环境污染与防治一九八二年总目录

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含油废水处理技术进展

概述了含油废水的来源、特征、危害及分类,介绍了重力机械法、气浮法、絮凝法、吸附法、生化法等处理方法的原理和进展,并比较总结了他们的适用范围和优缺点,最后简述了含油废水处理的最新进展,提出了含油废水处理技术的一些建议和展望。     

石化废水污染控制技术研究进展

石化废水水量大、成分复杂。探讨了石化企业利用新技术、降低循环冷却水用量、充分回收废料的清洁生产措施。总结了国内外石化废水预处理、生化处理、深度处理的实践经验。介绍了石化废水水质现代检测方法。提出了石化废水处理的研究方向     

印染废水处理工艺改造实践与探讨

根据某厂印染废水的特点，在原有处理工艺的基础上进行了改造，在池内形成了合理的微生物分布，大大改善了出水水质，使COD、SS、BOD，和色度的去除率分别提高了17．1％、14．4％、9．2％、19．5％，达到了废水排放标准的要求。     

浙江省推行清洁生产对策,措施建议

浙江省的清洁生产工作获得了蓬勃发展，各地试点均取得了显著的环境、经济、社会效益，但同时也暴露了现阶段推行清洁生产存在的思想观念、组织管理、经济、技术等方面的障碍问题。在分析问题产生根源基础上，提出了浙江省推行清洁生产的对策及若干建议。     

超临界技术的发展现状与前景展望

简要介绍了超临界流体的基本性质,综述了超临界技术在萃取分离、环境保护、材料科学、反应工程、生物技术、清洗工业等方面的发展状况,并对超临界技术的发展前景作了展望。     

饮食业油烟污染与处理技术研究

分析了油烟中的主要污染物成分，介绍了油烟对人体健康的几种危害，并对现有的五种处理技术：惯性分离、过滤分离、洗涤去除、静电沉积、复合技术进行了详尽的分析比较，列举了一些应用实例。     

有机固体废弃物的热解处理研究

通过对锯末、稻壳、纸屑、橱芥、塑料和橡胶6种具有代表性的有机固体废弃物原料的热解实验,测量了它们三相产物收率,并分析了它们固体、液体和气体三相产物的组成.特别对液体产物,针对它们的特殊性分别采用了层析、模拟蒸馏和全烃气相色谱分析,详细探讨了热解焦油的具体组分,得到了热解法处理有机固体废弃物的一些有意义的数据.     

日本大气污染和控制技术研究进展

本文详细地介绍了日本大气污染现状及其趋势,对主要污染物的污染状况进行了分析。概述了日本几十年来大气污染防治技术研究的进展。对改善燃烧、电子束法、NO_x处理触媒研究、NO_x吸附剂的研究、活性炭法干式脱硫、利用煤炭的干式脱硫、半干式简易脱硫、静电的应用、微生物的应用、电除尘、过滤除尘等大气污染防治技术的研究,做了详细介绍。对目前人们普遍关心的含氟气体排放控制问题进行了探讨。还简要介绍了日本大阪府等地,准备偿试的汽车排气总量控制的研究状况。     

降低火电厂项目地下水环境影响的措施研究

正分析了火电厂项目主要的地下水污染源、污染途径,提出了优化选址、重点区域防渗等措施,模拟分析了防渗效果,提出了地下水的预警、监控及修复方案,为最大限度降低火电厂地下水环境影响提供了系统的设计方案。     

Microbial source tracking of Escherichia coli in a constructed wetland.

Little information has been gathered on the effect of avian species on the microbial water quality in constructed wetlands. To address this concern, fecal pollution from nonpoint and point sources was evaluated in a constructed wetland in Tolleson, Arizona. Antibiotic resistance profiling and biochemical fingerprinting were performed on 325 Escherichia coli isolates, collected from key points in the wetlands. Multivariate statistical analysis was used to interpret the data for samples collected on October 3 and December 12, 2000, and January 16, 2001. It was found that the passerine population was the major source of the Escherichia coli in the water samples collected in the wetlands on October 3 and December 12, 2000, whereas the regrowth in the treated municipal wastewater was the main source on January 16, 2001. This information is useful in providing data for operators in the monitoring of wetlands created for wastewater treatment and wildlife habitat.     

