Integrating landscape ecological principles and land evaluation forsustainable land use

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Modelling interactions and feedback mechanisms between land use change and landscape processes

Land use changes and landscape processes are interrelated and influenced by multiple bio-physical and socio-economic driving factors, resulting in a complex, multi-scale system. Consequently in landscapes with active landscape processes such as erosion, land use changes should not be analysed in isolation without accounting for both on-site and off-site effects on landscape processes. To investigate the interactions between land use, land use change and landscape processes, a case study for the Álora region in southern Spain is carried out, coupling a land use change model (CLUE) and a landscape process model simulating water and tillage erosion and sedimentation (LAPSUS). First, both models are run independently for a baseline scenario of land use change. Secondly, different feedbacks are added to the coupled model framework as ‘interaction scenarios’. Firstly effects of land use change on landscape processes are introduced by means of a ‘changed erodibility feedback’. Secondly effects of landscape processes on land use are introduced stepwise: (i) an ‘observed erosion feedback’ where reallocation of land use results from farmers’ perception of erosion features, and (ii) a ‘reduced productivity feedback’ whereby changes in soil depth result in a land use relocation. Quantities and spatial patterns of both land use change and soil redistribution are compared with the baseline scenario to assess the cumulative effect of including each of the interaction mechanisms in the modelling framework.Overall, total quantities of land use change (areas) and soil redistribution do not differ much for the different interaction scenarios. However, there are important differences in the spatial patterns of both land use and soil redistribution. In addition, by incorporating the perception and bio-physical feedback mechanisms, land use types with stable or increasing acreages are increasingly relocated from their original positions, suggesting a current location on landscape positions prone to soil erosion and sedimentation. Implementing the ‘reduced productivity feedback’ causes most of these effects. Another important outcome is that on-site land use changes trigger major off-site soil redistribution dynamics. These off-site effects are attributed to down slope or downstream changes in sediment transport rates and/or discharge caused by changes in land surface characteristics.The results of this study provide insight into the interactions between different processes occurring within landscapes and the influence of feedbacks on the development of the landscape. The interaction between processes goes across various spatial and temporal scales, leading to difficulties in linked model representation and calibration and validation of the coupled modelling system.     

艾比湖湿地土地利用/覆被-景观格局和气候变化的生态环境效应研究

借助Arc GIS与ENVI软件,以1998年、2006年和2014年遥感影像Landsat TM/OLI为数据源,得到3期艾比湖湿地自然保护区土地利用/覆被类型图.在空间尺度上将研究区分为3个特定研究单元来分析土地利用/覆被变化特征,并从景观格局和气候变化两个方面来进行生态环境效应研究.通过计算土地利用/覆被类型生态风险指数,从而获得研究区生态安全指数,最终建立艾比湖湿地自然保护区土地利用/覆被类型与生态环境之间的数量关系,并对整体及局部地区进行生态环境质量动态分析.结果表明,水域和其他(裸地和戈壁)是研究区内的优势景观类型.水域的平均斑块面积最大,水域和其他(裸地和戈壁)的最大斑块指数较高,盐碱地和其他(裸地和戈壁)的分维度指数较高,水域和其他(裸地和戈壁)的聚集度指数较大,林草地空间分布离散,破碎化程度高,连通性差.1998—2014年期间多样性指数增加,说明各景观类型所占比例趋于均衡化,作为优势景观类型的湿地对整个景观的控制作用减小,景观异质性增加.1998—2014年间,艾比湖湿地自然保护区总体生态环境指数呈逐步升高趋势,但生态环境质量的改善与恶化同时存在,并在特定研究单元上出现明显的区域分异特征.盐碱地、其他(裸地和戈壁)向湿地及荒漠向其他(裸地和戈壁)的转化是环境改善的主导因素.湿地向水域和其他(裸地和戈壁)的转变是环境恶化的主导因素.据1998—2014年的气象资料,降水量呈下降趋势,降水减少使植物存活率降低,导致植被覆盖率下降,从而影响生态环境的健康发展.另外,在分析驱动机制的基础上,建立了优选多元线性回归方程,结果表明,在景观指数和年径流量中,艾比湖湿地自然保护区生态环境指数的变化与平均斑块面积和分维度指数均呈显著相关.该研究对艾比湖湿地自然保护区土地利用合理规划管理、生态恢复和经济发展政策的制定有着非常重要的意义.     

