春节烟花爆竹燃放期间苏州市区PM2.5组分特征分析

为了解春节期间烟花爆竹燃放对苏州市空气质量的影响,在苏州市南门监测点利用在线监测仪器(包括颗粒物分析仪、在线离子色谱、OC/EC分析仪和重金属分析仪)对环境空气中的PM2.5浓度水平、颗粒物水溶性离子、有机碳(OC)、元素碳(EC)和重金属浓度进行连续观测。通过比较烟花爆竹燃放时段和正常时段的PM2.5浓度水平和化学组成,分析并探讨烟花爆竹燃放对PM2.5浓度水平及其组分特征的影响。研究结果表明,大量烟花爆竹的集中燃放造成了PM2.5短时严重污染,最高质量浓度达到了571μg/m3,但随烟花爆竹燃放的减少,PM2.5浓度迅速降低。在烟花爆竹燃放高峰时段,SO42-、Cl-、K+、Mg2+和OC出现了明显的浓度峰值,SO42-质量浓度达到了93.2μg/m3,Cl-质量浓度达到了42.3μg/m3,K+质量浓度达到了115.6μg/m3,OC质量浓度达到了53.8μg/m3。另外,重金属浓度也出现了明显的峰值,Fe质量浓度达到了2.426μg/m3,Cu质量浓度达到了0.727μg/m3,Zn质量浓度达到了1.159μg/m3,Ba质量浓度达到了5.168μg/m3,Pb质量浓度达到了1.245μg/m3。烟花爆竹的燃放造成苏州市区环境空气中有毒有害物质的短期急剧上升,有必要限制烟花爆竹的燃放。     

乌鲁木齐市可吸入颗粒物污染水平及其与气象因素的相关性分析

为了解可吸入颗粒物污染水平与气象因素之间的关系,从2008年9月—2010年2月采集乌鲁木齐市可吸入颗粒物样品,并对其随时间的变化特征及其与气象因素之间的相关性进行了统计分析。结果表明,采样时间内可吸入颗粒物中PM2.5和PM2.5-10的质量浓度的范围分别为38.2~468.7μg/m3和20.8~243.1μg/m3,平均浓度分别为134.2μg/m3和69.2μg/m3。可吸入颗粒物同时受几种气象因素的影响,其浓度与温度、能见度、风速呈负相关,与湿度呈正相关。     

2013年北京市PM2.5重污染日时空分布特征研究

根据2013年北京市环境保护监测中心监测的PM2.5数据,系统分析了北京市重污染日PM2.5污染的时空分布特征,并利用克里格插值初步统计了全年和重污染日PM2.5不同浓度区间的国土面积。2013年全市PM2.5年均浓度为89.5μg/m3,重污染日平均浓度为218μg/m3,重污染日主要集中在冬季;PM2.5年均浓度呈现明显的南高北低梯度分布特征,而重污染日空间分布较均匀,南部及城六区存在明显的高污染区,平均浓度在180μg/m3以上;2013年北京市重污染日PM2.5平均浓度为150~250μg/m3,其对应的国土面积约为12 656 km2,PM2.5平均浓度在250μg/m3以上的国土面积约为883 km2,而全年无PM2.5平均浓度在150μg/m3以上所对应的国土面积。     

北京大气颗粒物中有机碳和元素碳的浓度水平和季节变化

分析了北京市两个采样点十三陵站(清洁对照点)和天坛站(居民生活区)的110个大气颗粒物样品有机碳和元素碳的测定数据,结果表明两站点具有明显的季节变化特征.一号站OC质量浓度年均值为22.0μg/m3,EC为3.6μg/m3,五号站OC质量浓度年均值为41.5μg/m3,EC为7.8μg/m3.OC百分含量秋季高,反映出活跃的大气化学反应和严峻的污染形势,春季低表现了风沙气候的影响.城区的EC百分含量冬季增高则是燃煤贡献所致.对1998年1月份和9、10月份的数据进行了实例分析.结果表明稳定的天气条件和北京特殊的地貌容易导致空气污染事件.有机物污染是1998年北京秋季空气污染的一个特征.     

