重庆市生态环境智慧监测管理体系研究

以重庆市为例,从生态环境监测管理需求出发,分析了智慧监测的现状与存在的问题,提出了构建生态环境智慧监测管理体系的技术路线。以监测业务为核心,涵盖水、气、声、态、土等多种要素,构建了要素齐全、上下统筹、自动预警、服务应用的生态环境监测网络,实现了环境质量、污染源和生态状况监测全覆盖,预期取得规范监测业务流程、促进监测业务协同、加快产学研用结合等成效。     

燃煤电厂周边大气重金属污染特征及来源解析

为探究燃煤电厂周边大气环境中重金属的污染特征与来源,对广东某山区燃煤电厂周边地区环境和污染源的重金属进行测定,分析其污染特征,采用因子分析法和Pb同位素示踪法对环境中的重金属进行来源解析。结果表明,研究区域室内积尘中重金属浓度水平明显高于土壤重金属,污染空间分布与当地气象条件相关。环境空气TSP中重金属主要来自2个污染源,Cd、Pb、As主要来自电厂燃煤,Ca、Mn、Al、Mg主要来自土壤扬尘。TSP、降尘、积尘样品所含的Pb均与电厂采集的煤、炉渣、粉煤灰样品所含的Pb具有同源性,与其他污染源同源性不明显,说明研究区域大气中Pb污染主要来自电厂燃烧所排放的烟尘,其他污染源影响不大。     

Spatial distribution and source identification of trace elements in topsoil from heavily industrialized region,Aliaga, Turkey

Topsoil samples (n?=?40) were collected from a heavily industrialized region in Turkey. The region includes several scrap processing iron–steel plants with electric arc furnaces (EAFs), a petroleum refinery, a petrochemical complex, steel rolling mills, a natural gas-fired power plant, ship-breaking yards and very dense transportation activities. The region has undergone a rapid transition from an agricultural region to a heavily industrialized region in the last three decades. Collected soil samples were analyzed for 48 trace elements using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The elemental distribution pattern in the region indicated that Nemrut area with dense iron–steel production activities was a hotspot for elemental pollution. In addition to crustal elements, concentrations of anthropogenic trace elements (i.e., Fe, Zn, Pb, Mn, Cu, Cd, Cr and Mo) were very high in the area influencing many parts of the region. Elemental compositions of fugitive sources polluting the soil (i.e., paved and unpaved roads, slag piles, EAFs filter dust piles and coal piles) were also determined. The methods (enrichment factors [EFs] and the index of geoaccumulation [I _geo]) used for determination of pollution status of soil showed that Cr, Ag, Zn, As and Pb were the strongly contaminating elements for the region. Principal component analysis (PCA) clearly indicated that anthropogenic sources (steel production, refinery and petrochemical processes and traffic) were important sources in this region.     

山东省生态环境监测网络建设发展建议

介绍了山东省生态环境监测网络建设状况,“十三五”期间全省基本实现大气、水、土壤、噪声、生态、污染源等全覆盖,“十四五”初期优化调整了地表水、地下水、海洋、土壤等环境质量监测点位,加大了自动监测力度。通过分析当前全省监测网络建设中存在的覆盖不全面、技术不完善、服务不深入等问题,提出了环境质量监测、生态质量监测、污染源监测、应急监测等各要素的发展建议。     

Distributions, sources and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in topsoil at Ji’nan city, China