From pattern to process: landscape fragmentation and the analysis of land use/land cover change

The incorporation of landscape ecological and fragmentation analyses within remote sensing science has expanded the inferential capabilities of such research. This issue presents a series of papers on the use of landscape ecological techniques to explore the relationship between land cover and land use spatial pattern and process in an international, comparative context. Methodologically, researchers seek to link spatial pattern to land use process by integrating geographic information systems (GIS), socio-economic, and remote sensing techniques with landscape ecological approaches. This issue brings together papers at the forefront of this research effort, and illustrates the diversity of methods necessary to evaluate the complex linkages between pattern and process in landscapes across the world. The analyses focus on major forces interacting at the earth’s surface, such as the interface of agricultural and urban land, agriculture and forestry, and other pertinent topics dealing with environmental policy and management. Empirical analyses stem from many different ecological, social and institutional contexts within the Americas, Africa, and Asia.     

土地利用改造规划的多因子空间分析

以福清市土地利用分布为例 ,在完成土地利用状况和土地适宜性参评因子空间数据库基础上 ,集成土地适宜性综合指数模型和地块紧凑度模型 ,开发了基于地理信息系统的土地适宜性评价和土地利用控制决策支持系统。通过土地适宜性多因子空间分析 ,模拟大农业 (耕地、林地、园地 )各目标用地条件下各地块土地使用适宜度 ,并结合土地利用现状 ,得到单目标土地改造方案 ;再经模型优化和综合比较得出多目标土地利用改造规划可选方案。计算结果表明 ,福清市土地资源中开发改造为新耕地的潜力极有限 ,而用于开发改造新林地和园地的土地尚有226 80km₂ 和36 34km₂ ,为福清市土地利用改造规划和总体规划的制定和调整提供了定量依据。     

基于"源""汇"景观格局指数的海河流域总氮流失评价

土地利用类型及其格局能够影响非点源污染时空特征,而景观格局分析方法是评价非点源污染的重要技术手段,但是传统的景观格局指数较少考虑景观之间的位置关系,导致生态意义不明确.＂源＂＂汇＂景观格局理论中的＂源景观＂和＂汇景观＂指的是促进和阻碍非点源污染发生的景观类型.通过收集海河流域2009年夏季26个子流域的总氮浓度数据,并结合1∶25万DEM和1∶10万土地利用图,构建了融合景观类型、面积、空间位置等信息在内的源汇景观格局指数,发现源汇景观格局指数与总氮浓度有很好的相关性,在燕山山区、太行山区和下游平原区的相关系数分别为0.86、0.67和0.65.结果表明,源汇景观格局指数能够很大程度上反映总氮的空间变异特征,可以为其它流域的非点源污染评价提供参考,也有可能作为输入参数提高现有水质模型的模拟精度.     

北京土地利用/覆盖变化机制研究

利用７０年代、８０年代和９０年代（ＳＰＯＴ）３个时段北京市土地利用资料进行土地利用／覆盖研究,分析其变化机制。北京土地利用变化的形式主要以轴向扩展、卫星城建设、工厂郊迁、郊区大型中价商城建设、郊外别墅区等为主,土地覆盖变化的主要形式有：①内城更新与改造;②商贸街的重建;③粗放型用地向集约型用地的转变。     

典型流域土地利用/覆被变化及其景观生态效应——以浙江省西苕溪流域为例

土地利用/覆被变化的环境效应是相关领域今后研究的重点。论文利用1985、1995和2000年的TM数据及调查资料,研究西苕溪流域的土地利用/覆被变化及其景观生态效应。结果表明:流域内农田不断减少,居民及工矿用地持续扩大,林地前期减少、后期缓慢增加;林地和农田是流域内的主要景观类型,空间集中性及斑块碎化、形状规则化、景观同化是景观结构和景观异质性变化的主要表现;土地利用/覆被变化产生了生境质量下降、边缘效应增强、土地退化和生态系统成分单调等景观生态效应;恢复与建设西苕溪流域的景观生态系统需对景观尺度上的土地利用方式进行必要的调整。     

土地资源的多级网格数据结构建立与应用研究

传统的基于行政区的土地统计数据不能完全表现区域内部土地利用的空间分异特征,以武汉市为实验区,对基于网格的统计信息算法STING(Statistical Information Grid-based method)进行扩展,以景观多样性指数为定量化指标对实验区进行四叉树划分生成不均匀多级网格,建立一种拟合了行政区划界线的不均匀的多级网格结构来存储、管理和分析土地数据。并以此多级网格数据结构为平台计算和生成实验区人口密度空间分异渲染图,初步抽取了人口分布与土地利用之间的关系。实验表明,基于多级网格的统计方法能更好地表达土地利用及其相关数据的空间分异性,利于对土地资源数据的进一步挖掘以抽取所需知识。     

