顶空气相色谱法测定地表水中的氯苯

采用液上顶空气相色谱法 ,以毛细管柱分离 ,FID检测 ,测定地表水中的氯苯。方法检测限 2 μg/L ,加标回收率 83 %～ 113 % ,相对标准差 4 5 %～ 6 0 % ,精密度和准确度均较好     

海水、地面水中磷酸盐测定方法

以人工海水、纯水为介质 ,采用先加钼酸盐后加抗坏血酸进行显色 ,在 70 0 nm波长下测定校准曲线 ,线性较好且没有显著性差异 ,方法稳定 ,可同时测定海水和地表水无机磷、地表水总磷。检出限低于 0 .0 1 mg/L;测定天然水样 ,相对标准偏差5.1 %～ 0 .9% ;测定加标水样加标回收率为 95%～ 1 0 5% ;重复测定加标回收率相对标准偏差为1 .3%～ 2 .7% ;重复测定质控样品和标准样品误差范围 - 0 .0 0 2～ + 0 .0 0 5mg/L、- 0 .0 0 8～ +0 .0 0 4 mg/L、- 0 .0 8～ + 0 .0 0 7mg/L,相对标准偏差 0 .8%、1 .2 %、1 .3% ,精密度、准确度可满足方法要…     

微波消解法测定污水中COD

试验了家用微波炉消解、快速测定污水中COD的方法,讨论了消解功率、消解时间、Cl-干扰等因素对测定的影响,确定了最佳试验条件.当消解功率为850 W、消解时间为5 min时,方法精密度和准确度良好,RSD≤5.3%,加标回收率为100%～102%,与标准回流法测定结果的相对误差＜5%.     

原子荧光光谱法测定水中低含量锡

采用原子荧光光谱法测定水中锡,结果表明,方法检测限为0．14μg／L,在0、0μg／L～100μg／L范围内线性良好。不同浓度标准溶液测定的相对误差≤2．0％,实际样品测定的加标回收率在90．0％～109％之间,相对标准差≤6．1％,准确度和精密度均较好。     

便携式分光光度计在地表水环境应急监测中的适用性分析

考察了便携式分光光度计对地表水中化学需氧量(COD)、氨氮(NH_3-N)、氟化物(F~-)、总磷(TP)和六价铬(Cr~(6+))的应急监测的适用性。对方法精密度和准确度进行测定,并将便携式方法与实验室方法的测定结果进行比对。结果表明,方法精密度为2.3%~7.4%,标准样品除Cr6+外,其他均在保证值范围内;加标回收率为86.0%~110%,2种方法比对的相对偏差为2.9%~6.4%。该方法精密度与准确度良好,可以较好地应用于地表水环境应急监测中。     

原子荧光光谱法与ICP-MS法测定水中总铅的比对研究

对测定水中铅的原子荧光法和ICP-MS法进行了对比分析。通过标准曲线、方法检出限、精密度、准确度的测定对比,结果表明,原子荧光法标准曲线在0～50μg/L内线性良好,相关系数为0.9995,检出限为0.06μg/L,精密度为1.44%～3.83%,实际样品加标回收率为92.0%～104%;ICPMS法标准曲线在0～100μg/L内线性良好,相关系数为1.0000,检出限为0.02μg/L,精密度为1.02%～3.67%,实际加标回收率为95.0%～106%。     

低浓度样品加标回收测定中的加标量问题

在地表水六价铬加标回收测定中发现 ,如果以测定下限的量进行加标 ,往往得不到预期结果 ,即使标样合格而回收率也难进入 85 %～ 1 1 5 %合格范围。实验表明 ,对于低浓度样品 ,特别是那些接近方法检出限的地表水、地下水等天然水样进行加标回收测定时 ,如加标量过低 (与方法测定     

氯气校正法测定高氯废水中化学需氧量方法的改进

高氯废水中化学需氧量的测定通常采用氯气校正法,该方法消除了氯离子对CODcr.测定的影响,但在实践中发现这种方法对测定结果仍可产生正误差.如果采用含氯空白校正的方法进行测试,结果表明相对误差在0.1%～1.1%之间,加标回收率为102%～105%,可提高方法的准确度.     