Surface soil (0-5 cm) samples from 17 sampling sites including different functional areas at Ji'nan city in Shandong Province of China were collected and analyzed for 16 EPA priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The total PAH concentrations were in the range from 1.31 mg kg(-1) to 254.08 mg kg(-1) (dry weight), and the average level of total PAHs was 23.25 mg kg(-1). The highest total PAHs concentrations were found in steel and iron plant at industrial areas. The total PAHs concentrations in industrial areas were markedly higher than those in other different functional areas. According to comparing total PAHs concentration in Ji'nan city to that of other urban areas, it was found that total PAHs concentrations were 6 to 137 times higher than other areas because of some specific sampling sites such as steel and iron plant and one main roadside. The results showed that PAHs in topsoil of Ji'nan city were suffered from strong pyrogenic influence, especially in industrial areas. However about 52.9% soil samples were mainly originated from both pyrogenic and petrogenic mixed sources based on Flu/Pyr ratios and Phe/Ant ratios. Furthermore, It was found that all individual PAHs except Fle were significantly correlated (P < 0.01) with LMW, HMW, total PAHs and SOM, and individual PAHs except Fle in soils were significantly correlated (P < 0.01) with each other. The nemerow composite index to assess the environmental quality showed that the soil sample of steel and iron plant in industrial areas and one main roadside were heavy pollution of PAHs, and about 47% soil sampling sites were safety, about 53% soil sampling sites were got different grades of PAHs pollution.     

中国1998年度环境质量状况

对我国１９９８年度的环境空气质量,酸雨,主要流域水质,近岸域海水水质,地下水水位与水质,城市声环境、射环境质量,典型区域生态环境的状况进行了综述了与分析,指出了我国的环境污染问题主要是城市空气污染,地面水体污染和城市噪声污染。     

我国生态环境中多环芳烃污染状况研究进展

综述了近年来我国大气、水、土壤环境和生态系统中多环芳烃（PAHs）污染状况研究进展，指出化石燃料及其衍生物的燃烧产物是PAHs的主要来源，虽然我国大部分地区生态环境中PAHs风险较低，但仍须关注其潜在的健康风险，提出多学科交叉研究典型PAHs在生态系统中的环境行为及原位修复技术等未来研究方向。     

气体中毒窒息事故的环境应急监测

以株洲市攸县某矿业公司"5·7"重大中毒窒息事故的环境应急监测为例，详细阐述了该事故开展应急监测的全过程。针对锁定污染因子、查找污染源、判断污染团的扩散趋势以及监控敏感点的安全等监测目的设计监测方案。通过监测数据分析确定事故特征因子为CO，其周边环境空气中浓度随着与抽风口距离的增加而快速下降，监测到附近居民区环境空气质量未受事故影响。     

Morphology,microstructure and chemical composition of single inhalable particles in Shanghai,China

The morphology, microstructure, and chemical composition of a variety of particles emitted from coal-fired power plants, steel plants, and vehicle exhausts, which are possible sources of particulate matter (PM) in the atmosphere, were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and compared with particle samples collected from urban atmosphere to identify the best footprint or the suitable indicator relating the existence of studied particles and their possible emitters by the morphology, microstructure, and chemical composition of the particles. The investigation indicated that the particles from these three sources are different in morphology, microstructure, and chemical composition. Sphere aggregates were generally the most abundant components, with silicon and aluminum as major elements. The urban air particulate contained particles similar to those observed in the power plant, steel plant, and vehicle exhaust samples suggesting that all three sources are contributing to the pollution in the city.     

张家港市声环境相关问题问卷调查

对张家港市7个镇176名居民进行了有关声环境保护的问卷调查。结果表明,张家港市声环境质量近年来得到改善,57%的调查对象对声环境质量感到满意,市民对声环境的关注度较高。调查对象认为主要噪声污染源为建筑施工源,其次为工业源,然后是交通运输源,最后为社会生活噪声。4种噪声源实际导致的噪声污染事件数量间没有明显差别,其中社会生活噪声造成的污染情况数最多。居民实际遭遇的噪声污染事件类别和居民受教育程度会对居民提出声环境保护措施的倾向产生显著影响。     

江苏省“十一五”环境质量状况及成因分析

结合江苏省“十一五”期间环境质量状况及变化情况,综合分析了环境空气、水环境、声环境质量及污染物排放状况.“十一五”期间,江苏省经济总量以13.5％的平均速度增长,社会、经济的快速发展给全省环境质量带来巨大的胁迫压力,资源能源消耗迅速攀升,“三废”产生总量持续增长;而由于加大了节能减排和环境治理投入力度,采取了一系列措施...     