土地利用类型及其社会经济特征对河流水质的影响

流域尺度上土地利用类型与水体水质之间存在相关关系,这种相关关系同时会受到各种社会经济活动的影响.在自然或半自然区域内,土地利用类型与水质的相关关系比较显著.然而,在城市区域内社会经济活动将会影响土地利用类型与水质的相关关系.为证实这一现象的存在,选取京津地区11个小流域为研究对象,分别从小流域综合分析和小流域聚类分析2个角度,分析土地利用类型及其社会经济特征与河流水质的关系,并以温榆河小流域情景分析进一步探讨社会经济因素对土地利用类型与河流水质关系的影响,结果显示,聚类分析中,半自然区域中小流域的TN、TP、NH4+-N均与土地利用类型相关,而城市区域中小流域的TN、TP、NH4+-N均与社会经济因素相关,社会经济因素的差异改变甚至削弱了土地利用类型与河流水质的相关性,验证了假设现象的存在.因此,在跨域城乡梯度的区域尺度研究水体水质及其影响因素的相关性时,需要综合考虑土地利用类型及其社会经济特征.     

基于景观指数和空间自相关的吉林大安市景观格局动态研究

以松嫩平原西部盐碱化严重的典型区域大安市为研究对象,基于2000和2010年两个时期的土地利用和增强植被指数（EVI）数据,利用移动窗口法和局部空间自相关分析,研究大安市景观格局的变化。结果表明,大安市优势景观类型是农田、草地和盐碱地,2000年农田、草地和盐碱地分别占景观类型总面积的40.20%、19.09%和19.26%,2010年分别占景观类型总面积的41.69%、18.16%和19.94%。2000-2010年,农田和盐碱地面积增加,最大斑块指数增加,景观形状变得复杂,并且盐碱地的景观连通性增强,而草地的面积减少,最大斑块指数降低,景观形状变得复杂。大安市景观格局空间分布特征明显,优势度较高的景观类型分布的区域包括草地、农田和盐碱地,景观连通性强,景观破碎化程度和异质化程度低。而各种景观类型交错分布的区域景观破碎化程度较高,景观异质性较强。大安市2000和2010年EVI的局部Moran’s I分别为0.73和0.75,在空间分布上呈现出明显的空间自相关性。2000和2010年EVI呈高-高自相关的地区大多为农田,这些区域的植被覆盖较好,EVI呈低-低自相关的地区大多为盐碱地,植被覆盖较差。大安市不同景观类型的Moran’s I和斑块密度（PD）以及斑块形状指数（LSI）呈负相关关系,和最大斑块指数（LPI）以及蔓延度指数（CONTAG）呈正相关关系。移动窗口法和空间自相关法的结合分析,有助于了解大安市景观格局的空间变化特征及植被覆盖的空间聚集规律,从而为该地区生态环境保护提供依据。     

Farm-level models of spatial patterns of land use and land cover dynamics in the Ecuadorian Amazon

Longitudinal studies examining socio-demographic and other contextual factors are vital to understanding landscape change. Landscape structure, function, and change are assessed for the northern Ecuadorian Amazon by examining the composition and spatial organization of deforestation, agricultural extensification, and secondary plant succession at the farm level in 1990 and 1999 through the integration of data from a satellite time-series, a longitudinal household survey, and GIS coverages. Pattern metrics were calculated at the farm level through the generation of a hybrid land use and land cover (LULC) digital classification of Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) data. Population, labor, and other household variables were generated from a scientific sample of survey farms or fincas interviewed in 1990 and resurveyed in 1999. Topography, soils, and distance and geographic accessibility measures were derived for sample farms through a GIS as well as qualitative assessments from household surveys. Generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs) were generated for 155 and 157 fincas in 1990 and 1999, respectively, using pattern metrics at the landscape level as dependent variables, and biophysical, geographical, and socio-economic/demographic variables as independent variables. The models were derived to explore the changing nature of LULC at the finca level by assessing the variation in the spatial structure or organization of farm landscapes in 1990 and 1999, and the extent to which this variation could be explained by the available data. Results indicate rapid population growth causing substantial subdivision of plots, which in turn has created a more complex and fragmented landscape in 1999 than in 1990. Key factors predicting landscape complexity are population size and composition, plot fragmentation through subdivision, expansion of the road and electrical networks, age of the plot (1990 only), and topography. The research demonstrates that the process of combining data from household surveys, satellite time-series images, and GIS coverages provide an ideal framework to examine population–environment interactions and that the statistical models presented are powerful tools to combine such data in an integrated way.     