2013年苏州春季一次重污染天气的过程分析

研究了2013年3月在江苏范围内的一次重污染天气过程，重点分析苏州在此次污染过程中大气污染的变化特征。污染过程中，苏州市颗粒物浓度上升较为明显， PM10的小时质量浓度最高达548μg／m3， PM2．5质量浓度也达到197μg／m3，污染持续时间为2 d，3月8—9日当地空气质量均达到中度污染水平。根据后向轨迹模型、颗粒物离子浓度的分析，此次污染是由外来浮尘及苏州本地污染物排放所造成的区域霾污染影响所致。根据监测结果与实际污染特征，针对性地提出了对策和措施。     

固相微萃取/气相色谱/质谱法研究新建建筑室内挥发性有机化合物的组成及其特征

采用Tenax/SPME富集结合GC/MS分析,对21所初装修和13所精装修新建建筑室内空气中VOCs进行测定,分别检出74种和58种污染物。对比了不同类型建筑室内VOCs组成的特征,指出了胺类物质主要来源于初装修使用的各类建筑材料中的化学填加剂;而芳香族化合物则和装修过程中使用的涂料以及胶粘剂等化工产品有关。同时对检出频度和浓度较高的组分和VOCs总量分别进行了定量,其中初装修一组和精装修一组甲苯和二甲苯浓度均值分别为115.7μg/m3和122.9μg/m33、38.2μg/m3和289.4μg/m3;苯和乙苯在两种类型的房屋中浓度变化不大,初装修一组为16.8μg/m3和60.4μg/m3,精装修一组为19.3μg/m3和73.5μg/m3;α-蒎烯在初装修一组检出频度(P<50%)和浓度水平(13.5μg/m3)均较低,在精装修一组中检出频度(P>85%)和浓度水平(61.5μg/m3)均有大幅增高;初装修一组VOCs的平均浓度为435.7μg/m3,而精装修一组平均浓度为815.9μg/m3。结果表明,精装修VOCs浓度一般比初装修VOCs浓度高2~5倍左右。     

重庆市春季大气PM10中有机碳、元素碳浓度水平及污染特征分析

2006年4月于重庆市主城区9个采样点和1个城郊对照点同步采集了大气PM10样品,利用热分解示差热导法元素分析仪测定了PM10中的有机碳(OC)、元素碳(EC)的质量浓度,对OC和EC的污染水平、空间分布、OC和EC的浓度关系以及二次有机碳(SOC)等特征进行了较为详细的分析。结果显示,不同区域采样点的OC、EC浓度存在较明显差异,主城区大气环境中OC、EC平均浓度分别为52.5、8.6μg/m3,是对照点OC(16.8μg/m3)、EC(2.9μg/m3)浓度的3.1和3.0倍;主城区总碳气溶胶(TCA)占PM10总浓度的比例均值为33.3%;无论是高污染城区点还是一般城区点,OC和EC浓度间的相关性均不显著;各样点OC/EC值均超过2,表明存在二次有机碳的贡献;初步估算主城区PM10中的二次有机碳浓度均值为39.6μg/m3,占PM10总浓度的16.1%左右。     

一种评估烟花爆竹燃放对大气PM2.5影响的新方法

基于北京市空气质量自动监测系统2013年2月常规污染物监测数据,提出了定量估算烟花爆竹燃放对大气PM2.5影响的污染物相对比值(PM2.5/CO)法。利用该方法研究表明,2013年北京除夕烟花爆竹燃放使PM2.5单站1小时平均浓度最大增加709μg/m3(石景山古城监测点);全市24小时平均浓度增加88μg/m3,达到159μg/m3,空气质量由良好升级为重度污染。元宵节夜间烟花爆竹燃放使PM2.5单站1小时平均浓度最大增加469μg/m3(海淀万柳监测点),全市24小时平均浓度增加54μg/m3。除夕夜、元宵夜全市平均烟花爆竹PM2.5浓度超过75μg/m3的时间分别为5、7 h,达到峰值后半衰期分别为0.9、1.7 h。城区烟花爆竹PM2.5浓度高于郊区,并可导致下风向郊区的PM2.5浓度显著增加。除夕、元宵节北京市区烟花爆竹排放PM2.5总量分别约为1.91×105kg、1.17×105kg。     

江淮平原东部城市大气PM2.5组成和污染特征研究

2019年10月—2020年10月在江淮平原东部城市淮安开展持续1 a的PM2.5采样分析,研究PM2.5的组成和污染特征。结果表明：淮安市大气PM2.5年均质量浓度为（52.2±27.1）μg/m3,是国家二级标准（35 μg/m3）的1.5倍,其中冬季最高,为（67.5±36.4）μg/m3,是国家二级标准的1.9倍;PM2.5中的ρ（NO3-）/ρ（SO2-4）=1.76,说明机动车尾气排放对淮安市PM2.5的影响较大;PM2.5中平均ρ（OC）/ρ（EC）值为4.1±1.1,说明淮安市PM2.5受大气二次生成影响明显;Si、Al、Ca等无机元素的质量浓度较高,表明淮安须加大对扬尘污染的治理力度。     