超声浸取-离子选择电极法测定土壤中水溶性氟

采用水平震荡和超声浸取2种方法进行预处理,离子选择电极法测定土壤中水溶性氟化物。结果显示:土壤中水溶性氟化物的最佳预处理条件为纯水与土壤按10∶1混合,常温35 k Hz超声浸取30 min。超声浸取-离子选择电极法测定土壤中水溶性氟化物具有较好的精密度和准确性,此法在5.00~500μg范围内线性良好,检出限为0.5 mg/kg。对实际样品进行分析,氟的加标回收率为82.0%~110%,相对标准偏差为2.8%~6.4%(n=6)。对土壤有证标准物质进行分析,相对标准偏差为2.9%~4.6%(n=6),相对误差为-3.9%~2.7%。     

邻菲哕啉直接光度法测定水中总铁

为了准确快速测定印染企业生产用水中的铁,探讨了Fe3+在水浴和室温25℃时的还原反应试验,发现在这2个条件下Fle3+均能被盐酸烃胺快速还原为Fe2+,进而提出了测定水中总铁的新方法--邻菲哕啉直接光度法.并对该方法的检出限、显色络合物的稳定性、干扰及消除、盐酸用量、校准曲线、精密度和准确度进行了试验.检出限为0.03 mg/L,显色络合物显色15 min可稳定6个月,精密度.RSD＜4.32%,加标回收率为95.3%～103%.通过地下水、地表水、工业废水和铁标准样品的比对实验表明,邻菲哕啉直接光度法与邻菲哕啉光度法(标准法)的测定结果无显著差异.     

新型反应器式BOD快速测定仪的性能研究

BOD是反映水体有机污染的主要参数,广泛应用于水体监测、污水处理厂的运行以及水与废水处理的教学与研究工作。传统的BOD测量需要5天,耗时费力。因此,开发BOD快速测量方法及仪器十分重要。文章针对一种新型反应器式BOD快速测定仪在仪器化过程中需要解决的一些问题进行了探讨。包括固定化微生物颗粒制备、反应温度的优化、有无搅拌条件、仪器性能等。实验结果表明,最适宜的测量温度为30℃,可以利用微量曝气代替磁力搅拌,以方便仪器的制作。在对150mg/L的GGA标准液进行的5次测定实验中,测量结果的最大偏差≤10%,精密度为4.6%。该仪器的灵敏度与准确性均能满足BOD快速测量要求。     

地表水BOD_5的快速预测预报

地表水五日生化需氧量（ＢＯＤ５）的测试需要五天时间，分析周期较长。本文建立了ＢＯＤ５与高锰酸盐指数（ＣＯＤＭｎ）、ＢＯＤ５与溶解氧（ＤＯ）之间的直线回归方程，通过测定地表水的ＣＯＤＭｎ和ＤＯ可分别对地表水的ＢＯＤ５实现快速预测预报。现场使用溶解氧测定仪检测ＤＯ，可立即预报地表水的ＢＯＤ５。     

BOD生物传感器快速测定方法应用与探讨

介绍了微生物传感器快速测定生化需氧量(BOD)的方法,通过对标准溶液、工业废水、地表水、污水处理厂废水的检测,分析其精密度和准确度,通过与BOD_5的比对,对方法的存在问题及适用性进行了探讨和研究,为该方法的发展及其在环境监测中的实际应用提供了技术依据。     

Practical field application of a novel BOD monitoring system

A biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) monitoring system, based on electrochemically-active bacteria in combination with a microbial fuel cell, has been developed for the purpose of on-site, on-line and real-time monitoring of practical wastewater. A microbial fuel cell that had been enriched with electrochemically-active bacteria was used as the basis of the measurement system. When synthetic wastewater was fed to the system, the current generation pattern and its Coulombic yield were found to be dependent on the BOD5 of the synthetic wastewater. A linear correlation between the Coulombic yields and the BOD5 of the synthetic wastewater were established. Real wastewater obtained from a sewage treatment plant also produced a highly linear correlation between the Coulombic yield and BOD5 in the system. To examine on-site, on-line and real-time monitoring capability, the BOD monitoring system was installed at a sewage treatment plant. Over 60 days, the measurement system was successfully operated with high accuracy and good stability with the measuring period for a sample being 45 min. This application showed that the application of the measurement system was a rapid and practical way for the determination of BOD5 in water industries.     