Effect of land use and land cover change on soil erosion and the spatio-temporal variation in Liupan Mountain Region, southern Ningxia, China

The Liupan Mountains are located in the southern Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region of China, that forms an important divide between landforms and biogeographic regions. The populated part of the Liupan Mountain Region has suffered tremendous ecological damage over time due to population pressure, excessive demand and inappropriate use of agricultural land resources. To present the relationship between land use/cover change and spatio-temporal variation of soil erosion, data sets of land use between the late 1980s and 2000 were obtained from Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) imagery, and spatial models were used to characterize landscape and soil erosion conditions. Also, soil erosion in response to land use and land cover change were quantified and analyzed using data from geographical information systems and remote sensing. Soil erosion by water was the dominant mode of soil loss, while soil erosion by wind was only present on a relatively small area. The degree of soil erosion was classified into five severity classes: slight, light, moderate, severe, and very severe. Soil erosion in the Liupan Mountain Region increased between the late 1980s and 2000, both in terms of acreage and severity. Moderate, severe, and very severe eroded areas accounted for 54.86% of the total land area. The lightly eroded area decreased, while the moderately eroded area increased by 368817 ha (22%) followed by severe erosion with 146552 ha (8.8%), and very severe erosion by 97067.6 ha (5.8%). Soil loss on sloping cropland increased with slope gradients. About 90% of the cropland was located on slopes less than 15°. Most of the increase in soil erosion on cropland was due to conversion of steep slopes to cropland and degradation of grassland and increased activities. Soil erosion was severe on grassland with a moderate or low grass cover and on dry land. Human activities, cultivation on steep slopes, and overgrazing of pastures were the main reasons for the increase in erosion severity.     

云南澜沧江流域土地利用及其变化对景观生态风险的影响

利用GIS的空间分析功能,对云南澜沧江流域1980年、1992年和2000年3期TM遥感影像解译的土地利用解译数据进行图层代数运算,定量分析了土地利用变化及各种土地利用方式的相互转化关系;在土地利用变化的基础上,以景观干扰指数和土地利用类型的敏感度指数为评价指标,分析了不同研究时段内不同空间范围的景观生态风险变化情况.研究结果表明,自1992年以来该流域牛态环境受人类活动干扰增强,耕地、林地、草地三者之间相互转化频率较高;土地利用结构的变化已导致景观生态风险指数发生显著时空差异,中级以上的生态风险主要分布于该流域的中下游,分布范围呈东南向西北方向扩展,风险较高的地区增加幅度较大.受地形、地貌的影响,该区域的景观生态风险各向异性较显著,自相关范围在7.5km之内.澜沧江流域景观生态风险有扩大的趋势,应加强中级以上景观生态风险区域的生态保护与建设,以实现澜沧江流域的生态环境与社会经济的可持续发展.     

Land cover change and landscape fragmentation—comparing the utility of continuous and discrete analyses for a western Honduras region

Current studies of land cover change and landscape fragmentation rely predominantly on land cover classifications derived from remotely sensed images. However, limitations of traditional land cover classifications are numerous and well known. This research compares classification-based techniques (discrete data) to the use of vegetation indices (continuous data) for land cover modeling and analyses of landscape fragmentation for a study area in western Honduras. The study area typifies many regions of tropical developing countries, where a complex interaction of social and environmental factors have given rise to a dynamic mosaic of patches of reforestation and deforestation. Understanding the complex human dimensions of land use and land cover change in these parts of the world continues to present a challenge for researchers.The land cover modeling analysis compares two models using different formulations for the dependent variable: (i) a continuous analysis using a tobit model regressing the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), with non-forest values truncated at 0, on the variables elevation, slope, distance from roads and distance from the nearest market; and (ii) a discrete analysis using a probit model with threshold NDVI coverages (representing forest and non-forest). To examine the patterns of landscape fragmentation, a discrete analysis of a forest/non-forest classification using the software FRAGSTATS is compared to a continuous NDVI-based analysis using the local indicator of spatial association (LISA) statistic. Estimated marginal effects and overall predictive power are compared across the tobit and probit formulations. Because the tobit formulation included variation in the dependent variable for forested areas, greater information was retained regarding the subtle relationships among the independent variables and land cover. The LISA statistic, using the NDVI coverages as input, were helpful in the interpretation of the data and its spatial arrangement in the landscape, indicating that the LISA was a good complement to the FRAGSTATS, classification-based analysis. Given the LISA statistic is parametric and hence subject to outliers, whereas landscape metrics tend to be non-parametric, we found that the use of both FRAGSTATS and LISA together was more beneficial than either analysis by itself. While there is increasing awareness of the need for using continuous data for land cover modeling and fragmentation, this area remains little explored. The research presented provides insights for additional future applications utilizing continuous data analyses.     

