黄河中下游表层沉积物中有机氯农药含量及分布

利用GC-ECD检测了黄河中下游干支流23个表层沉积物中的有机氯农药,主要检测出HCHs、DDTs、六氯苯、氯丹等,总含量范围为0.35～22.92 ng/g,其中HCHs和DDTs的含量较高,分别为0.09～12.88 ns/g和0.05～5.03 ng/g.干流中有机氯农药的含量从中游到中下游呈逐渐升高趋势,主要支流中的含量为:新蟒河＞金堤河＞汜水＞伊洛河＞沁河.干流中HCHs含量较海河、珠江、长江和黄浦江明显偏高;DDTs含量与除海河外的其它河流基本相同,但两者均低于国外河流.沿河流区域工业废水和主要支流的汇入、农药的广泛施用所引起的长期残留与风化土壤是黄河有机氯农药污染的主要来源.     

柘林湾表层沉积物中有机氯农药的分布特征及生态风险评价

考察了柘林湾11个位点表层沉积物中20种有机氯农药含量分布及污染状况,采用风险商RQ和NOAA的SQG沉积物质量标准评价了沉积物中OCPs的生态风险和各位点的综合生态风险,初步分析了沉积物中HCHs、DDTs的来源以及沉积物中OCPs与沉积物性质参数的相关性.结果表明,柘林湾沉积物中DDTs的含量较高,尤其是p,p'-DDD,沉积物中DDTs含量超出中国海洋沉积物质量标准;沉积物中ΣOCPs的浓度在14.14~306.88 ng·g-1之间,平均值为78.37 ng·g~(-1),其中S8位点的ΣOCPs含量最高.p,p'-DDD、p,p'-DDT在多数研究位点具有必然的不利生物效应和高度生态风险,S8、S10位点处于强影响生态风险状态.柘林湾沉积物中HCHs主要来源于林丹类农药的使用;S1、S2、S10、S11位点均有近期的DDTs输入,其它位点DDTs主要来自早期残留或施用农药长期风化后的沉积物.沉积物中HCHs、硫丹、氯丹、狄氏剂之间存在极显著正相关性,它们与沉积物TOC间存在负相关,TOC的存在促进了生物降解;p,p'-DDD与Ca的明显正相关揭示了早期施用DDT随生物碳酸盐沉积;沉积物中颗粒物逐渐增大不利于OCPs在沉积物中的积累和富集.     

巢湖表层沉积物中有机氯农药的残留与风险

利用GC-MS分析了巢湖14个样点表层沉积物中有机氯农药(OCPs)残留水平,研究了其分布与组成特征、与TOC的关系以及生态风险.结果表明:巢湖表层沉积物中OCPs总含量范围为0.58～32.91ng.g-1(干重),其中六六六类(HCHs)农药含量在0.23～1.81ng.g-1之间,滴滴涕类农药(DDTs)含量在0.34～31.01ng.g-1之间.表层沉积物中HCHs和DDTs平均含量的空间分布特点为:西部湖心>东部水源区>东部湖区(不包括水源区)>河流,狄氏剂和异狄氏剂则主要为巢湖东部湖区和水源区的局部污染.HCHs和DDTs的组成成分分析表明其主要来源于历史残留.OCPs含量与TOC含量之间不存在显著相关关系,说明OCPs在沉积物中的含量还受到其他因素的影响.与共识沉积物质量基准(CB-SQG)相比较,巢湖局部地区表层沉积物存在较大生态风险.     

