固体吸附-热脱附/气相色谱-质谱法测定固定污染源废气中50种挥发性有机物

采用Tenax GR吸附-热脱附-气质联用法对固定污染源废气中50种挥发性有机物(VOCs)进行测定。结果显示,Tanax GR吸附管对于丙酮、环戊酮、2-庚酮、2-壬酮及六甲基二硅氧烷的吸附能力相对较差,但丙酮、环戊酮、2-庚酮、2-壬酮在2~30 ng范围内呈现良好的线性关系,且相关系数(R 2)>0.99,六甲基二硅氧烷在2~50 ng范围内呈现良好的线性关系,R^2=0.994,其他45种化合物在2~100 ng范围内呈现良好的线性关系,R^2>0.995。当采样体积为300 mL时,50种化合物的检出限为0.0003~0.0096 mg/m^3,测定下限为0.0011~0.0384 mg/m^3,相对标准偏差(RSD)<15.98%,加标回收率为78.15%~120.90%。该方法操作简单、灵敏度高、准确性好,能够满足固定污染源废气中痕量VOCs的快速检测。     

杭州湾上虞工业园区环境空气中苯系物的调查及其特征

用活性炭吸附空气中有机物苯、甲苯、乙苯、对二甲苯、间二甲苯、邻二甲苯、苯乙烯,二硫化碳解吸后用毛细管气相色谱法同时测定,各组分线性响应良好,曲线相关系数均大于0.995;灵敏度高,检出限在0.01～0.03μg/ml之间;回收率在82.4%～105.8%之间。苯、甲苯、二甲苯均未超过GB 16297—1996中规定的0.5、0.3、1.5mg/m3,也未超过新污染源大气污染物排放限值中规定的0.4、2.4、1.2mg/m3,苯乙烯浓度也远小于恶臭污染物排放标准GB 14554—93中规定的一级标准3.0mg/m3,虽然工业园区及其周边大气环境均能检测出苯系物,但都在国家相关标准范围内。     

上海市交通干道空气中苯系物冬季污染特征初探

2004年冬季对上海市交通干道附近空气中苯系物的浓度水平进行了监测,并采用气相色谱法进行分析。结果表明,采样期间大气中苯、甲苯、乙苯、二甲苯的浓度分别为1.77~27.7μg/m3、7.29~195μg/m3、3.11~40.2μg/m3、4.49~82.4μg/m3。每日6:30~9:30和15:30~19:00两个时段苯系物的浓度要高于中午时间的浓度,与国内其他城市相比,上海市甲苯的浓度要高,浓度水平要远远高于国外城市的测定结果。苯系物的浓度受风速和风向影响较大。提出了制订空气中苯系物的排污清单和加强机动车尾气中苯系物控制的建议。     

吹扫捕集-气相色谱/质谱法测定水中的乙醛、丙烯醛、丙烯腈和吡啶

水中的乙醛、丙烯醛、丙烯腈和吡啶经吹扫捕集、解吸后,用HP-VOC毛细管色谱柱进行GC分离,用GC-MS法选择离子模式(SIM)下进行检测,外标法定量。结果表明,选择取样量25 m L,吹扫流量为40 m L/min,吹扫温度为40℃,吹扫时间为15 min,解吸时间为2 min,解吸温度为200℃,烘焙时间20 min,乙醛和吡啶质量浓度在0.025~0.60 mg/L之间,丙烯醛和丙烯腈质量浓度在0.002 5~0.10 mg/L之间时,校准曲线呈线性关系,相关系数r0.995,乙醛、丙烯醛、丙烯腈和吡啶的方法检出限分别为0.001 6,0.001 3,0.000 5和0.002 1 mg/L。对3个不同浓度样品进行空白加标实验,测量的回收率为87.8%~114.3%,相对标准偏差(n=6)为2.51%~10.4%。对3批实际水样进行分析,其中一个废水水样加标回收率为79.2%~103.8%,相对标准偏差(n=6)为3.04%~6.39%。     

中心切割顶空气相色谱法测定复杂有机废水中的苯系物

建立了中心切割顶空气相色谱法测定复杂有机废水中苯系物的方法。该方法采用DB-1701色谱柱对样品进行初级分离,当目标组份出峰流出时切换至HP-INNOWAX柱进一步分离,避免了大量复杂基质对苯系物分析的干扰。该方法具有较好的准确度和精密度,苯系物的检测限可达到0.000 3~0.000 4 mg/L,采用外标法定量时,分析标准曲线的相关系数在0.999 8~0.999 9之间,苯系物回收率为86.8%~89.7%。     