岩溶山区不同岩性和地貌类型下景观斑块分布与多样性分析

以研究区2000 年TM影像、1:50 000 地形图和1:250 000DEM为基础数据源, 运用景观斑块 分布与多样性特征指数, 测算了黔西南中低山丘原盆谷区不同岩性和地貌类型下景观格局特征。结 果表明: ①灌木林地、疏林地、中覆盖度草地占据着景观中的优势地位, 是明显的景观基质, 控制着 区域景观生态格局及其发展。景观斑块类型在不同岩石和地貌类型区存在较明显差异; ②在连续性 灰岩区、灰岩与碎屑岩互层区和灰岩夹碎屑岩区形成的山间盆地和高原台面上以及北部水热丰富 的河谷地带, 水田、旱地、疏林地、低覆盖度草地集中分布, 浅中切割低山类型中有林地和灌木林地 集中分布; ③在连续性白云岩区形成的深切割( 低、中和高) 丘陵、浅切割( 低、中和高) 丘陵, 低覆盖 度草地和灌木林地集中分布; ④从岩溶石漠化、土壤侵蚀、森林退化的空间格局及其组合来看, 在形 成生态环境的区域差异过程中, 岩性和地貌的空间组合结构起着显著的控制作用。     

淮南矿区土地利用变化对区域景观格局的影响

以淮南矿区5期遥感影像图作为基本信息源,利用土地利用转移矩阵和景观格局指数分析了淮南矿区的土地利用变化及其对区域景观格局的影响。土地利用变化相关结果表明:1980 — 2015年淮南矿区及区域土地利用变化主要表现为耕地的减少,建设用地、水域的增加。矿区耕地面积减少117.6 km~2,其中46.7%的面积转换成建设用地,51.2%转换成塌陷水域,其所在区域(流域)耕地减少了274.4 km~2,有63.1%转换成建设用地,33.1%转换成水域。将矿区增加的塌陷水域面积还原作为无采矿活动的对照,分析采矿活动对区域景观格局的影响,结果表明:采矿活动使得区域景观多样性指数增加了0.07,矿区土地利用变化使得区域景观多样性增加、优势度减小,区域景观格局更加趋于多样、均衡。     

土地利用转型背景下的乡村景观格局演变响应——基于草堂溪流域的样带分析

研究山区土地利用转型背景下乡村景观格局演变与转型,对山区现代化农业可持续发展和景观格局优化具有一定的指导意义。以三峡库区草堂溪流域为研究对象,利用ArcGIS 10.2和Fragstats 4.2软件,采用样带梯度分析结合景观格局分析方法,基于地形和社会经济因素,分别在河谷地区和山地丘陵地区设置5条样带,对研究区2000—2018年不同方向样带上景观格局梯度演变和驱动机制进行分析比较。结果表明：（1）景观类型整体变化幅度大致可分为较稳定型、逐年递减型和波动递增型,且景观转型的重点主要体现在耕地收缩、果园扩张和林地恢复性增长。（2）2000—2018年,研究区河谷地区的景观类型逐渐多样化,土地利用集聚,呈现空间集约化;而山地丘陵地区景观类型逐渐单一化,林地恢复。整体上由生产型景观格局转型成生态经济型、生态调节型为主的景观格局。（3）社会经济发展和政府政策导向等因素导致研究区内土地利用发生转型,在土地利用转型背景下的乡村景观格局也发生了相应的转变。研究结果可为类似山区土地资源的合理利用、生态治理和乡村振兴提供借鉴价值。     

气候变化对湿地景观格局的影响研究综述

气候变化是影响湿地景观格局变化的主要自然因素。文章从气候变化对湿地水资源面积、湿地土地利用格局、湿地植被空间格局及湿地生物多样性格局的影响研究等方面进行了综述,并对完善气候变化下湿地景观格局变化的研究方法和技术手段进行了探讨。指出:应用气候模型进行未来气候预测时,应合理选择气候变化情景,并确保不同模型的时空尺度匹配;应用"3S"技术提取湿地类型信息、观测湿地土地覆盖变化时要确保信息的精度,不同来源的数据必须采取制图综合等手段;实现气候变化下湿地景观结构与生态过程相结合的动态格局分析。