Effects of nematicides on population of pratylenchus penetrans and growth of flue‐cured tobacco

Abstract

Field studies were conducted on loamy sand at Tamscu farm, Delhi, Ontario, to compare the spring ridge application of Telone C17 at 73 and 101L/ha, Vorlex at 28 and 84L/ha, Vorlex CP at 50L/ha, and spring rotovated application of oxamyl at 2.24kg/ha respectively for the control of Pratylenchus penetrans (Cobb) Filip. and Stek., and for effects on the yield and quality of fluecured tobacco. Experiments were conducted on May 9 in an area that had been summer fallowed in previous year. Nematode densities of P. penetrans per kilogram of soil were lower than other treatments and controls with Telone C17 at 73 L/ha treated plots on May 24; with Vorlex at 28 L on June 7; Vorlex at 84 L on May 24 and on June 7; Vorlex CP on June 7, and with oxamyl on Sept. 6. The nematode population counts per gram dry weight of root were lower with Telone C17 at 73 L/ha on June 7, July 5, and at 101 L/ha on July 5; with Vorlex at 28 L/ha on June 7, July 5, and Sept. 6; with Vorlex at 84 L/ha on June 7, June 21, July 5 and Sept. 6, and with Vorlex CP at 50 L/ha on June 7, July 5 and Sept. 6 in the ridged soil. The population was lower with oxamyl on June 21, July 5, and Sept. 6 in the rotovated soils. There was no difference in the agronomic data on yield, indices of grade, crop and maturity, while tobacco plant height and dry weight in the ridged fanning were greater with treatments of Vorlex at 84 L and Vorlex CP at 50 L/ha. The ridged farming had greater yield of tobacco than rotovated farming. Vorlex was the most effective of all nematicides used in the experiment.     

Laboratory study on the interaction between herbicides and sediments in water systems

Interaction between herbicides and sediments in water systems is an important process occurring in water, which influences the behaviour of the herbicides in water. This paper reports on the sorption of herbicides norflurazon, oxadiazon and trifluralin on soil and the interaction between the herbicides and sediments under stirred and non-stirred conditions. The sorption coefficients of the herbicides on soils are 3.58 and 5.41 for norflurazon, 23.43 and 28.07 for oxadiazon and 890.73 and 1217.20 for trifluralin. The sorption of the herbicides is related to the organic carbon content in the soils. This study shows a greater sorption of the herbicides on stirred sediments than on non-stirred sediments due to more significant contact under stirred conditions. The relative concentrations of the herbicides in water systems containing sediments were higher than those in pure water 6 and 13 days after treatment. When these herbicides were sorbed on sediments, their persistence in water increased. Sorption of herbicides on sediments in aquatic systems could protect them from degradation in water.     

Adsorption of air pollutants on the grain surface of Japanese cedar pollen

The contaminants adsorbed on the surface of pollen may affect the development of hay fever, because the patients of the fever are larger in areas with much air pollution than in nonpolluted areas and the fine particles and gases are susceptible to deposit on the nasal cavities and eyes by their transfer on the pollen. Since Japanese cedar pollinosis is the most common hay fever in Japan, we analyzed the air pollutants adsorbed on the surface of dispersed Japanese cedar pollen in the urban and mountainous districts. Fine anthropogenic particles were significantly adsorbed and many elements were concentrated on the surface of the pollen in the urban site of Yokohama, while they were not concentrated on the surface of the pollen collected at a mountainous site. The acid gases are also adsorbed and acidify the surface, and their amounts increase with their concentrations in the ambient air. The high adsorption of nitric acid on the pollen determined by an exposure experiment of nitric acid gas suggests that nitric acid is dissolved in the inner part of the pollen. The adsorption amounts of the gases on the pollen were especially greater than those on other natural particles, humic acid and yellow sand.     

The influence of sampling protocol on nonmethane hydrocarbon mixing ratios

The effect of sampling protocol on ambient air hydrocarbon mixing ratios was examined on eight sampling days in Los Angeles during 2007 and 2008. Four protocols, which were based on previously published multi-city urban hydrocarbon studies in the United States, were compared and differences were quantified. Whole air canister samples were collected and analyzed for nonmethane hydrocarbons (NMHCs). Differing sampling protocols resulted in large differences in mixing ratios, up to an order of magnitude, for certain NMHCs on the same sampling day. However, the magnitude of the variability between NMHC levels obtained by the four protocols was not consistent throughout the eight sampling days. It was found that sampling time, followed by sampling location, had the greatest influence on the magnitude of the mixing ratio. Ratios between hydrocarbons, often used in urban studies to gain information on emission sources, also varied depending on the protocol used. Comparison of absolute NMHC mixing ratios collected in urban environments using differing sampling protocols should be made with care.     

