg, 同期伴随着水稻单产的增加. 在20世纪50～90年代间, 我国水稻生产的N₂O-N排放量以平均每10 a6.74 Gg的速度递增. 20世纪50年代和90年代稻田N₂O-N季节排放通量平均分别为0.32 kg·hm^-2和1.00 kg·hm^-2, 相当于季节氮输入总量的0.37%和0.46%. 本研究模型估算50～90年代间稻田N₂O季节排放量的不确定性为59.8%～37.5%. 就全国稻田的不同种植区域而言, 长江中下游地区稻田水稻生长季N₂O排放量占全国稻田N₂O排放总量的51%～56%. 20世纪90年代水稻生长季N₂O排放量约占我国农田N₂O年总排放量的8%～11%. 相对于旱地作物而言, 过去几十年水稻生产的发展在很大程度上减缓了我国农业生产的N₂O排放. 然而, 随着水稻生产中节水灌溉的推广和氮肥施用量的增加, 我国稻田N₂O季节排放量预计将相应增加.     

Modeling the impacts of temperature and precipitation changes on soil CO2 fluxes from a Switchgrass stand recently converted from cropland

Switchgrass(Panicum virgatum L.) is a perennial C_4 grass native to North America and successfully adapted to diverse environmental conditions. It offers the potential to reduce soil surface carbon dioxide(CO_2) fluxes and mitigate climate change. However, information on how these CO_2 fluxes respond to changing climate is still lacking. In this study, CO_2 fluxes were monitored continuously from 2011 through 2014 using high frequency measurements from Switchgrass land seeded in 2008 on an experimental site that has been previously used for soybean(Glycine max L.) in South Dakota, USA. DAYCENT, a process-based model, was used to simulate CO_2 fluxes. An improved methodology CPTE[Combining Parameter estimation(PEST) with "Trial and Error" method] was used to calibrate DAYCENT. The calibrated DAYCENT model was used for simulating future CO_2 emissions based on different climate change scenarios. This study showed that:(i) the measured soil CO_2 fluxes from Switchgrass land were higher for 2012 which was a drought year, and these fluxes when simulated using DAYCENT for long-term(2015–2070) provided a pattern of polynomial curve;(ii) the simulated CO_2 fluxes provided different patterns with temperature and precipitation changes in a long-term,(iii) the future CO_2 fluxes from Switchgrass land under different changing climate scenarios were not significantly different, therefore, it can be concluded that Switchgrass grown for longer durations could reduce changes in CO_2 fluxes from soil as a result of temperature and precipitation changes to some extent.     

昼夜增温对大豆田土壤N2O排放的影响

通过田间试验,用静态箱-气相色谱法测定N2O排放通量,研究昼夜增温对大豆田土壤N2O排放的影响.结果表明,增温没有改变大豆田土壤N2O排放通量的季节性变化规律.整个生长季,与对照相比,增温土壤N2O平均排放通量增加了17.31%(P=0.019),累积排放量显著增加了20.27%(P=0.005).对照与增温处理土壤N2O排放通量与土壤温湿度均呈显著性相关关系,对照与增温土壤的N2O排放温度敏感系数分别为3.75和4.10.整个生育期,增温显著增加了植株地上和总生物量、叶片硝酸还原酶活性和全氮含量,显著降低了叶片NO3--N含量;显著增加了土壤NO3--N含量,但对土壤有机碳及全氮含量没有显著影响.本研究表明,昼夜增温显著增加了大豆田土壤N2O的排放.     

黄土高原地区两种土地利用方式CO2和N2O排放特征

为探究黄土高原地区两种不同土地利用方式下二氧化碳(CO_2)和氧化亚氮(N_2O)的排放特征,在长武黄土高原农业生态试验站,分别以15 a树龄的果园和麦田为研究对象,采用静态暗箱-气相色谱法对土壤CO_2和N_2O的排放进行了周年(2017年7月～2018年7月)田间原位观测.试验共设置果园施肥(AF)、果园对照(ACK)、小麦施肥(WF)和小麦对照(WCK)这4个处理.结果表明,土壤CO_2和N_2O排放随季节变化明显,降雨和施肥后均出现明显排放峰.AF处理的CO_2和N_2O累积排放量比WF处理高7. 14%和461. 4%.但ACK的CO_2累积排放量比WCK低10. 41%,而N_2O的累计排放量比WCK高109. 5%.果园N_2O的排放通量与表层土壤温度、水分显著正相关(P 0. 01),果园和麦田的CO_2排放通量均与表层土壤温度显著正相关(P 0. 05),而与表层土壤水分相关性不显著.因此,田间管理和环境因素综合影响土壤CO_2和N_2O排放,施肥量和土壤水热是造成两种土地利用方式CO_2和N_2O的排放特征和温室效应差异的主要因素.     

