贵州省土壤环境背景值图的编绘研究

一、制图单元的划分 对三十四个统计单元土壤中各元素含量的分布特征,含量水平进行了研究。在获得各统计单元土壤中各元素的背景值后,着重讨论了土壤背景值含量与土壤成土母质、土壤类型、地貌等自然环境因素之间的关系。然后确定其制图单元。 (一)对石灰岩、第四系、页岩、砂岩、砂页岩、冲击母质发育的土壤中元素含量水平与成土母质之间的关系进行了差异显著性检验,结果表明:这六种成土母质发育的土壤中元素背景值含量有显著性差异。其中砂岩发育的土壤中元素Mn、V、Cr、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、F、Cd的背景值含量均低于其它成土母质发育的土壤。石灰岩母质发育的土壤中Mn、Ni、Zn、     

陕西土壤中元素分布的几个特点

通过对陕西省十种主要土壤类型(栗钙土、黑垆土、黄绵土、灰褐土、(土娄)土、棕壤、黄棕壤、水稻土、潮土及褐土)六十个典型剖面的采样分析,系统地研究了十三种必测元素,及四十八种选测元素。在全省土壤中的含量水平与分布特点。研究结果表明,陕西省土壤中元素分布具有以下四个明显特点:(1)与世界土壤和全国土壤相比,陕西土壤中多数元素含量处于中等偏高水平,但有一部分元素(如Se、Mo、I、Br、V、Sn、Zr等)含量远低于世界土壤平均值和全国土壤平均值,其中Se、Mo、I,Br,Sn含量仅为世界及全国土壤平均含量的一半。(2)六十一     

黄土高原土壤剖面发生学特征和元素背景值的垂直分异现象

在全国土壤元素背景值研究中,所有土壤样品均按A、B、C三个发生层次采样,这对于全国背景值的统计运算及统计单元间的比较,无可置疑,是正确的。但若深入研究区域性土壤元素背景值的形式、分异及其影响因素,实事证明按照土壤剖面的发生学特征,更详细地划分发生层次,逐层采样,不但更有利于准确划分A、B层的界限,而且对于揭示背景值分异的实质——在土壤发生过程中元素的表生地球化学行为的差异,也是完全必要的。本文以黄土高原五个主要土类(含亚类)为例,按照土壤发生层次,讨论土壤元素在剖面上的分布特征,探讨土壤元素背景值垂直分异与土壤剖面发生学特征的内在联系。     

甘家湖湿地边缘带土地荒漠化演变中土壤颗粒分形特征

采用分形理论,研究了甘家湖湿地边缘带不同景观变化类型土壤颗粒体积分形维数的特征。结果表明,（1）从芦苇湿地边缘、胡杨林土、梭梭灌木林土、芦苇湿地、耕地周边、耕地到盐化草甸土的土壤粒径变化可以看出：湿地边缘带土壤荒漠化演变中砂粒含量在逐渐上升,粉粒、粘粒含量逐渐下降。这表明湿地边缘带人为的放牧、开垦、牛羊践踏对土壤产生了...     

离子色谱—电化学检测法测定溴和碘

用离子色谱-电化学检测法同时测定溴和碘。以0.025mol/ L硝酸钠为淋洗液,其酸度为pH6.0.施加电压为+0.2V,对测定溴和碘量为适宜。方法可用于天然水中μg/L级溴和碘的测定。溴和碘的最低检测限各为0.4、1.0μg/L。当溴浓度为3.2μg/L,碘浓度为62μg/L时,变异系数各为3.4％及1.8％。     

1991年干旱环境监测第1—4期总目录

研究与调查报告铋的土壤环境背景值研究……………………………………………齐文启、曹杰山、陈亚苗(5 l 1)乌鲁木齐冬季大气混浊度系数与光气候……………………………………………………杨青(5 l 5)用热释光测量计对哈密地区环境天然贯穿辐射水平调查…………韦继管、张永祥,朱向阳(5 l 8)中国土壤中溴、碘的背景含量…………………………………………………陈立乔、魏复盛(5 2 65)乌鲁木齐大气中二氧化硫、总悬浮微粒t亏染特征及趋势分析…………………………李德忱(5 2 70)乌鲁木齐汽车尾气污染状况调查……………………………………石…     

