In vitro thyroid disrupting e ects of organic extracts from WWTPs in Beijing

It is generally known that there are many endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) in the e uents from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Most research has focused on the occurrence of estrogenic or androgenic activities, while ignoring that there are environmental chemicals disrupting thyroid system, which is essential for growth and development in both humans and animals. In the present work, a two-hybrid yeast assay was conducted to evaluate the removal e ciencies of agonistic or antagonistic thyroid receptor (TR) mediated e ects in di erent treatment processes of three WWTPs located in Beijing. We found no TR agonistic, but TR antagonistic activities in all processes from the WWTPs. The TR antagonistic activities in organic extracts of water samples were then calibrated regarding to a known TR-inhibitor, amiodarone hydrochloride (AH). The observed concentration of TR disrupting substances ranged from 2.35 10??8 to 6.19 10??7 mol/L AH in Gaobeidian WWTP, 3.76 10??8 to 8.75 10??8 mol/L AH in Lugouqiao WWTP, and 4.80 10??9 to 2.55 10??8 mol/L AH in Beixiaohe WWTP. Of the three WWTPs, the removal rates were 92.7%, 42.2%, and 23.1% respectively. Industrial sewage may contain more TR disrupting substances compared with domestic sewage. The recipient waters were found to contain considerable concentrations of TR disrupting substances that may cause adverse e ects on the exposed organisms.     

In vitro thyroid disrupting effects of organic extracts from WWTPs in Beijing

It is generally known that there are many endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) in the effluents from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Most research has focused on the occurrence of estrogenic or androgenic activities, while ignoring that there are environmental chemicals disrupting thyroid system, which is essential for growth and development in both humans and animals. In the present work, a two-hybrid yeast assay was conducted to evaluate the removal efficiencies of agonistic or antagonistic thyroid receptor (TR) mediated effects in different treatment processes of three WWTPs located in Beijing. We found no TR agonistic, but TR antagonistic activities in all processes from the WWTPs. The TR antagonistic activities in organic extracts of water samples were then calibrated regarding to a known TR-inhibitor, amiodarone hydrochloride (AH). The observed concentration of TR disrupting substances ranged from 2.35 × 10-8 to 6.19 × 10-7 mol/L AH in Gaobeidian WWTP, 3.76 × 10-s to 8.75 x 10-s mol/L AH in Lugouqiao WWTP,and 4.80 × 10-9 to 2.55 × 10-s mol/L AH in Beixiaohe WWTP. Of the three WWTPs, the removal rates were 92.7%, 42.2%, and 23.1% respectively. Industrial sewage may contain more TR disrupting substances compared with domestic sewage. The recipient waters were found to contain considerable concentrations of TR disrupting substances that may cause adverse effects on the exposed organisms.     

Profile and removal of endocrine disrupting chemicals by using an ER/AR competitive ligand binding assay and chemical analyses

An estrogen receptor (ER)/androgen receptor (AR) ligand competitive binding assay (ER/AR-binding assay) and chemical analyses were used to evaluate the endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) behavior of two municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) (K and S). In the influents, estrone (E1), androsterone (A), androstenedione (AD), BPA (bisphenol A), NP (nonylphenol) and daidzein (DZ) were detected in high amounts with subsequent 24 h-average concentrations of 350, 1000, 29, 1300, 3900, and 5700 ng/L in K-WWTP and of 310, 620, 59, 1600, 2600, and 8400 ng/L in S-WWTP. The estrogenic (androgenic) activity as 17 -estradiol (E2) equivalents (EEQ) or testosterone (Te) equivalents (TEQ) was consequently 620 ng E2/L (570 ng Te/L) and 580 ng E2/L (800 ng Te/L) for the two WWTPs. The removal e ciencies of the above mentioned sole target chemicals were 51%–100% for K-WWTP and 55.6%–100% for S-WWTP. The removal e ciencies of EEQ were about 73% for both WWTPs, while the removal e ciencies of TEQ were 62.1% for K-WWTP and 98.4% for S-WWTP. In addition, chemical-derived EEQ were about 1.2%–52.4% of those by ER-binding assay for K-WWTP and the corresponding ratios were 1.3%–83.3% for S-WWTP, while chemical derived TEQ were less than 3% of values measured by the AR-binding assay for both WWTPs.     