地表臭氧浓度升高对旱作农田N2O排放的影响

通过田间试验,在冬小麦和大豆生长季设置3种不同臭氧(O3)浓度的处理,包括自由空气(对照,CK)、100 n L·L-1O3浓度(T1)和150 n L·L-1O3浓度(T2),采用静态箱-气相色谱法测定N2O排放通量,研究地表O3浓度升高对冬小麦-大豆轮作系统N2O排放的影响.结果表明,与CK相比,在冬小麦返青期,T1和T2处理都降低了土壤-冬小麦系统N2O累积排放量,降幅分别为37.8%(P=0.000)和8.8%(P=0.903);在拔节-孕穗期,T1和T2处理使N2O累积排放量分别降低了15.0%(P=0.217)和39.1%(P=0.000);从冬小麦全生育期来看,T1、T2的N2O累积排放量分别降低了18.9%(P=0.138)和25.6%(P=0.000).由于本年度大豆生长季降水偏少,受干旱胁迫的影响,O3浓度升高对大豆田N2O排放的作用不明显.本研究表明地表O3浓度升高会减少旱作农田N2O排放量.     

模拟潮汐和植被对湿地温室气体通量的影响研究

以福建省九龙江入海口的滩涂潮间带作为研究对象,通过原位采样和室内人工微宇宙实验,利用静态箱-气相色谱法,研究了潮汐植被对湿地CH₄、CO₂和N₂O 3种重要温室气体通量的影响.结果表明,3种温室气体通量在模拟潮汐和植被作用下表现出明显的差异.模拟潮汐对CH₄和N₂O通量的影响没有明显的规律,总量上都表现为排放;对CO₂通量具有显著影响,退潮时抑制,表现为吸收,涨潮时促进,表现为排放.植被促进CH₄的排放,对CO₂通量影响无明显规律,对N₂O通量表现为抑制作用.植被除了自身对温室气体直接作用外,还通过改变沉积物的理化性质影响微生物活动,进而影响温室气体通量.综合分析,植被对温室气体通量的影响要比模拟潮汐作用明显.     

秸秆与化肥减量配施对菜地土壤温室气体排放的影响

采用静态箱/气相色谱法,2016年11月至2017年9月通过田间原位试验,设置了无物料还田(CK)、常规化肥(F)、秸秆还田配施100%化肥(100FS)、秸秆还田配施70%化肥(70FS)、秸秆还田配施60%化肥(60FS)、秸秆还田配施50%化肥(50FS),对比分析了在化肥减量的基础上,配施秸秆处理的菜地(莴笋-卷心菜-辣椒轮作)土壤CO_2、CH_4、N_2O动态变化特征及温室效应,研究秸秆与化肥减量配施对菜地温室气体排放的影响.结果表明,土壤CO_2、CH_4、N_2O排放具有一定的季节变化规律,排放高峰主要集中在4~8月,且在施肥灌水后均会出现气体的排放峰.秸秆与化肥配施较常规施肥(F)处理提高了土壤N_2O排放量,累积排放量及其排放系数,其中100FS处理的效果最为明显,辣椒季的累积排放通量明显高于莴笋季和卷心菜季,高达60.76 kg·hm~(-2)(P0.05),N_2O的排放系数(以N_2O-N/N计)为0.138 kg·kg-1,而秸秆与化肥减量配施较100FS处理可以降低氮肥的N_2O排放系数.与对照CK和F处理相比,70FS处理降低了土壤CO_2排放量和累积排放量,分别为55.28~1 831.62 mg·(m2·h)-1和7 502.13~25 988.55 kg·hm~(-2),而其他秸秆与化肥配施处理均增加了CO_2累积排放通量,尤其是60FS和50FS处理.对土壤CH_4排放而言,辣椒季的排放波动较大,除CK外,各处理的土壤CH_4累积排放量多为负值,表现为大气中CH_4汇;秸秆与化肥减量30%~50%配施处理均降低了辣椒季的土壤CH_4排放量和累积排放通量,而100FS处理提高了CH_4排放量和累积排放通量.与CK和F处理相比,除70FS外,100FS、60FS和50FS均显著提高了GWP.总体上,从温室气体排放角度,在常规化肥施用的基础上减量30%再与秸秆配施可以降低土壤CO_2和CH_4排放,缓解温室气体的增温潜势,而对土壤N_2O减排效果不显著.     