便携式GC-MS法快速测定固定污染源废气中的VOCs

采用便携式GC-MS法快速测定固定污染源废气中VOCs,32种VOCs在2×10~(-7)~1×10~(-6)范围内线性良好,方法检出限为2×10~(-9)~1×10~(-8),标准气体样品6次测定结果的RSD为1.9%~19.1%,环境空气样品的加标回收率为66.2%~116%。在实际现场监测固定污染源中VOCs时,使用速查(Survey)功能可初步判断样品浓度,确定稀释倍数。比对试验结果表明,气袋和玻璃注射器采样法对VOCs测定结果无显著性差异。     

空气中多氯联苯的定量研究

使用大流量采样器,分别以石英纤维滤膜(QFF)和聚氨基甲酸乙酯泡沫(PUF)对空气中颗粒相和气相PCBs进行采集。以GC/MS为检测手段,采用选择性离子检测技术(SIM)对PCBs进行定性,内标法结合响应因子法进行PCBs的定量。PCBs的仪器检测限为4.40~93.60pg,回收率为68.57%~121.28%。气相和颗粒相PCBs的方法检测限分别为2.36~381.75fg/m3和2.78~348.81fg/m3。吸附和穿透试验结果表明,在采样流速为0.23m3/min、采样时间为24h的条件下,吸附和穿透情况对空气中PCBs的定量不会产生显著影响。     

气相色谱法同时测定指甲油中的苯系物和邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物

建立指甲油中苯系物、邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物(DMP,DEP,DBP,BBP,DEHP,DNOP)多种有毒有害成分同时检测技术: 用毛细管柱气相色谱分离,外标法定量,苯系物的线性范围为1×10^-2~100μg,邻苯二甲酸酯类为5×10^-2~20μg;苯系物的回收率为90%~102%,相对标准偏差(RSD)的范围为0.13%~0.92%;邻苯二甲酸酯类的回收率为92%~109%,相对标准偏差(RSD)的范围为0.44%~2.54%。结果表明,该方法简便、快速、灵敏、精密度好。     

毛细管柱气相色谱法测定空气中苯胺

本文采用带有热离子检测器的弹性石英毛细管柱做为分离柱,分离效率高,多种苯系物不干扰测定。空气中微量的苯胺用苯富集后直接进行色谱测定。本方法在0.5μg/ml—1000.0μg/ml范围内呈线性,相对标准偏差<0.8％,检出限为4.5×10(-5)μg。采样14.5L时,最低检测浓度为0.012mg/m~3。     

气相色谱法同时测定制药企业废气中多种挥发性有机物

针对典型制药产品青霉素、阿莫西林、维生素C、对乙酰氨基酚生产过程的挥发性有机物(VOCs)排放特点,建立了吸附-解吸-气相色谱法同时检测制药企业废气中丙酮、乙酸乙酯、异丙醇、苯、甲苯、乙酸丁酯和正丁醇等7种特征VOCs的分析方法。采用活性炭采样管采样-二硫化碳解吸-毛细管色谱柱分离,在解吸时间30 min、柱温35℃保持6 min、30℃/min速率升温到200℃保持2 min的色谱分析条件下,各挥发性有机物可以实现良好的分离;7种物质标准曲线相关系数为0.999 8~0.999 9,相对标准偏差为1.1%~3.2%,检出限为0.004 mg/m3~0.014 mg/m3,7种物质的解吸效率为83.1%~105.1%。结果表明,该方法适用于典型制药企业固定污染源排放废气中特征VOCs的测定。     

A New Mathematical Approach in Environmental and Life Sciences: Gene–Environment Networks and Their Dynamics

An important research area in life sciences is devoted to modeling, prediction, and dynamics of gene-expression patterns. As clearly understood in these days, this enterprise cannot become satisfactory without acknowledging the role of the environment. To a representation of past, present, and most likely future states, we also encounter measurement errors and uncertainties. This paper surveys and improves recent advances in understanding the foundations and interdisciplinary implications of the newly introduced gene–environment networks, and it integrates the important theme of carbon dioxide emission reduction into the networks and dynamics. We also introduce some operational and managerial issues of practical working and decision making, expressed in terms of sliding windows, quadrants (modules) of parametric effects, and navigating (controlling) between such effects and directing them. Given data from DNA microarray experiments and environmental records, we extract nonlinear ordinary differential equations that contain parameters that have to be determined. For this, we employ modern (Chebychevian) approximation and (generalized semi-infinite) optimization. After this is provided, time- discretized dynamical systems are studied. A combinatorial algorithm with polyhedra sequences allows to detect the region of parametric stability. Finally, we analyze the topological landscape of gene–environment networks with its structural (in)stability. By embedding as a module and investigating CO₂ emission control and figuring out game theoretical aspects, we conclude. This pioneering work is theoretically elaborated, practically devoted to health care, medicine, education, living conditions, and environmental protection, and it invites the readers to future research.      