有机氯农药在岩溶区上覆土壤中的垂直迁移特征及对地下水的影响

选取典型表层岩溶泉域内的土壤剖面和表层岩溶泉水为研究对象,采用气相色谱(GC-μECD)对土壤和地下水中的有机氯农药(organochlorine pesticides,OCPs)进行定量分析,研究了有机氯农药在岩溶区上覆土壤中的垂直迁移以及对地下水的影响.结果表明,研究区所有土壤剖面中,HCHs和DDTs均有检出.HCHs和DDTs的含量范围分别为:0.77~18.3 ng·g-1(平均5.16 ng·g-1)和0.34~226 ng·g-1(平均16 ng·g-1).研究区土壤中的HCHs和DDTs峰值主要出现在土壤亚表层.在一年的观测期间,4个表层岩溶泉中均有HCHs和DDTs检出.泉水中HCHs和DDTs的含量范围分别为:2.09~60.1 ng·L-1(平均12 ng·L-1)和N.D~79.8 ng·L-1(平均9.16 ng·L-1).后沟泉、柏树湾泉、兰花沟泉的HCHs和DDTs含量以及水房泉中的HCHs含量均呈现出雨季高于旱季的特点.泉水中的HCHs、DDTs含量与泉域内土壤中的HCHs、DDTs含量并没有很好的对应关系.研究表明,TOC、土壤含水量、黏粒含量、p H均对后沟泉域土壤中有机氯农药垂直迁移产生抑制作用,致使后沟泉域土壤中有机氯农药含量虽然在4个泉域中最高,但泉水中的含量却最低.而在水房泉泉域,这4个因素对有机氯农药的垂直迁移均没有抑制作用,因此水房泉泉域土壤中有机氯农药含量虽然最低,但泉水中有机氯农药的含量却较高.     

黄浦江表层沉积物中有机氯农药的分布特征及风险评价

用双柱GC/ECD对黄浦江表层沉积物中的20种有机氯农药进行了分析 沉积物中总有机氯农药含量范围为2.65～19.54ng/g ,含量较高的组分有DDTs、BHCs、甲氧氯和狄氏剂等,DDTs含量高于BHCs ,含量范围分别为0.68～4.43ng/g和0.14～0.77ng/g 从上游到下游沉积物中有机氯农药含量呈升高趋势,说明工业污染及苏州河对黄浦江中下游水环境中的有机氯农药具有较大的输入贡献.有机氯农药组分分布特征研究表明,当前沉积物中的有机氯农药主要来自于早期残留或是施用农药长期风化后的土壤.相关性分析表明,总有机碳是影响沉积物中有机氯农药分布的重要因素.与其它地区相比较,黄浦江沉积物中有机氯农药含量较低.与沉积物风险评估值相比较,黄浦江中下游沉积物存在一定的生态风险.     

洪湖表层沉积物中有机氯农药的含量及组成

利用GC-ECD测定了洪湖表层(0~2cm)、次表层(2~10cm)沉积物中有机氯农药的含量,并对其分布、组成及来源进行了探讨.结果表明,HCHs在表层、次表层沉积物中的含量分别为2.05~19.0ng/g和0.66~11.3ng/g,DDTs在表层、次表层沉积物中的含量分别为2.39~25.8ng/g和1.22~27.5ng/g.次表层沉积物中的有机氯农药含量低于表层沉积物,可能是因为有部分已发生迁移或转化.HCHs和DDTs呈现出在河流入湖口处含量较高,近长江处含量降低的趋势,其污染来源主要是河流输入及洪湖市的工农业排污.组分特征表明沉积物中的HCHs主要来源于林丹的使用,而DDTs则主要来源于环境早期残留.     

福建鹫峰山脉土壤有机氯农药分布特征及健康风险评价

采集福建鹫峰山脉81个表层土壤样品,利用气相色谱(GC-ECD)分析其中有机氯农药(OCPs)的含量,探讨该地区土壤中有机氯农药残留水平及分布特征,并采用美国EPA推荐的健康风险评价方法(USEPA 1991)对表层土壤中有机氯农药进行致癌风险评价.结果表明,土壤中HCHs和DDTs异构体或衍生物的检出率在77.78%~100.00%之间.HCHs及DDTs含量范围(平均值)分别为0.97~247.40 ng·g-1(10.17 ng·g-1)和0.01~384.75 ng·g-1(18.91 ng·g-1).与国内外相比,研究区土壤中OCPs含量属低污染区域.不同土地利用类型中,OCPs的残留依次为:水稻田>蔬菜地>茶叶地>林地.来源分析表明,研究区近期仍存在HCHs和DDTs输入,HCHs主要来源于林丹的使用,而DDTs可能与三氯杀螨醇的使用相关.风险评价结果显示,研究区表层土壤OCPs致癌风险值均在10-6~10-4之间,对当地居民基本不造成致癌风险.     

