2017-2019年扬州市大气污染物与儿童呼吸系统门诊量的时间序列分析

收集扬州市2017—2019年大气污染物细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))、二氧化硫(SO_2)、二氧化氮(NO_2)和臭氧(O_3)的日均质量浓度、气象因素(日均温度、相对湿度)以及每日儿童呼吸系统门诊量数据,运用广义相加模型(GAM)进行单污染物和多污染物分析。结果表明,单污染物分析中,大气污染物的质量浓度累积滞后效应均大于单独滞后效应。ρ(PM_(2.5))、ρ(SO_2)和ρ(NO_2)对儿童呼吸系统门诊量影响效应均在累积滞后7 d(lag 07)达到最大值,ρ(O_3)在累积滞后6 d(lag 06)达到最大值。表现为ρ(PM_(2.5))、ρ(SO_2)和ρ(NO_2)在lag 07时,每升高10μg/m~3,儿童呼吸系统门诊量超额危险度分别为0.720%[95%置信区间(95%CI):0.346%～1.095%]、6.955%(95%CI:5.197%～8.743%)和2.133%(95%CI:1.516%～2.754%);ρ(O_3)在lag 06时,每升高10μg/m~3,儿童呼吸系统门诊量超额危险度为1.160%(95%CI:0.873%～1.447%)。多污染物分析中,当引入所有污染物(SO_2+NO_2+O_3)时,PM_(2.5)对儿童呼吸系统门诊量风险影响消失。大气污染物浓度的升高会增加儿童呼吸系统疾病的发生风险,并且其影响存在一定的滞后效应,有必要开展有针对性的大气污染物与儿童呼吸系统疾病的预警研究,保护易感人群,合理分配卫生资源。     

盐城市秋冬季节PM2.5污染特征及来源分析

于2019年10月—2020年2月在盐城市开展大气PM_(2.5)离线监测,对PM_(2.5)的浓度变化、质量平衡、组分及来源进行了分析。结果表明,监测期间盐城市ρ(PM_(2.5))月均值为43.32～62.59μg/m~3,其中1月最高;监测期间ρ(PM_(2.5))平均值为54.25μg/m~3,质量重建后该值为52.38μg/m~3,与实测值的相关性达到0.98; PM_(2.5)占比最多的成分是硫酸盐、硝酸盐和铵盐(SNA); m(NO_3~-)/m(SO_4~(2-))的平均值为2.16,说明监测期间盐城市机动车相比固定源对NO_2和SO_2有更高的贡献;通过主成分因子分析,可知盐城市秋、冬季节PM_(2.5)主要来源于土壤和扬尘源、燃烧源以及二次无机源。     

克拉玛依市空气质量特征分析

为研究克拉玛依市空气质量特征,对2015年克拉玛依市空气自动站监测数据进行分析。结果表明,克拉玛依市空气质量整体较为清洁,优良天数占有效监测天数的91.5%,PM_(2.5)平均浓度为31μg/m~3,PM_(10)平均浓度为64μg/m~3,PM_(2.5)在PM_(10)中占比近半;SO_2和NO_2浓度相对不高,NO_2/SO_2比值为2.4,流动源问题相对突出;对各项污染物的综合指数分担率分析发现,克拉玛依市PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)为综合指数分担率最高的因子,不足四分之一,O_3排第三位,超过五分之一,SO_2最低,仅为3.6%。     

无锡市区大气污染物状况及变化趋势分析

使用2012—2015年无锡市区的6种大气污染物监测数据,对无锡市区各污染物的年度变化、空间分布、影响因素进行了分析。结果表明:(1)2012—2015年无锡市区SO_2、O_3质量浓度呈下降趋势,且趋势显著;NO_2质量浓度呈下降趋势,但不明显;CO、PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)的质量浓度年际变化比较平稳。(2)无锡市区SO_2、NO_2、PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)、CO的空气质量分指数(IAQI)均为冬季最高、夏季最低;O_3的IAQI则为夏季最高、冬季最低。(3)SO_2、NO_2、PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)、CO浓度间呈两两正相关,且相关性极显著;O_3浓度与NO_2、CO呈显著负相关,与SO_2、PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)浓度之间没有明显的关联。(4)分析了无锡市区各项大气污染物浓度的空间分布特征。(5)SO_2、NO_2、PM_(10)浓度周内变化具有"周末效应"的特征,而O_3、CO和PM_(2.5)浓度周内变化出现"反周末效应"。     