家用洗衣粉中磷对斜生栅藻生长的影响

以洗衣粉中的有机磷为磷源,通过室内模拟的方法研究在不同磷浓度的水体条件下斜生栅藻的生长情况,以及磷对斜生栅藻的生长是否有毒害作用.通过显微计数测定藻细胞数目来探讨洗衣粉中磷对斜生栅藻生长的影响;同时分析了洗衣粉中磷对斜生栅藻96 h生长期中光合色素的影响.结果表明,洗衣粉中的磷除了促进藻生长外,其浓度过低或过高都会抑制藻的生长.由实验结果可得,磷对藻生长的富营养化作用和毒性作用取决于磷浓度的高低.     

Consequences for Protaphorura armata (Collembola: Onychiuridae) following exposure to genetically modified Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) maize and non-Bt maize

Studies on the effect of genetically modified Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) crops on true soil dwelling non-target arthropods are scarce. The objective of this study was to assess the influence of a 4-week exposure to two Bt maize varieties (Cry1Ab) Cascade and MEB307 on the collembolan Protaphorura armata. For comparison three non-Bt maize varieties, Rivaldo (isogenic to Cascade), Monumental (isogenic to MEB307) and DK242, and two control diets based on baker's yeast (uncontaminated and contaminated with Bt toxin Cry1Ab) were also tested. Due to a lower C:N ratio, individuals reared on yeast performed significantly better in all of the measured endpoints than those reared on maize. P. armata performed equally well when reared on two Bt and three non-Bt maize varieties. Although there were no negative effects of Bt maize in this experiment, we recommend future studies on Bt crops to focus on species interactions in long-term, multi-species experiments.     

BIOLEFF: three databases on air pollution effects on vegetation

Three databases on air pollution effects on vegetation were developed by storing bibliographic and abstract data for technical literature on the subject in a free-form database program, 'askSam'. Approximately 4 000 journal articles have been computerized in three separate database files: BIOLEFF, LICHENS and METALS. BIOLEFF includes over 2 800 articles on the effects of approximately 25 gaseous and particulate pollutants on over 2 000 species of vascular plants. LICHENS includes almost 400 papers on the effects of gaseous and heavy metal pollutants on over 735 species of lichens and mosses. METALS includes over 465 papers on the effects of heavy metals on over 830 species of vascular plants. The combined databases include articles from about 375 different journals spanning 1905 to the present. Picea abies and Phaseolus vulgaris are the most studied vascular plants in BIOLEFF, while Hypogymnia physodes is the most studied lichen species in LICHENS. Ozone and sulfur dioxide are the most studied gaseous pollutants with about two thirds of the records in BIOLEFF. The combined size of the databases is now about 5.5 megabytes.     

Kinetics of heterogeneous ozone reactions

Earlier results on ozone destruction on solid surfaces gave apparent first order kinetics. Estimating the reaction kinetics from our data on ozone destruction on various powders (silica-gel, alumina, wood ash, coal ash, Saharan sand, calcite), we found that only calcite and wood ash exhibited such a behaviour. Removal of ozone by other powders used showed two straight lines in ln c-t plot with two different half-lives, t'(1/2) < t'(1/2). Comparing the kinetic constants for ozone removal on silica-gel and that of ozone reactions with polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) adsorbed in submonolayer coverage on the same powder, the first reaction seems to be more likely in the case of pyrene and particularly fluoranthene. Enhanced ozone destruction on airborne aerosols could be an additional reason for fluoranthene stability in the real atmosphere.     

Evaluation of groundwater dynamic regime with groundwater depth evaluation indexes

An accurate quantitative evaluation of anthropogenic effects on regional groundwater dynamics is critical to the rational planning, management, and use of such resources and in maintaining the sustainability of groundwater-dependent ecosystems. Based on groundwater dynamics, a series of groundwater depth evaluation indexes were created to quantitatively evaluate the effects of anthropogenic activities on the groundwater system. These indexes were based on mathematical relationships relating groundwater depth to surface runoff (gammat), precipitation (rhot), and extraction (deltat). The anthropogenic effects on these relationships were evaluated statistically, with respect to both temporal and spatial variation. The anthropogenic effects on groundwater dynamics within the arid Zhangye Basin, located in the middle reaches of northwest China's Heihe River, were investigated. River valley plains in the western portion of the basin excepted, anthropogenic activities have, since 1995, dramatically altered the basin's groundwater dynamics; in particular, in the mid-upper and lower portions of alluvial-diluvial fans and in localized northerly fine-soil plains regions, the relationship of groundwater to surface runoff and atmospheric precipitation has shifted. This and other changes indicate that anthropogenic effects on groundwater systems in this region show clear spatiotemporal variation.