Estrogen-related receptor disruption of source water and drinking water treatment processes extracts

Environmental chemicals in drinking water can impact human health through nuclear receptors. Additionally, estrogen-related receptors (ERRs) are vulnerable to endocrine-disrupting e ects. To date, however, ERR disruption of drinking water potency has not been reported. We used ERR two-hybrid yeast assay to screen ERR disrupting activities in a drinking water treatment plant (DWTP) located in north China and in source water from a reservoir, focusing on agonistic, antagonistic, and inverse agonistic activity to 4-hydroxytamoxifen (4-OHT). Water treatment processes in the DWTP consisted of pre-chlorination, coagulation, coal and sand filtration, activated carbon filtration, and secondary chlorination processes. Samples were extracted by solid phase extraction. Results showed that ERR antagonistic activities were found in all sample extracts, but agonistic and inverse agonistic activity to 4-OHT was not found. When calibrated with the toxic equivalent of 4-OHT, antagonistic e uent e ects ranged from 3.4 to 33.1 g/L. In the treatment processes, secondary chlorination was e ective in removing ERR antagonists, but the coagulation process led to significantly increased ERR antagonistic activity. The drinking water treatment processes removed 73.5% of ERR antagonists. To our knowledge, the occurrence of ERR disruption activities on source and drinking water in vitro had not been reported previously. It is vital, therefore, to increase our understanding of ERR disrupting activities in drinking water.     

北京市清河维A酸受体活性调查及原因物质解析

为了研究水环境中维A酸受体活性的成因,于2009年3~7月对清河河道进行了4次采样分析,利用固相萃取柱富集与重组基因酵母结合测试方法,研究了污水排放口上下游河段水样RAR活性的时空变化,并利用高效液相色谱分割活性馏分对原因物质进行了解析.结果发现,清河污水处理厂的上下游部分河段水样具有较高的RARα激活活性,但活性地点位置不稳定,随时间变化.同时,在对原因物质的解析中发现,all-trans-4-oxo-RA和13-cis-4-oxo-RA只是极小部分原因物质,环境水样中依然存在大量的未知RAR活性物质.     

Assessing the estrogenic potency in a Portuguese wastewater treatment plant using an integrated approach

The estrogenic potency of a wastewater treatment plant(WWTP) was evaluated using chemical and biological analyses,which showed that after the station treatment processes some of the selected endocrine disruptor compounds(EDCs) were still present in the treated effuent(e.g.,bisphenol A,alkylphenols,estrone) .Thus,the most common endocrine EDCs were identified and quantified and the overall estrogenicity of the treated effuent assessed by integrating the results.Male goldfish(Carassius auratus) were used as biological indicators in a 28-day experiment.Vitellogenin(Vtg) ,gonadosomatic and hepatosomatic indices,steroids(17β-estradiol and 11-ketotestosterone) and histopathology were biomarkers used in fish to evaluate WWTP treated effuent estrogenicity,in combination with instrumental analyses.The results showed a significant increase(P0.01) in plasma and liver Vtg,which were significantly correlated(r=0.66;P0.01) .The gonadosmatic index was significantly(P0.01) reduced in exposed fish.The steroid analyses revealed significant elevations in 17β-estradiol and depressed 11-ketotestosterone concentrations.The histological examinations show changes in exposed fish gonads,such as regressed testes and in some cases(43%to 75%) the development of ovo-testis in fish exposed to 50% and 100% treated effuent.     