乌鲁木齐市采暖期SO_2污染空间分布特征分析

对乌鲁木齐市采暖期进行SO2网格布点监测。结果表明:采暖期SO2浓度值分布在49~364μg/m3之间,72.4%的网格监测值超过国家二级日标准,污染严重。SO2浓度基本呈现4个梯度:第一梯度为市区西北部,SO2浓度小于120μg/m3;第二梯度为市区东北部,浓度为120~160μg/m3;第三梯度为第四梯度外围,SO2浓度为160~200μg/m3;第四梯度为市区中部及市区南部,SO2浓度大于200μg/m3。SO2污染随海拔高度的递增而增加,城市北部污染较轻,城市中心地带为重污染区域。     

河流沉积物中有机污染物的分析研究进展

总结了近年来河流沉积物中有机污染物的研究进展 ,集中评述了国内有关沉积物中多环芳烃、有机氯农药和多氯联苯的分析研究现状 ,包括样品采集、样品前处理和样品分析 ,并对今后河流、湖泊及水库沉积物中污染物的分析工作作了展望     

西藏典型城市公园繁殖鸟类中的外来鸟种

选取位于西藏拉萨的罗布林卡、龙王潭公园、布达拉宫广场,位于林芝的福建公园,以及位于昌都的天津广场等5个城市公园,于2017年5—6月采取样线法对其中的鸟类群落组成和外来鸟种情况进行调查。调查共记录到鸟类9目20科36种,其中属于古北界的有12种,东洋界和广布种也均为12种。36种鸟类中,留鸟24种,夏候鸟6种,冬候鸟2种,旅鸟4种。统计到外来鸟种4种,包括山噪鹛(Garrulax davidi)、八哥(Acridotheres cristatellus)、红嘴相思鸟(Leiothrix lutea)及大紫胸鹦鹉(Psittacula derbiana),占调查鸟种种类的11.1%,外来物种的入侵风险在高原不容忽视。     

Quantifying nickel in soils and plants in an ultramafic area in Philippines

In this study, concentrations of nickel (Ni) were quantified in the soils and plants in the agricultural areas of Salcedo watershed in Eastern Samar Island, Philippines. The quantity of total Ni in soils (TS-Ni) was significantly high with a mean of 1,409 mg kg^?1, while the soil available Ni (SA-Ni) was low with a mean of 8.66 mg kg^?1. As the levels of TS-Ni in the Salcedo watershed greatly exceeded the maximum allowable concentrations for agricultural soils, the site is not suitable for agricultural purposes. Despite significant TS-Ni levels, SA-Ni levels were very low due to tight binding between Ni and soil components. Consequently, all plants investigated did not meet the criterion for a Ni hyperaccumulator plant with low Ni contents (mean TP-Ni of 14.7 mg kg^?1). Comparison of Ni levels between food plants and its recommended daily intake (RDI) suggests that consumption of food-plants grown in the study area is unlikely to pose health risks. However, caution must be taken against combined consumption of food plants with high Ni levels or their prolonged consumption, as it can induce accumulation of Ni above RDI.     

Challenges in meeting international standards in undertaking social impact assessment in Russia

Implementing good practice social impact assessment (SIA) that meets international standards in countries in transition is problematic. We reflect on the challenges faced when undertaking SIA in the Russian Federation. These challenges restrict meaningful SIA processes from being undertaken and limit public participation and the effective community engagement of project-affected local people. Based on the self-reflexive professional experience of two Russian-based social practitioners, and their discursive interactions with two leading academics in environmental and social impact assessment, as well as on in-depth interviews with prominent Russian and international experts, we identified the key challenges that prevent effective SIA from being implemented in Russia: a lack of understanding of the international standards; discrepancy in the determination of the social area of influence between the national requirements and international standards; difficulties in combining national and international impact assessment processes; and a tendency by companies to restrict stakeholder engagement to the minimum. We hope that by having an awareness of these limitations, improvements to SIA practice in Russia and elsewhere will be made.     

Changes in the trade in native medicinal plants in Brazilian public markets

Plants continue to be an important source of new bioactive substances. Brazil is one of the world’s mega-diverse countries, with 20 % of the world’s flora. However, the accelerated destruction of botanically rich ecosystems has contributed to a gradual loss of native medicinal species. In previous study, we have observed a fast and intensive change in trade of medicinal plants in an area of Amazon, where human occupation took place. In this study, we surveyed 15 public markets in different parts of Brazil in search of samples of 40 plants used in traditional medicine and present in first edition of Brazilian Official Pharmacopoeia (FBRAS), published in 1926. Samples of plants commercialized as the same vernacular name as in Pharmacopoeia were acquired and submitted to analysis for authentication. A total of 252 plant samples were purchased, but the laboratory analyses showed that only one-half of the samples (126, 50.2 %) were confirmed as the same plant species so named in FBRAS. The high number of unauthenticated samples demonstrates a loss of knowledge of the original native species. The proximity of the market from areas in which the plant occurs does not guarantee that trade of false samples occurs. The impact of the commerce of the substitute species on their conservation and in public health is worrying. Strategies are necessary to promote the better use and conservation of this rich heritage offered by Brazilian biodiversity.     