Non-steady response of BOD biosensor for the determination of biochemical oxygen demand in wastewater

A biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) biosensor for effective and expeditious BOD(7) estimations was constructed and the non-steady phase of the output signal was extensively studied. The modelling approach introduced allows response curve reconstruction and a curve fitting procedure of good quality, resulting in parameters indicating the relationship between response and organic substrate concentration and stability properties of the BOD biosensor. Also, the immobilization matrixes of different thicknesses were characterized to determine their suitability for bio-sensing measurements in non-stationary conditions, as well as for the determination of the mechanical durability of the BOD biosensor in time. The non-steady response of the experimental output of the BOD biosensor was fitted according to the developed model that enables to determine the stability of the biosensor output and dependency on biodegradable organic substrate concentration. The calibration range of the studied BOD biosensor in OECD synthetic wastewater was 15-110 mg O(2) L(-1). Repeatability tests showed relative standard deviation (RSD) values of 2.8% and 5.8% for the parameter τ(d), characterizing the transient output of the amperometric oxygen sensor in time, and τ(s), describing the dependency of the transient response of the BOD biosensor on organic substrate concentration, respectively. BOD biosensor experiments for the evaluation of the biochemical oxygen demand of easily degradable and refractory municipal wastewater showed good concurrence with traditional BOD(7) analysis.     

海水BOD自动测定仪

适用于淡水的BOD测定仪已经成型,海水盐度高,BOD浓度低,测定仪样品传输及测量的精度和微生物传感器菌种的耐盐性,给构建海水BOD自动测定仪带来困难.以溶解氧电极微生物传感器法为基础,依据海水BOD测定的技术特点,分析样品传输系统、恒温系统和信号采集与处理系统的技术要求,并筛选耗氧耐盐菌种作为微生物传感器的菌株,构建了海水BOD测定仪.用该测定仪测定海水标样,测定结果与标准稀释法测定的BOD5具有良好的相关性和准确度.     

地表水中BOD 5监测时的快速估算

阐述了BOD5与溶解氧之间的相关性,提出可以通过溶解氧和水温估算BOD5值,但是,首先要建立水样稀释前溶解氧与BOD5的相关关系.举例说明了对地表水中BOD5值的估算和稀释倍数确定的应用.     

Measurement of biochemical oxygen demand of the leachates

Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) of the leachates originally from the different types of landfill sites was studied based on the data measured using the two manometric methods. The measurements of BOD using the dilution method were carried out to assess the typical physicochemical and biological characteristics of the leachates together with some other parameters. The linear regression analysis was used to predict rate constants for biochemical reactions and ultimate BOD values of the different leachates. The rate of a biochemical reaction implicated in microbial biodegradation of pollutants depends on the leachate characteristics, mass of contaminant in the leachate, and nature of the leachate. Character of leachate samples for BOD analysis of using the different methods may differ significantly during the experimental period, resulting in different BOD values. This work intends to verify effect of the different dilutions for the manometric method tests on the BOD concentrations of the leachate samples to contribute to the assessment of reaction rate and microbial consumption of oxygen.     

Comparison of BOD results obtained by dilution and manometric methods in sanitary landfill leachates

This study examined the determination of BOD in landfill leachates by dilution (D-method) and manometric methods (M-method). The differences in results were discussed based on statistical tests. The effects of sample dilution, seeding, chloride and total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) level were examined. The M-method was found to be more sensitive to increases in chloride and TKN concentrations. However, in the M-method the positive interference of nitrogenous BOD (NBOD) to carbonaceous BOD (CBOD) was more successfully prevented. The BOD rate constant k and the ultimate BOD (BODu) were estimated by non-linear regression. With the M-method these parameters could be more reliably estimated than the D-method. Suggestions were made for BOD analyses in landfill leachates in future studies.     

生化需氧量(BOD)测定技术进展

综合评述了BOD5指标发展历程和测定方法,重点讨论了标准稀释法接种技术和微生物传感器方法研究的主要进展。