中国城市污水处理厂内分泌干扰物控制优先性分析

基于已报道的中国城市污水处理厂二级处理出水中内分泌干扰物的浓度,分别在以出水最大浓度为背景的极端情景和以出水中位浓度为背景的一般情景下,计算和分析了工业化学品、农药、天然雌激素、药物4类共32种内分泌干扰物的生态风险商和雌二醇当量浓度.结果表明,在极端情景下,分别有12种和9种物质具有生态风险和内分泌干扰性;其中,分别有6种和5种物质在一般情景下也具有生态风险和内分泌干扰性.在此基础上,通过评分和排序得出在中国城市污水处理厂应当优先控制的4种污染物为炔雌醇、雌酮、壬基酚、双酚A.     

城市排水许可中污水处理厂权利保护问题研究

在城市排水许可中,切实保护污水处理厂的权利,不但是依法行政的必然要求,而且对于保障污水处理厂的正常运行,防治水污染意义重大。文章从界定污水处理厂在城市排水许可中的法律主体资格入手,论证其作为城市排水许可行政相关人的合理性与正当性;继而深入分析污水处理厂的权利体系;在阐述污水处理厂权利保护的理论根基和现实意义的基础上,从立法完善、行政制度和司法保护等三方面提出城市排水许可中污水处理厂权利保护的应对之策。     

污水处理厂二级出水中总异养菌群对6种抗生素的耐受性研究

以北京市2座污水处理厂二级出水为研究对象,通过考察总异养菌群、抗性菌比例、浓度及抗生素对细菌的半抑制浓度,研究了二级出水中一般细菌对青霉素、氨苄青霉素、头孢氨苄、氯霉素、四环素和利福平6种抗生素在不同浓度下的耐受性.结果表明,2座污水处理厂出水中青霉素、氨苄青霉素、头孢氨苄和氯霉素抗性菌比例较四环素和利福平高.当抗生素浓度为32mg.L-1时,污水处理厂G二级出水中头孢氨苄抗性菌比例最高为59%,而污水处理厂Q二级出水中氯霉素抗性菌比例最高为44%.头孢氨苄抗性菌在污水处理厂G、Q出水中的浓度分别高达4.0×103 CFU.mL-1和3.5×104 CFU.mL-1,而氯霉素抗性菌浓度分别高达4.9×102 CFU.mL-1和4.6×104 CFU.mL-1.污水处理厂G中异养菌对头孢氨苄的耐受能力最强,其半抑制浓度〉32 mg.L-1;污水处理厂Q中,异养菌对氯霉素的耐受能力最强,其半抑制浓度为23.1 mg.L-1.污水处理厂二级出水中部分抗生素抗性菌污染严重,且稳定存在于低浓度抗生素的处理出水.     

太湖流域典型城镇地表水中AOX的污染特征

采用微库仑法,分析常州市武南区域地表水和污水处理厂出水中可吸附有机卤素（AOX）的浓度,揭示了该区域AOX的污染特征.结果表明,区域内地表水中AOX的年均浓度为41.9μg/L,与其他研究结果相当或偏低,夏季浓度高于冬季.从空间分布上看,永安河中段、滆湖北部和京杭运河以北区域污染相对严重,其中断头浜截流是造成AOX污染突出的一个重要原因.市政污水处理厂和纺织工业污水处理厂出水的年污染负荷较高,是两类重要的排放源,对地表水中AOX污染有较大的贡献.     

山东半岛典型海湾中烷基酚及双酚A的分布特征

烷基酚和双酚A是环境中最常见的内分泌干扰物。本研究对烟台四十里湾和套子湾以及青岛胶州湾表层海水中的壬/辛基酚(NP/OP)、壬/辛基酚单聚氧乙烯醚(NP1EO/OP1EO)以及双酚A(BPA)的浓度水平进行分析,结果显示:NP和NP1EO是最主要的污染物,河口和港口是海湾中污染物浓度最高的区域。总体而言,四十里湾中各污染物的浓度最高,其次为胶州湾,套子湾最低,与国内其他海湾区域相比,污染状况处于中等水平。相对于2005年,胶州湾水体中的烷基酚浓度明显降低。文章同时分析了几个湾的主要入海河流河水样品以及烟台污水处理厂出厂水样,发现污水处理厂出水是烟台四十里湾烷基酚的主要来源。在三个海湾中,烷基酚的分布主要受河流输入、生活污水排放和港口经济活动影响,同时,洋流和潮汐的稀释作用对污染物分布有明显影响。     