Pulse emissions of N2O and CO2 from an arable field depending on fertilization and tillage practice

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from soil are characterized by strong emission pulses. Although several mechanisms are known to create them, pulses are difficult to predict. Currently there is no established systematic way to identify pulses from long-term static chamber measurement results. In this study we suggest a simple algorithm for pulse identification. The algorithm was applied on time series of N₂O and carbon dioxide (CO₂) fluxes from a field study on the long-term impact of fertilization and tillage practice. Between 4 and 9% of N₂O values were pulse values; 20-60% of total emission was emitted as pulses. Minimum tillage resulted in more pulses than plowing. In contrast, long-term averages of N₂O losses from nitrogen (N) fertilizer were similar (3-4%) for all management practices. N₂O emissions per crop yield for increased fertilization practice were double the values for reduced fertilization practice independent of tillage practice. CO₂ emission pulses were scarce and there was no significant effect of management practice on CO₂ pulse probability.     

凤眼莲对富营养化水体硝化、反硝化脱氮释放N2O的影响

以往有关大型水生漂浮植物消减富营养化水体氮(N)的研究主要侧重于植物对N的吸收效果,而忽略了硝化、反硝化反应途径对水体脱氮的贡献.基于此,本研究中借助具创新性的收集凤眼莲种植水体释放N₂O的装置和方法,通过模拟实验研究了凤眼莲对富营养化水体硝化、反硝化脱氮中间产物N₂O的影响.结果表明,凤眼莲可以促进富营养化水体的硝化、反硝化、成对硝化-反硝化反应过程,在本实验条件下凤眼莲种植水体在整个培养期内释放的N₂O气体浓度累积升高幅度较大,为453~4055 nL·L^-1(未加硝化抑制剂处理),通过释放N₂O而脱除氮素的量占整个水体N消减量的1.36%,为相应未种植凤眼莲水体的4.31倍.种植凤眼莲水体试验期间释放N₂O-N的量与水体氨态氮或硝态氮浓度的变化量均存在显著相关关系(p<0.05),说明N₂O释放量受到水体中NH₄⁺、NO₃^-浓度变化的影响.种植凤眼莲在实验中后期可以增加水体中硝化、反硝化细菌的数量,但其数量远低于凤眼莲根系附着的硝化反硝化细菌.水体中反硝化细菌数量与水体释放N₂O浓度之间并无显著相关性,说明种植凤眼莲水体反硝化脱氮释放N₂O过程可能主要是由根系共生微生物驱动的.     

青海南部高原积雪期与生长季高寒草甸土壤CO2、CH4和N2O通量的观测

以静态箱采集气体和气相色谱分析气体浓度方法,测定分析了青海南部高原积雪期和生长季高寒草甸土壤CO_2、CH_4和N_2O通量.结果表明在积雪集中期的3月3日和4日,积雪深度为9~10 cm时,土壤CO_2通量为1.33 g·(m~2·h)-1、N_2O通量为0.21 mg·(m~2·h)-1、CH_4通量为-0.19 mg·(m~2·h)-1;在积雪末期的4月30日,积雪深度在8~9 cm时,土壤CO_2通量为4.70 g·(m~2·h)~(-1)、N_2O通量为0.24 mg·(m~2·h)-1、CH_4通量为-1.23 mg·(m~2·h)-1;积雪深度小于4 cm时,土壤CO_2和N_2O通量较低或为负值,土壤CH_4通量为负值且绝对值较小.土壤CO_2和N_2O通量与积雪深度呈正相关、土壤CH_4通量与积雪深度呈负相关(P0.05),土壤CO_2与CH_4通量及CH_4与N_2O通量间呈负相关、土壤CO_2与N_2O通量间呈正相关.土壤CO_2和N_2O通量在生长季较高、在积雪末期其次、在积雪集中期较低;土壤CH_4通量为负值,其绝对值在生长季和积雪末期较大.结果说明积雪改变将影响青藏高原高寒草甸土壤温室气体通量.     