Trends in Nitrogen Transport in Swedish Rivers

Concern about nitrogen loads in marine environments has drawn attention to the existence and possible causes of long-term trends in nitrogen transport in rivers. The present study was based on data from the Swedish environmental monitoring programme for surface water quality; the continuity of these data is internationally unique. A recently developed semiparametric method was employed to study the development of relationships between runoff and river transport of nitrogen since 1971; the observed relationships were then used to produce time series of flow-normalised transports for 66 sites in 39 river basins. Subsequent statistical analyses of flow-normalised data revealed only few significant downward trends (p 0.05) during the time period 1971–1994, and the most pronounced of these downward trends were caused by reduced point emissions of nitrogen. The number of significant upward trends was substantially larger (15 for total-N and 18 for NO₃-N). Closer examination of obtained results revealed the following: (i) the most pronounced upward trends were present downstream of lakes, and (ii) observed increases in nitrogen transport coincided in time and space with reduced point emissions of phosphorus or organic matter. This indicated that changes in the retention of nitrogen in lakes were responsible for the upward nitrogen trends. The hypothesis that nitrogen saturation of forest soils has caused a general increase in the riverine export of nitrogen from forested catchments in Sweden was not confirmed. Neither did the results indicate that improved agricultural practices have reduced the export of nitrogen from agricultural catchments.     

Variations in the level of some trace elements in hair of participants in the Italian expeditions in Antarctica

As a part the Italian National Programme of Research in Antarctica (PNRA) a monitoring study has been undertaken to quantify the concentrations of some selected trace elements in human hair of participants in the Antarctic expeditions. Such concentrations may vary as a consequence of the extreme environmental conditions and changes in lifestyle experienced by participants in the expeditions, as some evidence in previous investigations seems to suggest. The present study regards samples collected on the occasion of the 2002-2003 expedition to the Italian Base of Terra Nova Bay (now Mario Zucchelli Base), i.e., just before the expedition and about one month later. Seven essential elements were taken into account, namely, Ca, Cu, Cr, Fe, Mg, Mn and Mo. Determinations were performed by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES) and Dynamic Reaction Cell Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (DRC-ICP-MS). Data obtained were statistically treated by using the non-parametric Friedman test. The concentrations of Ca, Cu and Mg were found to decrease (P < 0.05). The stress caused by the severe environmental conditions might well play a role in the observed decrease.     

HPLC法测定饲料中维生素A、维生素D 3 和维生素E

建立了以w(C2H5OH)=95 %乙醇直接提取,高效液相色谱仪在波长280 nm和254 nm处连续测定饲料中维生素A、维生素D3和维生素E的方法.色谱柱为大连依利特Hypersil ODS C18(25 cm×4.6 mm×5 μm),流动相为甲醇-水,流速为1.2 mL/min.维生素A、维生素D3、维生素E的质量浓度分别在1.0 mg/L～20.0 mg/L、0.5 mg/L～15.0 mg/L 、2.5 mg/L～50.0 mg/L范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系,检测限分别为0.3×10-6 μg、0.04×10-6 μg、5.0×10-6 μg,相对标准偏差分别为1.6 %、2.7 %、2.4 %,平均回收率分别为99 %、102 %、98 %.     

丽水市空气中Pb污染调查

为调查丽水市空气中Pb污染现状，在机动车相对集中的市区布设5个测点，测点高度1．2m；监测周期为1a，每星期采样1d或2d，每天采集1个样，每次采样6h；监测项目为TSP、Pb；评价标准采用GB3095—1996《环境空气质量标准》。结果表明，丽水市各测点空气中Pb最大的季均值、年均值均未超标；常规测点和交通路口测点之间TSP、Pb质量浓度值均存在显著的差异性。     

南京市冬季PM2.5中水溶性离子污染特征研究

基于城市超级站对2018年12月—2019年2月南京市在线水溶性离子污染特征进行研究。结果表明：监测期间水溶性无机离子(WSIs)质量浓度均值为45.7μg/m3,占PM2.5的67.8%,各离子排序为NO3-＞ SO42-＞NH4+＞Cl-＞K+＞Ca2+＞Na+＞Mg2+。二次离子（SNA）是PM2.5主要组分,大气气溶胶呈中性。各离子日变化存在差异,SNA变化趋势和WSIs基本一致。南京市冬季存在明显SO2和NO2向SO42-和NO3-二次转化;NO3-/SO42-均值为1.96,移动源增量大于固定源。通过相关性和三相聚类分析可知,SNA主要结合方式为(NH4)2SO4和NH4NO3。主成分分析表明,南京市冬季PM2.5中水溶性离子主要来源是二次转化,燃煤、生物质燃烧和土壤建筑扬尘也有贡献。