上海市市政污水中全氟有机酸污染特征

选择上海市9座市政污水处理厂(WWTPs)作为研究对象,检测其进水和出水中全氟有机酸(PFAs)污染水平.结果表明,市政污水中总PFAs浓度为903~4628ng/L,且中短链(C2~C10)全氟羧酸(PFCAs)的检出率一般高于长链(>C10)PFCAs,而对全氟烷基磺酸(PFSAs)而言,全氟辛磺酸(PFOS)的检出率远高于全氟丁磺酸(PFBS)和全氟己磺酸(PFHxS).三氟乙酸(TFA)一般是市政污水中污染水平最高的PFAs,浓度为359~4129ng/L,占总PFAs的20%~93%.尽管全氟辛酸(PFOA)和PFOS的浓度一般低于TFA,甚至在某些情况下还会低于其他PFAs,但在绝大多数情况下它们依然是2种主要的PFAs类污染物,浓度分别为40.6~1571ng/L和21.3~1027ng/L,分别占总PFAs的2%~57%和1%~30%.在污水处理过程中,短链(C2~C5)和长链(>C10)PFCAs浓度的显著下降,而中等链长(C6~C10)PFCAs和PFSAs浓度则显著增加.此外,PFAs浓度和工业废水比例之间并不存在明显的正相关关系.     

污水处理厂中雄激素分布及行为的研究进展

人类及生物体内在自然代谢及药物使用过程中产生的甾醇类激素如果在污水处理厂中未能完全去除或是未加处理直接排放,则会污染受纳水体,并对其中的鱼类等生物造成影响,其中人体内产生的雄激素睾酮的浓度比雌激素雌二醇要高1~3个数量级.本文比较了当前各地污水处理厂中的雄激素分布,阐述了污水处理工艺对雄激素的去除效果;其中,格栅、初沉池等初级处理工艺基本不去除雄激素;厌氧-缺氧-好氧等二级处理工艺通过生物降解等作用可以有效去除80%~100%的雄激素;氯消毒、臭氧等三级处理工艺对雄激素的去除效率相差较大,在-66.7%~70%范围内波动;同时也对去除雄激素的新型材料研究及未来研究方向进行了展望.     

Characteristics of contaminants in water and sediment of a constructed wetland treating piggery wastewater e uent

Constructed wetland (CW) is the preferred means of controlling water quality because of its natural treatment mechanisms and function as a secondary or tertiary treatment unit. CW is increasingly applied in Korea for secondary e uent of livestock wastewater treatment. This study was conducted to recognize the characteristics of contaminants in the accumulated sediment at the bottom soil layer and to reduce the phosphorus release from sediments of the free water surface CW for the treatment of secondary piggery wastewater e uent from a livestock wastewater treatment facility. The results revealed that the dominant phosphorus existence types at near the inlet of the CW were non-apatite phosphorus (59%) and residual phosphorus (32%) suggesting that most of the particles of the influent are made up of inorganic materials and dead cells. Sediment accumulation is important when determining the long-term maintenance requirements over the lifetime of CW. Continuous monitoring will be performed for a further assessment of the CW system and design.     