Breakthrough CO2 adsorption in bio-based activated carbons

In this work, the effects of different methods of activation on CO₂ adsorption performance of activated carbon were studied. Activated carbons were prepared from biochar, obtained from fast pyrolysis of white wood, using three different activation methods of steam activation, CO₂ activation and Potassium hydroxide (KOH) activation. CO₂ adsorption behavior of the produced activated carbons was studied in a fixed-bed reactor set-up at atmospheric pressure, temperature range of 25–65°C and inlet CO₂ concentration range of 10–30 mol% in He to determine the effects of the surface area, porosity and surface chemistry on adsorption capacity of the samples. Characterization of the micropore and mesopore texture was carried out using N₂ and CO₂ adsorption at 77 and 273 K, respectively. Central composite design was used to evaluate the combined effects of temperature and concentration of CO₂ on the adsorption behavior of the adsorbents. The KOH activated carbon with a total micropore volume of 0.62 cm³/g and surface area of 1400 m²/g had the highest CO₂ adsorption capacity of 1.8 mol/kg due to its microporous structure and high surface area under the optimized experimental conditions of 30 mol% CO₂ and 25°C. The performance of the adsorbents in multi-cyclic adsorption process was also assessed and the adsorption capacity of KOH and CO₂ activated carbons remained remarkably stable after 50 cycles with low temperature (160°C) regeneration.     

Response of C and N cycles to N fertilization in Sphagnum and Molinia-dominated peat mesocosms

Plant communities play an important role in the C-sink function of peatlands. However, global change and local perturbations are expected to modify peatland plant communities, leading to a shift from Sphagnum mosses to vascular plants. Most studies have focused on the direct effects of modification in plant communities or of global change (such as climate warming, N fertilization) in peatlands without considering interactions between these disturbances that may alter peatlands' C function. We set up a mesocosm experiment to investigate how Greenhouse Gas (CO₂, CH₄, N₂O) fluxes, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and total dissolved N (TN) contents are affected by a shift from Sphagnum mosses to Molinia caerulea dominated peatlands combined with N fertilization. Increasing N deposition did not alter the C fluxes (CO₂ exchanges, CH₄ emissions) or DOC content. The lack of N effect on the C cycle seems due to the capacity of Sphagnum to efficiently immobilize N. Nevertheless, N supply increased the N₂O emissions, which were also controlled by the plant communities with the presence of Molinia caerulea reducing N₂O emissions in the Sphagnum mesocosms. Our study highlights the role of the vegetation composition on the C and N fluxes in peatlands and their responses to the N deposition. Future research should now consider the climate change in interaction to plants community modifications due to their controls of peatland sensitivity to environmental conditions.     

Responses of greenhouse gas fluxes to experimental warming in wheat season under conventional tillage and no-tillage fields

Understanding the effects of warming on greenhouse gas(GHG, such as N_2O, CH_4 and CO_2 )feedbacks to climate change represents the major environmental issue. However, little information is available on how warming effects on GHG fluxes in farmland of North China Plain(NCP). An infrared warming simulation experiment was used to assess the responses of N_2O, CH_4 and CO_2 to warming in wheat season of 2012–2014 from conventional tillage(CT) and no-tillage(NT) systems. The results showed that warming increased cumulative N_2O emission by 7.7% in CT but decreased it by 9.7% in NT fields(p 0.05). Cumulative CH_4 uptake and CO_2 emission were increased by 28.7%–51.7% and 6.3%–15.9% in both two tillage systems,respectively(p 0.05). The stepwise regressions relationship between GHG fluxes and soil temperature and soil moisture indicated that the supply soil moisture due to irrigation and precipitation would enhance the positive warming effects on GHG fluxes in two wheat seasons.However, in 2013, the long-term drought stress due to infrared warming and less precipitation decreased N_2O and CO_2 emission in warmed treatments. In contrast, warming during this time increased CH_4 emission from deep soil depth. Across two years wheat seasons, warming significantly decreased by 30.3% and 63.9% sustained-flux global warming potential(SGWP) of N_2O and CH_4 expressed as CO_2 equivalent in CT and NT fields, respectively. However, increase in soil CO_2 emission indicated that future warming projection might provide positive feedback between soil C release and global warming in NCP.     