离子色谱法测定岩石土壤中的痕量碘

常用的溴氧化比色法是借溴氧化碘离子成为IO_3~-,以甲酸钠破坏过剩的溴后,再加入KI与IO_3~-作用,游离出来的碘与淀粉生成兰色,用比色法定量,此法操作手续冗长,测定条件苛刻,且只能应用于含碘较高的磷矿样或水样。基于碘离子催化Ce~(4+)—As~(3+)氧化还原反应的催化比色法灵敏度虽高,但选择性差,只能应用在纯体系(如水样),若待测溶液中存在还原或氧化性物质则容易引起误差。     

富蕴县耕地土壤环境质量现状

通过在富蕴县建立测土配方施肥示范点，开展了耕地土壤环境质量的调查，结果表明：在富蕴县不同地貌部位0 cm~20 cm耕层土壤中，土壤常量元素的分布与微量元素相比差异较大；在山区土壤中，常量元素与微量元素的含量较高，而在戈壁沙漠地带，土壤中常、微量元素的含量均表现为最低水平；土壤pH值为7.5~8.5，适合作物生长；土壤耕层盐分含量相对较低，仅表现为轻盐化土壤类型，占总耕地面积的12.52%。     

BDE-47在土壤矿物质与有机质上的吸附解吸特征

以多溴联苯醚典型单体2，2′，4，4′?四溴联苯醚（BDE?47）为研究对象，阐明了其在土壤矿物质与有机质上的吸附解吸行为及特征。结果表明：土壤中无机矿物质对BDE?47的吸附贡献不大，而有机质是调控BDE?47在土壤中吸附行为的关键组分；有机质对BDE?47的吸附能力与其有机碳含量和物理化学特性相关；BDE?47在腐殖酸上的解吸存在显著的滞后现象。     

北疆部分区域土壤pH、可溶性总盐及有机质含量调查

对北疆4个区域土壤的pH、可溶性总盐及有机质含量状况进行了调查和评价。监测结果表明,调查区的pH为7.20-10.58,多属于碱性至强碱性土壤;可溶性总盐量为0.012％。12.834％,多属于中度盐渍化土壤;土壤表层有机质含量为0.16％-21.09％,1-6级土壤均含有机质,总体水平相对较低,但山区土壤中有机质含量较高。部分农田存在土壤次生盐渍化重、肥力低的问题。古尔班通古特沙漠中的风沙土等具有盐渍化轻、肥力低的特点。     

Geochemical characterization and biomonitoring of reclaimed soils in the Po River Delta (Northern Italy): implications for the agricultural activities

This geochemical study is focused on the easternmost part of the Po River alluvial plain in Northern Italy, which is interested by widespread agricultural activities, investigating a reclaimed sector of the Province of Ferrara, known as “Valle del Mezzano” (Mezzano Low Land, hereafter reported as MLL) characterized by peat-rich soils. The chemical–mineralogical characterization of these reclaimed soils is important to compare the local geochemical backgrounds with those recorded in other sectors of the River Po plain and to monitor if the observed concentration exceeds critical thresholds. The reported analyses include (a) measurement of the soil salinity, (b) nutrient evaluation, (c) major and trace element concentrations carried out on bulk soils, (d) tests of metal extraction with both aqua regia and EDTA to highlight the distinct elemental mobility and (e) phyto-toxicological measurement of heavy metal concentrations in plants (Lactuca sativa acephala) grown on the studied soils. The results indicate (1) high soil salinity, often with drastic increase of sodium and chloride along the soil profiles, (2) high nitrogen content (in part related to anthropogenic activities) on superficial horizons and nitrate decrease along the soil profiles and (3) comparative enrichments in heavy metals with respect to other soils of the province, which indicate that peat deposits are effective in trapping metals from anthropogenic sources. This, in turn, implies potential geochemical risks for the agricultural activities. In this regard, specific concerns are related to the high nickel and arsenic content of MLL soils due to the mobility of these elements and their attitude to be taken up by plants.     