污水处理工艺数据分析技术的现状与趋势

数据科学的飞速发展为污水处理厂工艺数据分析提供了有力的技术工具。在污水处理工艺运行中应用数据分析技术,需要克服数据、算法和算力上的困难。介绍了污水处理工艺数据分析技术的发展现状,总结了其在数据质量和数学模型方面的技术难点,分析了污水处理工艺数据分析技术的4种典型应用场景,介绍了12个国内外数据分析集成应用的案例,评估了工艺数据分析技术的成熟度和行业应用的就绪度,讨论了技术的发展趋势。研究结果有助于污水处理系统运管人员掌握工艺数据分析技术进展和运用数据分析技术处理业务的需求。     

基于达标保证率的昆明市污水处理厂出水水质评价

采用多元统计分析,将水质分级评价法和达标保证率法相结合,评价了昆明市7座污水处理厂出水水质.以《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB18918-2002)一级A限值为达标基准,7座污水处理厂出水COD达标保证率均为100%、出水BOD5和SS达标保证率分别在94%和95%以上,不同污水处理厂出水TP、NH3-N和TN的达标保证率表现出较大差异,多维标度分析表明,出水TP的达标保证率与其他指标的偏离程度最大.将污染指标的达标保证率进行分级,建立污水处理厂污染指标达标满意程度评价规则,并制定出水水质的达标控制指标清单.结果表明,TP是第二和第七污水处理厂的重点控制指标,是第三污水处理厂的Ⅰ级控制指标;TN是第三和第七污水处理厂的Ⅰ级控制指标;NH3-N是第一和第三污水处理厂的Ⅰ级控制指标.     

应用重组孕激素基因酵母测定饮用水中内分泌干扰物的方法

研究了用重组孕激素受体基因酵母测定饮用水中内分泌干扰物的方法,并利用该种方法检测了南方某水厂不同处理工艺过程水样对孕激素受体活性的抑制水平.结果表明,重组孕激素受体基因酵母能够与孕激素专一性的结合,诱导产生明显的剂量-效应关系,EC₅₀值为0.5 nmol/L,具有较高灵敏度;环境内分泌干扰物五氯酚和壬基酚具有孕激素受体抑制活性,其IC₅₀值分别为2.4μmol/L和3.7μmol/L;重组孕激素受体基因/报道基因的酵母技术是一种筛选和定量分析具有孕激素受体抑制活性的内分泌干扰物的快速、有效方法.结合固相萃取的前处理技术,重组孕激素受体基因酵母对水厂不同处理工艺水样检测出明显的孕激素受体抑制活性,抑制率均大于58%,表明重组孕激素受体基因酵母检测技术能够快速监测和鉴别水样中具有抑制孕激素受体活性的物质.     

酚类化合物雌激素效应的比较研究

采用重组人雌激素受体基因片段(hER)及共激活因子(GRIP1)双杂交酵母检测体系,检测9种酚类物质的类雌激素和抗雌激素效应.结果表明,所检测的化合物中有3种同时表现出雌激素诱导与抑制活性;2种只表现出雌激素诱导活性;1种只表现出雌激素抑制活性;3种均没有雌激素诱导与抑制活性.结构分析表明:酚类中产生雌激素活性的物质具有取代基位于对位且邻位没有大的取代基团的结构;烷基在对位的酚类物质也能显示出雌激素拮抗活性.所采用的双杂交酵母检测体系适用于外源物质的雌激素活性检测,具有较高的灵敏度;结合外源物的雌激素诱导与抑制活性,用于分析污染物的体内作用方式.     

纳米二氧化铈在污水处理系统中的环境行为及其生物毒性效应研究进展

纳米二氧化铈（CeO₂）以其独特的理化性质被广泛应用于工业生产和日常生活中,因而会不可避免地被释放进入污水处理厂内并与微生物发生相互作用,进而对其净污活性和污水处理系统的运行稳定性产生影响。从污水处理系统内纳米CeO₂的归趋和迁移转化过程,对功能微生物表面性能、功能活性和群落组成的影响等方面系统综述了纳米CeO₂在污水处理系统内的环境行为与毒性效应;阐明了纳米CeO₂对污水处理系统运行效果的影响并总结了能够缓解纳米CeO₂影响污水处理系统运行稳定性的措施,旨在为控制和预防纳米CeO₂在污水处理系统中引起的环境风险提供理论基础和科学依据。