大气CO2摩尔分数升高对高、低应答水稻稻田N2O排放的影响

依托稻田大气CO₂摩尔分数（x［CO₂］）升高平台FACE （free-air CO₂ enrichment）,采用静态透明箱-气相色谱法研究x［CO₂］升高（正常x［CO₂］+200 μmol·mol^-1）对高、低应答水稻（产量对x［CO₂］升高的响应分别为>30%和10%~15%）稻田N₂O排放的影响.本试验设置4个处理：A-W （正常x［CO₂］+低应答水稻）、F-W （x［CO₂］升高+低应答水稻）、A-S （正常x［CO₂］+高应答水稻）和F-S （x［CO₂］升高+高应答水稻）.结果表明,对比正常x［CO₂］处理（A-S和A-W）,x［CO₂］升高条件下高、低应答水稻（F-S和F-W）稻田N₂O排放分别降低52.54%（P<0.05）和38.40%（P<0.05）,水稻产量分别增加22.96%（P<0.05）和12.11%（P>0.05）,稻田N₂O排放强度分别降低61.68%（P<0.05）和45.13%（P<0.05）.另外,高、低应答水稻稻田N₂O排放与稻田土壤NH₄⁺-N含量呈显著相关关系,而与NO₂^--N含量无显著相关.x［CO₂］升高条件下,土壤温度是影响高应答水稻稻田N₂O排放的重要因素.综合考虑,未来x［CO₂］升高条件下,高应答水稻品种的"增产减排"效果最佳.     

竹炭和猪炭对空心菜-小青菜轮作土壤N2O和CO2排放的影响

以动物源的猪炭和植物源的竹炭为试验材料,通过田间小区试验,研究生物质炭的种类(竹炭和猪炭)、施用方式(一次施用和分批施用)对空心菜-小青菜轮作土壤N_2O和CO_2排放的影响,结果表明:空心菜季土壤N_2O和CO_2排放显著高于小青菜季,土壤N_2O和CO_2排放与土壤pH、温度呈显著相关(p0.01).与不施炭对照相比,竹炭处理可使两季空心菜和小青菜土壤N_2O累积排放量减少16.9%~39.9%,同时CO_2排放量减少9.2%~15.7%,且一次施用处理优于分批施用.猪炭处理在土壤N_2O减排效果上没有竹炭显著,且一次性施用猪炭处理明显增加了两茬空心菜土壤CO_2排放量,与对照相比,分别增加了13.3%和12.9%.与猪炭相比,一次性施用20 t·hm~(-2)竹炭处理在抑制土壤N_2O和CO_2排放上效果更佳.     

Selection of microalgae for high CO2 fixation efficiency and lipid accumulation from ten Chlorella strains using municipal wastewater

As significant differences in cellular physiology, metabolic potential and genetics occur among strains with morphological similarity, the screening of appropriate microalgae species for effective CO₂ fixation and biodiesel production is extremely critical. In this study, ten strains of Chlorella were cultivated in municipal wastewater influent (MWI) and their tolerance for MWI, CO₂ fixation efficiency and lipid productivity were assessed. The results showed that the biomass concentrations of four strains (Chlorella vulgaris, Chlorella 64.01, Chlorella regularis var. minima and Chlorella sp.) were significantly higher than other strains. When the cultivation systems were aerated with 10% CO₂, Chlorella sp. showed the highest CO₂ fixation efficiency (35.51%), while the highest lipid accumulation (58.48%) was observed with C. vulgaris. Scanning electron microscopy images revealed that the cells of both Chlorella sp. and C. vulgaris kept their normal morphologies after 15 day batch culture. These findings indicated that Chlorella sp. and C. vulgaris have fairly good tolerance for MWI, and moreover, Chlorella sp. was appropriate for CO₂ fixation while C. vulgaris represented the highest potential for producing biodiesel.