连云港春季PM2.5中主要水溶性无机离子污染特征及来源解析

于2017年3月1日—5月31日监测分析了连云港市大气PM_(2.5)中主要水溶性无机离子质量浓度的日变化规律,以及与气象因子、PM10、PM_(2.5)相关性。结果表明,水溶性无机离子质量浓度与环境空气中NO_2、CO、PM_(10)、PM_(2. 5)显著相关,与气温、风速、能见度等呈负相关;日变化呈明显单峰型,峰值出现在08:00左右;水溶性无机离子季度均值为27. 2μg/m~3,占ρ(PM_(2.5))平均50%左右,ρ(NO_3~-)、ρ(SO_4~(2-))和ρ(NH_4~+)占ρ(水溶性无机离子)总85%以上;指出,SO_4~(2-)主要受远距离传输的影响,NO_3~-和NH_4~+主要受局地源的影响。     

传感技术在环境空气监测中的方法适用性研究

采用某品牌3台传感器,对环境空气中气态污染物(NO_2、SO_2、O_3、CO)和颗粒物(PM_(10)、PM_(2.5))进行为期1个月的连续监测,探讨传感技术在环境空气监测中的方法适用性。研究表明,3台传感器监测的各污染物质量浓度均显著相关,Pearson相关系数0.9(p0.01);监测的颗粒物与国控点数据显著相关且质量浓度水平接近,Pearson相关系数0.9(p0.01);PM_(2.5)传感器测定值相对于国控点数据的平均相对误差仅为-7.3%,均值绝对误差2μg/m~3;传感器在高湿度下的PM_(2.5)测定值与国控点数据相吻合,当相对湿度为80%～90%时,平均相对误差仅为-0.9%;传感器气态污染物测定值与国控点数据之间存在差异,电化学原理气态污染物传感器性能仍有待提升。     

2017年佛山市大气复合污染特征及来源分析

利用2017年佛山市8个国控监测点位的6项常规大气污染物自动监测数据,研究细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))、可吸入颗粒物(PM 10)、臭氧(O_(3))的时空变化和复合污染特征,并采用单颗粒气溶胶质谱仪对佛山市大气PM_(2.5)进行来源解析,分析O_(3)与二次气溶胶的协同增长关系。结果表明,2017年佛山市空气质量综合指数(AQI)为4.75,主要的空气质量污染物为PM_(2.5)、二氧化氮(NO_(2))和O_(3),除O_(3)呈现第2,3季度较高外,其他5项污染物均呈现第1,4季度较高的趋势。ρ(PM_(2.5))和ρ(PM_(2.5))/ρ(CO)在1—4月和11,12月较高,二次生成强度较大。机动车尾气源、燃煤源和工业工艺源是大气PM_(2.5)的主要来源。佛山市中心城区等道路密集以及交通枢纽地区的ρ(NO_(2))较高,机动车尾气排放是大气NO_(2)的主要来源。O_(3)污染主要发生在4,5,7—10月。ρ(O_(3))和ρ(PM_(2.5))/ρ(CO)的日变化均在12:00—17:00达到峰值。ρ(PM_(2.5))随光化学活性水平增强而提高,高度和中度光化学活性水平下ρ(PM_(2.5))/ρ(CO)明显大于轻度和低光化学活性水平。在统计时段,PM_(2.5)和O_(3)协同增长的时间占37.3%,O_(3)污染对二次气溶胶的氧化生成有明显的促进作用。     

焦作市大气污染物特征和相关性分析

为研究焦作市大气污染特征及其相关性,对2015—2017年焦作市4个国控空气监测点位的监测数据进行统计分析。结果表明:2015—2017年城区环境空气污染SO_2、NO_2、CO、PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)浓度均呈逐年下降趋势;大气污染浓度季节变化特征明显,PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)、SO_2、NO_2、CO的浓度均为冬季最高、夏季最低,空气质量指数也在冬季达到最高值; O_3浓度则为夏季最高、冬季最低。2017年焦作市沙尘天气共计36 d,严重影响了环境空气中颗粒物的浓度。由PM_(2.5)与PM_(10)的比值说明大气颗粒物污染以PM_(2.5)为主。通过SPSS软件分析,SO_2、NO_2、CO、PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)浓度间呈两两正相关,O_3浓度与NO_2、CO呈负相关。     