辽宁省三城市大气颗粒物来源解析研究

针对辽宁省的沈阳、抚顺、葫芦岛三个城市的大气颗粒物来源,应用CMB化学质量平衡模型和二重源解析技术进行了定性和定量解析。识别各源类及其成分谱的特征,分析、比较大气颗粒物的时空分布特征,并计算三城市各源类在不同季节对城市大气颗粒物污染的贡献率,得到辽宁省城市大气颗粒物来源和季节分布特征的一般规律,说明城市扬尘、土壤风沙尘和煤烟尘是城市颗粒物的主要来源,应作为颗粒物污染治理的重点,而抚顺市特有的钢铁尘,葫芦岛市特有的锌尘等源类的污染也不容忽视。     

江苏省环境问题与恶性肿瘤

对江苏省水体和饮用水源污染，空气污染、水文地质和土壤环境问题、沿海环境质量、生活和居住环境质量、社会环境和生活习惯、个人行为等特定的环境问题进行了阐述，并对恶性肿瘤现状和流行特征及其与环境因素的关系进行了分析，提出了环境保护是恶性肿瘤最重要的一级预防。     

Quantification and source identification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediment, soil, and water spinach from Hanoi, Vietnam

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were quantified in sediment, soil, and plant material from Hanoi, Vietnam, and an aquatic production system in peri-urban Hanoi. The sum of the concentration of 16 US-EPA priority PAHs ( summation PAH16) ranged between 0.44 and 6.21 mg kg(-1) dw in sediment and between 0.26 and 1.35 mg kg(-1) dw in soil, with decreasing concentrations from the urban area to the peri-urban area, indicating contributions from urban and industrial sources. Double plots of diagnostic source ratios indicate that PAHs originate from mixed petrogenic and pyrogenic sources, the latter being predominant. The predominance of low molecular weight (LMW) PAHs in the sediment samples suggests that petrogenic sources are more prevalent in the water environment than in the soil. In contrast, high molecular weight (HMW) PAHs dominated in water spinach which probably reflects the plant's uptake of particle-bound PAHs that originate from pyrogenic sources.     

Assessing regional environmental quality by integrated use of remote sensing,GIS, and spatial multi-criteria evaluation for prioritization of environmental restoration

This study was an attempt to analyse the regional environmental quality with the application of remote sensing, geographical information system, and spatial multiple criteria decision analysis and, to project a quantitative method applicable to identify the status of the regional environment of the study area. Using spatial multi-criteria evaluation (SMCE) approach with expert knowledge in this study, an integrated regional environmental quality index (REQI) was computed and classified into five levels of regional environment quality viz. worse, poor, moderate, good, and very good. During the process, a set of spatial criteria were selected (here, 15 criterions) together with the degree of importance of criteria in sustainability of the regional environment. Integrated remote sensing and GIS technique and models were applied to generate the necessary factors (criterions) maps for the SMCE approach. The ranking, along with expected value method, was used to standardize the factors and on the other hand, an analytical hierarchy process (AHP) was applied for calculating factor weights. The entire process was executed in the integrated land and water information system (ILWIS) software tool that supports SMCE. The analysis showed that the overall regional environmental quality of the area was at moderate level and was partly determined by elevation. Areas under worse and poor quality of environment indicated that the regional environmental status showed decline in these parts of the county. The study also revealed that the human activities, vegetation condition, soil erosion, topography, climate, and soil conditions have serious influence on the regional environment condition of the area. Considering the regional characteristics of environmental quality, priority, and practical needs for environmental restoration, the study area was further regionalized into four priority areas which may serve as base areas of decision making for the recovery, rebuilding, and protection of the environment.     