Assessing health consequences in an environmental impact assessment: The case of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol

In this article a comprehensive approach for the evaluation of possible health effects in an environmental impact assessment (EIA) is described, illustrated with the example of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol. Unlike many EIAs, we estimated quantitatively the impact of aircraft-related pollution in terms of the number of affected people for aircraft noise annoyance, odour annoyance and hypertension. In addition, an analysis of health registry data on cardiovascular and respiratory diseases and a short survey on annoyance and risk perception were carried out. The scope of a health impact assessment depends on the situation, available knowledge and data, concern in the population about the impact and the number of people concerned. It is important to pay attention to the perception of risks and concerns from all parties involved. Moreover, the results demonstrate that far more people outside the area for which standards apply were affected than inside.     

Contaminant Profiles of Two Species of Shorebirds Foraging Together at Two Neighboring Sites in South San Francisco Bay, California

The San Francisco Bay estuary isused by over one million shorebirds during springmigration and is home to several hundred thousandduring the winter. Most shorebird use occurs in thesouthern reach of the estuary (South Bay). Thereduced water circulation and discharge fromindustrial sources in the South Bay are responsiblefor the highest levels of some trace elements in theestuary. Wintering shorebirds have been found to havestrong site fidelity to areas as small as a fewkilometers in the South Bay, which may increase theirexposure to contaminants near local point sources. Inaddition, different shorebird species foraging at thesame site have been shown to have differentcontaminant burdens. Thus, our objectives were totest whether contaminant burdens differed by species,or whether contaminant burdens differed in shorebirdscollected at adjacent sites. We examined thecontaminant profiles of two species of shorebirds,long-billed dowitchers (Limnodromus scolopaceus)and western sandpipers (Calidris mauri) thatforage together at two sites, Hayward and Newark,separated by 8 km in the South Bay. We usedmultivariate analysis of variance tests to compare thecomposition of 14 elemental analytes in their livertissues and estimated their molar ratios of Hg and Se. Composite samples were used for contaminant analysesbecause of the small body size of the shorebirds. Seven elemental analytes (Ag, Ba, Be, Cr, Ni, Pb, V)were below detection limits in a majority of thesamples so statistical analyses were precluded. Inthe measurable analytes (As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Mn, Se, Zn),we found no significant intra-site differences ofcontaminant profiles for the two species. We pooledthe samples to examine inter-site differences andfound significant differences in contaminant profilesbetween shorebirds at the neighboring sites (P = 0.03). Shorebirds at Newark had higher (P < 0.05) concentrations of As, Cd, and Se than those at Hayward. Dowitchers at Newark had concentrations of Hg and Se which were highly correlated (P < 0.003) in a mean molar ratio of 1:19, similar tothat reported in other birds. In the larger dowitcherspecies, we also examined exposure to 20organochlorine compounds. Organic analyses showedthat the dowitchers had been exposed to DDE, PCBs,dieldrin and trans-nonachlor, but with no significantdifferences in concentrations between Hayward andNewark (P > 0.05).     

土壤和底泥中砷、铬、锰测定的前处理技术

试验了土壤和底泥中砷的前处理技术，其目的是能对土壤、底泥中砷、铬、锰在一次前处理中制备成试液，比色法分析。试验表明，用Ｈ２ＳＯ４－Ｈ３ＰＯ４－Ｈ２Ｏ２进行前处理是可行的。方法简单、挥发酸雾少，用标准参考物质检验证明，分解完全，数据准确，有粒较好一致性。     

Geochemical assessment of metal transport in glacial till during electrokinetic remediation

This paper presents the chemical speciation and retention behavior of chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), and cadmium (Cd) prior to and after the electrokinetic remediation in glacial till soil. The speciation of the metals was predicted using the chemical speciation program MINEQL⁺. The simulations were performed for single-contaminant with only Cr(VI) or Ni, and multi-contaminants consisting of: (1) Cr(VI), Ni, and Cd; (2) Cr(III), Ni and Cd; (3) Cr(VI), Cr(III), Ni and Cd; (4) Cr(VI), Ni, and Cd with reducing agents; and (5) Cr(III), Ni, and Cd with oxidizing agent (Mn). The results showed that the speciation and distribution of cationic metals [Ni, Cd, and Cr(III)] in glacial till soil remain unaffected or slightly affected during electrokinetics. This is attributed to the high pH buffering capacity of the glacial till, leading the metals to precipitate in the soil prior to and after electrokinetics. This study showed that during electrokinetics, Cr(VI) existed as anionic complex and migrated towards the anode and the migration is maximum in case of a single-contaminant system. The study also showed that near the anode in the absence of any reducing and oxidizing agent, Cr(VI) mostly adsorbed, and some of Cr(VI) reduced to Cr(III) and migrated towards the cathode and finally precipitated due to high pH conditions. Ni and Cd remain adsorbed or precipitated due to the high pH conditions throughout the soil. Among the reducing agents, the sulfide had significant effect on the migration of metals compared to ferrous ions. While in the presence of oxidizing agent (Mn), no noticeable Cr(VI) was found in the soil sample indicating the reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) and the predominance of reducing conditions due to the presence of naturally occurring iron in the glacial till soil. Overall, this study provides a reasonable explanation of the speciation and distribution of chromium, nickel and cadmium during the electrokinetic remediation of glacial till soil.     