Assessment of the effects of Cr, Cu, Ni and Pb soil contamination by ecotoxicological tests

This study aimed to assess soil quality by chemical and ecotoxicological investigations and to check the correspondence between soil metal concentrations and ecotoxicity. For these purposes, surface soils collected at four adjacent roadside urban parks and at a former industrial area were characterized for C/N, organic matter content, texture, and pH. Cr, Cu, Ni and Pb, chosen among the most representative soil metal contaminants, were measured as total content and as available and water soluble fractions. In addition, the total concentrations of the investigated metals were used to calculate two chemical indices: the contamination and the potential ecological risk factors. The toxicity of the investigated soils was evaluated by an ecotoxicity test battery carried out on both soil samples (Vibrio fischeri, Heterocypris incongruens and Sinapis alba) and elutriates (Vibrio fischeri, Daphnia magna and Selenastrum capricornutum). The findings, both by the chemical and ecotoxicological approaches, would suggest that the soils with high metal contamination pose ecological risks. On the other hand, moderately metal contaminated soils did not exclude soil ecotoxicity. In fact, toxic effects were also highlighted in soils with low metal content, toxicity being affected by metal availability and soil characteristics. Moreover, the results suggest the importance of using a battery of tests to assess soil ecotoxicity.     

Classification of alluvial soils according to their potential environmental risk: a case study for Belgian catchments

Alluvial soils may represent important sinks of contaminants as a result of the deposition of contaminated sediments along the river by overbank flooding or after dredging. Because of the erosion of alluvial deposits or the release of contaminants from sediments, alluvial soils can also be a source of contamination. In this paper, a risk assessment for contaminated (alluvial) soils is presented. The approach, mainly based on physico-chemical soil characteristics, single extractions and leaching tests, is illustrated by means of a case study from four Belgian catchments. The extractions and leaching tests that were used have been validated by European testing programs and can provide valuable information for classifying the potential environmental risks of soils. Irrespective of the location, pH, organic carbon content and 'mobilisable' metal concentrations were the most important factors explaining 'mobile' metal concentrations in the alluvial soils. Additionally, the data of the physico-chemical soil characterization, extractions and leaching tests were combined with local and regional factors to classify the alluvial soils in different categories according to their actual and potential risk for the environment.     

江苏省茶园和农田土壤中拟除虫菊酯类农药残留与污染特征分析

于2018年4—6月采集了江苏省10个市的茶园和农田表层土壤样品,采用气相色谱-三重四级杆质谱仪分析样品中12种拟除虫菊酯类农药的质量比和组成。结果表明,江苏省茶园和农田土壤中广泛检出拟除虫菊酯类农药,总量分别为27.1~50.7,56.9~97.0 ng/g。研究区域的拟除虫菊酯类农药含量存在差异,但组成相近,均是高效氯氟氰菊酯和联苯菊酯的比例较高。与国内其他地区土壤相比,江苏省茶园和农田土壤中拟除虫菊酯含量处于中等水平。     

北京市通州污灌区土壤环境质量监测和蔬菜重金属污染状况研究

通过对北京市通州污灌区土壤现状调查与蔬菜重金属污染监测,结合土壤环境质量标准、食品卫生标准及污灌区污染历史,分析对比该区土壤和蔬菜重金属污染状况及其变化。结果表明,本次监测通州污灌区土壤中重金属平均含量均达到土壤环境质量标准(GB15618-1995)中二级标准限量。对照土壤中的重金属Cu、Pb、Cr、Cd和As均达到土壤一级标准。凉水河两岸和通惠北干渠中重金属含量均高于对照土壤,说明污灌区污水灌溉已使土壤受到一定程度的污染。与二十世纪70年代末监测结果相比,土壤中多数重金属含量处于上升趋势。污灌区蔬菜重金属含量监测结果表明,其含量水平均达到食品卫生标准,说明污灌区蔬菜尚未受到严重污染。     

Changes in soil microbial biomass and aggregate stability under different land uses in the northeastern Turkey

The characteristics of three neighboring soils from the NE of Turkey were evaluated in order to elucidate the effect of different land-use management on the soil aggregate stability and microbial biomass in Galyan-Atasu dam watershed. Three experimental sites corresponding to three land uses were selected. The first site is a hazelnut orchard (agriculture), the second site is a forest dominated by mature coniferous trees, and the third site is grassland. Soil aggregate stability values for the 1–2-mm aggregates increased from forest (lowest) to agriculture (highest) in the current study. The percentage of clay was highest in agriculture soils with 33.57 %, and overall stability values increased according to soil clay content. The lower aggregate stability in the forest soils probably reflects the highly silty texture soils with 11.95 % compared to agriculture and grassland. However, in our study, there were no significant correlations between aggregate stability and organic C concentrations either in cultivated or forested soils. Aggregate stability depended more on the organic matter content when the organic matter content was greater than 50 or 60 mg g^?1. Below that threshold, aggregate stability may be mainly related to clay content. Furthermore, the results confirmed that higher percentages of Cmic/Corg in agricultural soils are the result of more labile organic substrates maintained in the soil, allowing a higher microbial biomass C per unit of soil organic C. This work gives a better understanding of the relationships between land-use type and soil aggregation and allows to know the soil response to different types of management in humid environments.     

