苏州市一次PM_(2.5)污染过程分析及其来源解析

利用TEOM1405F型PM_(2.5)测量仪、MARGA水溶性离子在线分析仪和激光雷达对苏州市2016年8月24日—9月6日PM_(2.5)、水溶性离子和气溶胶垂直分布进行了观测,结合气象数据分析了水溶性离子的变化规律及其主要来源。结果表明,观测期间PM_(2.5)平均值为43.4μg/m3,与2014和2015年同期相比下降了42.9%和40.3%。总水溶性无机离子平均值为24.18μg/m~3,约占ρ(PM_(2.5))55.7%,其中ρ(SO_4~(2-))、ρ(NH_4~+)和ρ(NO_3~-)分别占ρ(总离子)的46.0%、25.8%、21.0%。夜间边界层降低,大气垂直扩散条件较差,是造成ρ(PM_(2.5))及ρ(水溶性离子)显著升高的主要原因。ρ(NO_3~-)/ρ(SO_4~(2-))为0.056~1.939,平均值为0.432,表明固定源(燃煤源)仍然是PM_(2.5)的主要来源;PCA方法表明苏州水溶性离子的主要来源于二次污染和燃烧源、海盐和土壤源以及地面扬尘、建筑尘。     

北京市典型重污染过程中PM2.5载带水溶性无机离子污染特征分析

为研究北京地区冬季PM_(2.5)载带的水溶性无机离子组分污染特征,2013年1月在中国环境科学研究院内采用在线离子色谱(URG-9000B,AIM-IC)对PM_(2.5)中水溶性无机离子(SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-、Cl~-、NH_4~+、Na~+、K~+、Mg~(2+)、Ca~(2+))进行监测与分析。结果表明,采样期间总水溶性无机离子(TWSI)浓度为61.0μg/m~3,其中二次无机离子SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-、NH_4~+(SNA)占比达72.3%,在PM_(2.5)中占比为40.29%,表明北京市PM_(2.5)二次污染严重。重污染天[NO_3~-]/[SO_4~(2-)]表明,固定源污染较移动源更为显著。三元相图表明,在空气质量为优的情况下,NH_4~+(在SNA中占比为30.3%~65.5%,下同)主要以NH_4NO_3的形式存在,较少比例以(NH_4)_2SO_4存在;严重污染时,NH_4~+(47.3%~77.9%)主要以(NH_4)_2SO_4形式存在,其次以NH_4NO_3的形式存在,其余的NH_4~+以NH_4Cl的形式存在。[NO_3~-]/[SO_4~(2-)]日变化表明,早、晚机动车高峰影响北京重污染发生。     

合肥市冬季PM_(2.5)中水溶性离子化学特征分析

基于2021年12月1日-2022年2月28日合肥市细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))及其水溶性离子连续观测数据,分析了合肥市冬季PM_(2.5)中水溶性离子化学特征以及不同污染程度下水溶性离子化学特征。结果表明:采样期间合肥市PM_(2.5)污染较重,不同污染程度下PM_(2.5)浓度差异较大,中度及以上污染天的ρ(PM_(2.5))平均值分别是清洁天和轻度污染天的2.8和1.3倍。二次水溶性无机离子[硝酸根离子(NO_(3)^(-))、铵根离子(NH+4)和硫酸根离子(SO_(2)-4),简称SNA]是合肥市PM_(2.5)的重要组成部分,随着污染程度的加重,PM_(2.5)二次生成比例随之下降。NH+4是合肥市水溶性离子中中和能力最强的离子,易与NO_(3)^(-)和SO_(2)-4结合分别形成NH_(4)NO_(3)和(NH_(4))_(2)SO_(4)。合肥市SO_(2)和NO_(2)均易发生二次转化,且SO_(2)较NO_(2)更容易发生二次转化。钙离子(Ca^(2+))和镁离子(Mg^(2+))相关性较高,说明合肥市PM_(2.5)可能受扬尘影响较大;钾离子(K^(+))是生物质燃烧的指示离子,氯离子(Cl^(-))与K^(+)相关性较好,说明合肥市PM_(2.5)组分中的Cl^(-)和K^(+)主要来自生物质燃烧。PM_(2.5)中水溶性离子受降水和温度影响较大。     