一种新的城市群大气环境承载力评价方法及应用

针对中国国土资源环境承载力评价研究理论与方法存在不足的情况,以全国主体功能区中处于优化开发区域的5个城市群为例,用一种新的方法评价城市大气环境纳污承载力。以城市大气污染防治标准为基础,根据不同级别城市空气污染指数所对应的天数占全年监测天数的比例,确定5个城市群的城市大气环境纳污承载力底限水平得分。评价结果表明,快速增长的经济给大城市的大气环境带来巨大压力,处于优化开发区的珠三角城市群的大气环境纳污承载力得分87.13,为较高承载级别。其他城市群得分从高到低依次为辽中南(78.73)、京津冀(77.92)、长三角(77.23)、山东半岛(76.32),均为中承载级别。要使这些城市群保持良好的空气环境,必须加大污染防治力度,优化国土规划空间布局,在大力发展经济的同时,兼顾其对环境的负面影响。     

云南省宣威市和富源县空气和土壤中多环芳烃污染水平研究

宣威市和富源县位于我国云南省东北部,是全世界肺癌发病率最高的地区之一。当地居民在不通风的房间内燃烧烟煤做饭或取暖造成了严重的室内空气污染。研究表明,长期暴露在燃煤造成的污染物中是导致两地居民肺癌持续高发的主要原因,多环芳烃是最可疑的致病因子之一。2008年1月,分别用聚胺脂泡沫和玻璃纤维滤膜采集了当地9个点位室内、室外空气中气相和颗粒物相中的多环芳烃,同时采集了对应点位的土壤样品。通过对样品的分析,考察了当地空气和土壤中多环芳烃的污染水平、特征以及来源。结果证明,当地空气和土壤中存在严重的多环芳烃污染,室内污染显著高于室外,然而随着当地工业的发展室外污染同样不可忽视,主成分分析结合比值法证明,当地室内外多环芳烃的主要污染源来自于煤炭的燃烧。对空气颗粒物和土壤中多环芳烃浓度进行了比较,对土壤中多环芳烃的来源进行了验证。     

涪陵页岩气田一期工程环境影响调查

采用现场调研与实地监测相结合的方法对涪陵页岩气田一期工程污染源和区域环境质量现状进行深入调查研究,剖析涪陵页岩气开发对环境产生的影响。结果表明,涪陵页岩气田开发过程中废水实行循环利用,钻屑固体废物固化填埋,企业环保措施基本落实,短期内页岩气开发未对区域环境产生明显不良影响。指出修建井场、池体、道路等设施对生态环境具有一定影响,且随着时间推移,钻屑固化填埋对周围土壤及水环境也具有潜在影响。     

典型大气污染源动态排放清单编制方法及应用研究

随着环境空气质量精细化管理要求的提高，在应对重污染天气过程中，对大气污染源排放清单的时间分辨率提出了更高的要求。文章从固定源、移动源、油气储运源等方面探讨了大气污染源动态排放清单编制技术方法，并选取某城市进行了应用计算。结果表明，通过获取动态更新的数据，移动源的船舶、机动车、飞机可以逐时分析污染物排放量变化；固定源和油气储运源可以逐日分析。同时与相关指南算法进行定量比较，探讨了精细化改进方法及可能存在的问题，为建立更精细化动态排放清单提供有益参考。     

国家地下水环境质量考核监测体系构建与应用

为支撑国家地下水环境管理与污染防治,在系统梳理我国地下水环境监测发展历程的基础上,分析了当前地下水环境监测的技术特点,从支撑国家地下水环境质量考核的角度出发,研究构建了涵盖点位布设、监测指标选取、样品采集与保存、样品分析测试、质量保证与质量控制、质量评价等全流程的监测技术体系和质量管理体系,建立了"十四五"国家地下水环境质量考核监测网络建设及业务运行模式。基于覆盖全国所有地级及以上城市、主要水文地质单元、典型规模以上地下水型饮用水水源地与重点污染源的考核监测网络,建立了完善的地下水环境监测技术与质量管理体系,有效支撑了国家地下水环境质量考核,有助于各级管理部门掌握地下水环境质量状况,有针对性地开展地下水污染防治,为逐步改善地下水环境质量提供基础保障。