Microcosm studies on the air-soil exchange of hexachlorobenzene and polychlorinated biphenyls

Soils have an important role to play in supplying and receiving contaminants from the atmosphere, and in the global cycling of certain persistent organic pollutants (POPs). A microcosm study was conducted, in which some aspects of air-soil exchange likely to be important for the global cycling of POPs were simulated. HCB and PCBs were introduced into a sealed chamber, which contained soils of varying organic matter content, and in which soil mixing was a variable. Uptake of these compounds on to the soils was monitored over time. Subsequently, the primary chemical source was removed and further changes in the residues retained on the soils were monitored. The rates of uptake onto the different soil treatments are compared and the influence of the soil organic matter content and mixing evaluated. The implications for the global cycling of POPs are discussed.     

Development of microbial degradation of cypermethrin and diazinon in organically and conventionally managed soils

The behaviour of pesticides in the soil is a complex issue and is controlled by the physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil. The ability of microorganisms to degrade pesticides is not only controlled by the bioavailability of a chemical but also by their capacity to develop the ability to utilise available chemicals. The development of catabolism in the indigenous soil microflora of four organically and one conventionally managed soils was investigated for two pesticides: cypermethrin and diazinon. Soils were amended with cypermethrin and diazinon and aged for 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 14 weeks and, at each time point, mineralisation of freshly added 14C-cypermethrin or 14C-diazinon was measured by trapping 14CO2. In general, contact times between the soil and the pesticide resulted in a reduction in the lag phase (the period of time before mineralisation exceeded 5% of the added activity), followed by increases in the extent of mineralisation. Cypermethrin was mineralised significantly in all soils; whereas, diazinon was only appreciably mineralised in two of the soils, most notably in the organic soil from Redesdale. Statistical analysis showed pH and organic matter content of the soil had a significant effect on the extent of mineralisation (P< or = 0.05) of the cypermethrin in the soils.     

Characteristics and distribution of analyzed metals in soil profiles in the vicinity of a postflotation waste site in the Bukowno region, Poland

The lead–zinc industry in the Bukowno region of southern Poland has polluted the surface layer of the surrounding soils mainly with lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), zinc (Zn), arsenic (As), and thallium (Tl). Analysis of six soil profiles, taken on the east side of the postflotation waste site of the Mining and Metallurgical Plants ZGH "Boles?aw" in Bukowno, showed that they were podzol soils, taking form of loose sands with neutral pH and reducing conditions. Concentration of organic matter in the horizons ranged from 2 to 80 %. The main components of the mineral soil were quartz, carbonates, K-feldspars, plagioclases, and micas (sericite). The highest total concentrations of metals were found in the O, A, and B horizons. Over 90 % of the Cd content, 80 % of the Pb content, 60 % of the Zn content, ～60 % of the Tl content, and 20 % of the As content occurred as mobile forms. The corresponding total concentrations were 10 mg/kg Cd, 922 mg/kg Pb, 694 mg/kg Zn, <1 mg/kg Tl, and <5 mg/kg As. This can potentially be taken up from the soil and transported in the trophic chain. Comparing the total metal content with the legal limits in Poland, it is observed, that the investigated soils exceeded the permissible levels of Cd, Pb, and Zn for agricultural soils. Arsenic and Tl are not reflected in the chemical quality of soil classifications.     

Laboratory-polluted soils: a methodological approach to establish equilibrium conditions for different metal chemical forms in soils

An approach based on the number of extractions performed over time was applied to study the time necessary to attain equilibrium conditions between the different chemical forms present in two natural soils laboratory-loaded with heavy metals (Cu(II), Pb(II), Zn(II)). The influence of some soil parameters, such as pH value, cation exchange capacity and organic matter content, on the equilibrium time was evidenced both by the different nature of the soils and by the treatment of soils with paper mill sludge. Equilibrium conditions were determined by studying the metal partitioning in the soil on a case by case basis. The behaviour of the three metals was not the same, and the conditions of equilibrium among the different chemical forms were the result of the amount of heavy metals added as well as of the nature of the soil.