黑龙江省环境空气污染物和气象要素的典型相关分析

通过对黑龙江省4个自然年(2016年1月1日—2019年12月31日)环境空气污染物和气象要素的分析,揭示了黑龙江省气象条件对空气污染物浓度的影响规律与特征。对PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、SO_2、NO_2、CO和O_3等6项污染物的描述性统计和简单的相关分析显示:黑龙江省环境空气质量呈现逐年变好的趋势,非采暖期环境空气质量好于采暖期,6项污染物中除O_3呈现夏季偏高以外,其余污染物采暖期浓度均高于非采暖期。运用典型相关分析法探究环境空气污染物与温度、降水量、相对湿度、风速和气压5项气象要素之间的关系,并进行统计学检验,结果表明:环境空气污染物与气象要素之间存在显著相关,温度、风速和相对湿度对污染物具有显著影响。非采暖期大气相对湿度对PM_(10)和O_3-8h的影响显著;而在采暖期,风速对PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)的影响显著。     

苏州市一次PM_(2.5)污染过程分析及其来源解析

利用TEOM1405F型PM_(2.5)测量仪、MARGA水溶性离子在线分析仪和激光雷达对苏州市2016年8月24日—9月6日PM_(2.5)、水溶性离子和气溶胶垂直分布进行了观测,结合气象数据分析了水溶性离子的变化规律及其主要来源。结果表明,观测期间PM_(2.5)平均值为43.4μg/m3,与2014和2015年同期相比下降了42.9%和40.3%。总水溶性无机离子平均值为24.18μg/m~3,约占ρ(PM_(2.5))55.7%,其中ρ(SO_4~(2-))、ρ(NH_4~+)和ρ(NO_3~-)分别占ρ(总离子)的46.0%、25.8%、21.0%。夜间边界层降低,大气垂直扩散条件较差,是造成ρ(PM_(2.5))及ρ(水溶性离子)显著升高的主要原因。ρ(NO_3~-)/ρ(SO_4~(2-))为0.056~1.939,平均值为0.432,表明固定源(燃煤源)仍然是PM_(2.5)的主要来源;PCA方法表明苏州水溶性离子的主要来源于二次污染和燃烧源、海盐和土壤源以及地面扬尘、建筑尘。     

锅炉烟尘测试中锅炉负荷率的计算方法探讨

GB5468 -91规定 ,锅炉烟尘测试时 ,必须对锅炉的运行负荷进行测试 ,而实际监测过程中 ,许多锅炉房不具备测试的计量条件 ,为了解决这一问题 ,文章提出利用烟气量和空气过剩系数计算锅炉负荷率。在实际监测工作中 ,该方法方便、易于操作 ,所得结果和标准规定方法所得结果有很好的一致性     

城市空气质量周报效用分析

介绍了世界上一些发达国家的空气污染预报的做法和采取的措施,阐述了我国开展空气质量预报的方针和方法,指出了周报是预报的基础工作。叙述了我国空气质量周报的污染参数的选取、污染指数的分级及其浓度限值和污染指数计算及确定,分析并总结了开展城市空气质量周报所发挥的效用是提高公众的环保意识,加大了治理污染的力度,转变了环境监测的职能,促进了环境监测事业的发展     

水中总硬度测量不确定度的评定

采用EDTA滴定法测定水质总硬度的测量不确定度评定。充分考虑测量重复性、标准溶液的配制、滴定等过程对测量的影响,计算水中总硬度的测量相对合成标准不确定度为1·81×10-3。     

贵州黔东南州三板溪水库春季拟多甲藻水华特征

2011年3月13日对贵州省黔东南州三板溪水库进行春季浮游植物调查的结果表明,三板溪水库Ⅱ号采样点(下革东)发生以佩纳形拟多甲藻为优势种的拟多甲藻水华,细胞密度高达1.15×10⁷cell/L;板溪水库总氮的最低值为2.09 mg/L,总磷的最低值为0.95 mg/L,三板溪水库的总氮、总磷含量较丰富,不存在总氮或总磷是限制性因子;通过SPSS16.0统计软件分别进行Pearson 积距相关系数分析表明,氮磷比是三板溪水库发生拟多甲藻水华的主要影响原因。     

Fractionation of heavy metals and assessment of contamination of the sediments of Lake Titicaca

Chemical weathering is one of the major geochemical processes that control the mobilization of heavy metals. The present study provides the first report on heavy metal fractionation in sediments (8–156 m) of Lake Titicaca (3,820 m a.s.l.), which is shared by the Republic of Peru and the Plurinational State of Bolivia. Both contents of total Cu, Fe, Ni, Co, Mn, Cd, Pb, and Zn and also the fractionation of these heavy metals associated with four different fractions have been determined following the BCR scheme. The principal component analysis suggests that Co, Ni, and Cd can be attributed to natural sources related to the mineralized geological formations. Moreover, the sources of Cu, Fe, and Mn are effluents and wastes generated from mining activities, while Pb and Zn also suggest that their common source is associated to mining activities. According to the Risk Assessment Code, there is a moderate to high risk related to Zn, Pb, Cd, Mn, Co, and Ni mobilization and/or remobilization from the bottom sediment to the water column. Furthermore, the Geoaccumulation Index and the Enrichment Factor reveal that Zn, Pb, and Cd are enriched in the sediments. The results suggest that the effluents from various traditional mining waste sites in both countries are the main source of heavy metal contamination in the sediments of Lake Titicaca.     