北京通州灌区土壤和河流底泥中有机氯农药残留的研究

2007年6月在北京通州污水灌区、清污混合灌区和清水灌区采集土壤和河流底泥样品共28个,参考EPA标准对样品进行处理和分析,研究了26种有机氯农药(OCPs)的残留及分布情况,探讨了有机氯农药含量与总有机碳(TOC)以及有机氯农药组分之间的相关性.结果表明:从污水灌区到清水灌区有机氯农药的总量上并未出现明显递减的趋势,土壤和河流底泥中残留的有机氯农药主要是滴滴涕(DDTs)、六六六(HCHs)和六氯苯(HCB)类,三者占有机氯农药残留总量的97.89%.OCPs质量分数平均值为36.18 ng·g-1,其中DDTs占OCPs的72.85%,大部分样品中DDT与DDE+DDD的质量分数之比都小于1,说明这些土壤和河流底泥中DDTs主要来自历史残留物.同时,除了两个样品外,其它样品的α-HCH/γ-HCH比值均小于1,平均值为0.63,表明林丹是这些采样点中HCH的主要新的污染源.沉积物中TOC、DDTs、HCHs和HCB类农药含量与有机氯农药总含量之间显著相关,在决定有机氯农药含量和分布上起着重要的作用.     

太湖沉积物中有机氯农药的残留特征及风险评估

分析了太湖沉积物中的有机氯农药残留情况,发现DDT及其代谢产物、HCH的异构体、艾氏剂、狄氏剂、六氯苯、七氯等在几乎所有的样品中均被检出.其中β-HCH、p,p'-DDE和六氯苯的残留水平最高,平均值分别达到6.572ng/g、1.432ng/g和2.158ng/g(干重),沉积物的HCHs含量明显高于DDTs.有机氯农药的主要来源为地表径流入湖、大气沉降和工业污水排放.数据表明太湖沉积物的HCHs、DDTs比报道的中国江河沉积物高,但低于海湾沉积物.根据海洋风险评估值进行对比,太湖沉积物中有机氯农药的生态风险较低.     

岩溶地下河流域表层土壤有机氯农药分布特征及来源分析

为研究有机氯农药(OCPs)在重庆南山老龙洞地下河流域表土中的分布趋势、组成特征、来源及污染水平,采用气相色谱-微池电子捕获检测器(GC-μECD)分析了6个代表性表层土样中20种OCPs.结果表明,研究区表层土壤中20种OCPs均有不同程度检出,其中(除DDE、顺式氯丹、反式氯丹、狄氏剂)16种检出率高达100%,氯丹类和DDTs是主要污染物,不同采样点有机氯农药含量差异较大.OCPs总量变化范围在5.57~2 618.57 ng·g~(-1)之间,平均值为467.28 ng·g~(-1),与国内外其它区域相比,研究区表层土壤中HCHs和DDTs含量处于中上水平.有机氯农药总量和HCHs、DDTs、氯丹类农药总量分布具有相似的空间变化趋势,均为:上游中游下游,并且上游与中、下游的差距尤为显著.来源分析表明,HCHs主要来源于林丹的使用,DDTs既来源于历史农药残留,也来源于近期工业DDT的非法使用和三氯杀螨醇的输入,氯丹主要来自历史残留和大气沉降.结合中外土壤质量标准,新力村土壤属于有机氯农药严重污染土壤,下龙井湾、夏家咀和赵家院子土壤受到有机氯农药轻度污染,龙井旁和高中寺土壤属于无污染土壤.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.