Biomonitoring of Lead, Zinc, and Cadmium in Streams Draining Lead-Mining and Non-Mining Areas, Southeast Missouri, USA

We evaluated exposure of aquatic biota to lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), and cadmium (Cd) in streams draining a Pb-mining district in southeast Missouri. Samples of plant biomass (detritus, periphyton, and filamentous algae), invertebrates (snails, crayfish, and riffle benthos), and two taxa of fish were collected from seven sites closest to mining areas (mining sites), four sites further downstream from mining (downstream sites), and eight reference sites in fall 2001. Samples of plant biomass from mining sites had highest metal concentrations, with means 10- to 60-times greater than those for reference sites. Mean metal concentrations in over 90% of samples of plant biomass from mining sites were significantly greater than those from reference sites. Mean concentrations of Pb, Zn, and Cd in most invertebrate samples from mining sites, and mean Pb concentrations in most fish samples from mining sites, were also significantly greater than those from reference sites. Concentrations of all three metals were lower in samples from downstream sites, but several samples of plant biomass from downstream sites had metal concentrations significantly greater than those from reference sites. Analysis of supplemental samples collected in the fall of 2002, a year of above-average stream discharge, had lower Pb concentrations and higher Cd concentrations than samples collected in 2001, near the end of a multi-year drought. Concentrations of Pb measured in fish and invertebrates collected from mining sites during 2001 and 2002 were similar to those measured at nearby sites in the 1970s, during the early years of mining in the Viburnum Trend. Results of this study demonstrate that long-term Pb mining activity in southeast Missouri has resulted in significantly elevated concentrations of Pb, Cd, and Zn in biota of receiving streams, compared to biota of similar streams without direct influence of mining. Our results also demonstrate that metal exposure in the study area differed significantly among sample types, habitats, and years, and that these factors should be carefully considered in the design of biomonitoring studies.     

Comparative studies on accumulation of Cr from metal solution and tannery effluent under repeated metal exposure by aquatic plants: its toxic effects

The present study demonstrates comparison of Cr accumulatingpotential by the plants of Najas indica Cham. (submerged),Vallisneria spiralis L. (rooted submerged) and Alternanthera sessilis R. Br. (rooted emergent) under repeatedmetal exposure and its effect on chlorophyll and protein concentrations. These plants were treated with different concentrations of Cr under repeated exposure in controlled laboratory conditions to assess the maximum metal accumulationpotential. The plants of V. spiralis accumulated significantly high amount of Cr under laboratory conditions incomparison to N. indica and A. sessilis. The maximumaccumulation of 1378, 458 and 201 g g^-1 dw Cr was found in the leaves of V. spiralis, N. indica and A. sessilis, respectively at 8 mg L^-1 after 9 day of Cr exposure. These plants have shown a decrease in chlorophyll andprotein concentrations with increase in Cr concentrations. In view of high accumulation of Cr in V. spiralis, the plantswere treated with different concentrations of tannery effluent collected from Common Effluent Treatment Plant, Unnao (UP). Theplants of V. spiralis treated with 100% tannery wastewatershowed the maximum accumulation (57.5 g g^-1 dw) of Cr in the roots after 10 days of exposure. The plants were foundeffective in removing Cr from solution and tannery effluent.     

一起河流砷污染事故的处置与监测分析

介绍了大沙河砷污染事故的处置和监测分析。多介质排查监测摸清了污染的范围和程度,为治理工作提供了科学依据,污染治理措施有效控制了污染的扩散;监测数据表明,治理措施将水中砷污染物沉降至河床使污染水质达标排放。吸附了大量砷化合物的底泥被清理并进一步处置,多介质跟踪监测应持续进行直至不存在潜在危害。     

核应急辐射环境监测的准备和响应

日本核泄漏事故引发的核危机为人类安全和平地利用核能又一次敲响了警钟.核事故应急工作作为减小核电站危害环境和公众安全的最后屏障,将起到重要的作用,必须做好相关的准备和响应工作.核应急辐射环境监测工作是核应急工作的重要组成部分,在对核应急辐射环境监测进行准备和响应时主要遵循实用性、适用性和适度性并兼顾常规和应急监测的“平战...