Environmental Assessment of the Impact of Ozone to the Neuston of the Sea-Surface Microlayer of the Gulf of Mexico

Substantial amounts of NOx (146 000 t/y) and total hydrocarbons (294 000 t/y) are released to the marine atmosphere by the large number of oil and gas operations over Federal waters of the Gulf of Mexico (GOM). Under appropriate meteorological conditions these emissions react to form ozone (0–54 g/m3 over-water) which can affect the marine environment. Using a dry deposition model, this work examines the amount of ozone derived from oil and gas offshore operations and deposited in the sea surface of the Gulf of Mexico, and assesses its impact on the neuston of the sea-surface microlayer. Surface integrated estimates of ozone deposited from oil and gas operations over the sea surface ranges from 400 kg to 1800 kg which results in sea surface concentrations of 15 g/m3. This estimate and the actual toxic ozone levels suggest no acute, toxic impacts to the neuston. However, indirect effects may occur through changes to the pelagic foodwebs and organic carbon pathways. Another potential pathway for ozone impacting the environment is through the production of bromate. Based on the concentrations and time scales (11–139 days) only sublethal effects appear to occur, but uncertainties associated with this assessment need to be further studied. From an ecological perspective, the environmental impacts and risks of NOx and VOC discharges from offshore platforms need to be assessed for neuston and other components of the marine ecosystem.     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实施

在实施GB/T15481-2000 idt ISO/IEC17025:1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》的过程中,通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析,识别出内部审核实施阶段的关键环节,提出召开首次会议、收集审核证据、确定审核发现和召开末次会议的技术方法,对提高内部审核的质量和有效性、获得可靠的审核结论具有重要意义。     

二乙氨基二硫代甲酸银试剂质量对测砷的影响

用简单合成了二乙氨基二硫代甲酸银试剂，并比较了自制和市售的二乙氨基二硫人 银对测砷的影响。结果表明，采用自制的二乙氨基二硫代甲酸银能大大降低试剂空白，提高方法的灵敏度和降低检出限，试剂质量明显优于市售产品。     

氨氮测量不确定度的评定

采用纳氏试剂光度法测定水质氨氮的测量不确定度评定,应该考虑工作曲线、测量重复性、标准溶液、仪器读数分辨率等对测量的影响.     

Evaluation of method of preparation of passive diffusion tubes for measurement of ambient nitrogen dioxide

This study was carried out in response to suggestions that the measurement of NO(2) by Palmes-type passive diffusion tubes (PDT) is affected by the method of preparation of the triethanolamine (TEA) absorbent coating on the grids. The following combinations of factors were investigated: TEA solvent (acetone or water), volume composition of TEA in solvent (50% or 20%), and grid coating method (dipping in solution prior to assembly or pipetting solution on after assembly). Duplicate PDTs prepared by each of the 8 methods were exposed in parallel, in urban air, for a total of 80 separate 1 week exposures. NO(2) concentrations derived from PDTs prepared by pipetting methods were significantly less precise than concentrations from dipping methods, with mean RSDs for duplicate measurements of 13.8% and 8.5%, respectively (n= 316 each category). Pipetting methods using solutions of 50% TEA composition were particularly imprecise (mean RSD 17.2%). Data from PDTs prepared by pipetting methods were systematically more poorly correlated with each other and with data from co-located chemiluminescence analysers, than corresponding data from PDTs prepared by dipping methods, indicating that more consistent accuracy was also obtained by the latter PDTs. The statistical evidence suggested that PDTs prepared by pipetting 50% TEA in water generally gave lower NO(2) concentrations. Although this is in agreement with a previous study, it is also possible that such an observation here may be a statistical artefact given the demonstrably poorer precision of this method. The general tendency of PDTs to show positive bias in NO(2) measurement in urban air in 1 week exposures was again evident in this study (mean biases at roadside and urban centre locations of +35% (n= 475) and +18% (n= 112), respectively) consistent with augmentation of within-tube NO(2) flux by chemical reaction between co-diffusing NO and O(3). Overall, it is recommended that the pipetting method of PDT grid preparation is avoided, or at least investigated further, because of the apparent degradation in precision and accuracy of NO(2) measurement. Potential reasons for the effect are discussed.