广州市冬季PM_(2.5)污染过程二次水溶性无机离子组分特征

为了解广州地区灰霾天气成因,基于城市超级站,对2013年12月1日—12月8日期间2次灰霾天气过程的水溶性无机离子污染特征进行研究。结果表明:监测期间二次离子(SNA)SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-、NH_4~+分别占PM_(2.5)质量浓度的15.8%、7.4%、7.0%;2次污染过程SNA对PM_(2.5)贡献显著,机动车排放和燃煤是PM_(2.5)的主要污染来源。广州冬季属于富氨区,2次污染过程都伴随着NH_4~+显著增加,NH_4~+主要以(NH_4)_2SO_4和NH_4NO_3形式存在。     

武汉市春季大气PM2.5中水溶性离子特征

运用大气PM_(2.5)水溶性组分及其气态前体物在线监测系统(GAC-IC)于2017年3月5—12日对武汉市大气PM_(2.5)中水溶性组分进行了在线监测,分析了PM_(2.5)中主要水溶性离子的化学特征和作用机制。结果表明:实验期间武汉市大气PM_(2.5)中水溶性组分与气态前体物间存在明显的二次转化过程,二次反应是PM_(2.5)的重要来源。监测期间,PM_(2.5)中NO_3~-、SO_4~(2-)和NH_4~+的平均质量浓度分别为24.3、16.9、15.0μg/m~3,是PM_(2.5)中重要的水溶性无机离子,占PM_(2.5)质量浓度的40%~70%。硫氧化率(SOR)和氮氧化率(NOR)平均值分别为0.52和0.27,表现出较为明显的二次污染特征。通过相关性分析发现:监测点位周边大气PM_(2.5)中NH_4~+与NO_3~-、SO_4~(2-)有良好的相关性,且表现为富氨状态,大气中铵能较好地中和SO_4~(2-)和NO_3~-。     

重庆市主城区大气水溶性离子在线观测分析

2015年12月—2016年3月期间,利用在线气体与气溶胶成分监测仪(IGAC)在重庆市大气超级站开展连续观测分析,并捕捉到2次持续时间较长的空气重污染过程。对PM_(2.5)中9种水溶性离子及5种气态前体物的观测结果分析表明:NO_3~-、NH_4~+和SO_4~(2-)是重庆市主城区PM_(2.5)中主要的水溶性离子成分,其浓度均表现出明显的日变化特征,主要以(NH4)_2SO_4和NH_4NO_3的形式存在。NH_3和SO_2是最主要的气态污染物。2次重污染过程的水溶性离子组分有明显差异,细颗粒物累积型污染的NH_4~+、SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-浓度高,二次转化十分明显;春节期间烟花爆竹集中燃放,Cl~-、K~+浓度高,主要属于一次排放;污染期间主要离子组分的同源性特征显著。     

衡阳城区冬季PM2.5中水溶性离子污染特征

为探究衡阳冬季PM_(2.5)和水溶性离子污染特征及其来源,于2019年1月在衡阳市城区采集大气PM_(2.5)样品,使用重量法和离子色谱法测得PM_(2.5)和水溶性离子组分质量浓度,并分析其浓度特征、酸碱度和来源等问题。结果表明:采样期间衡阳大气PM_(2.5)平均质量浓度为94.25μg/m~3,总水溶性离子质量浓度为52.94μg/m~3,占PM_(2.5)总质量浓度的56.43%;阴阳离子当量之比为1.12,PM_(2.5)呈酸性,其中SNA(SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-和NH_4~+)占总水溶性离子质量浓度的95.06%。污染期间二次转化明显,SNA主要以(NH_4)_2SO_4和NH_4NO_3形式存在。源解析发现大气PM_(2.5)受化石燃料和生物质燃烧、垃圾焚烧、建筑扬尘、气态前体物二次转化、外来输送等多重因素影响,其中机动车尾气排放的NO_x在大气中二次转化形成的硝酸盐是衡阳重污染的最主要原因。     

武汉南郊高校内不同功能区PM2.5化学成分分析

通过在武汉某高校校园的生活区、运动场、实验田区和施工区布设4个采样点,检测分析PM_(2.5)及其中金属元素和水溶性无机离子的含量。结果表明,施工区PM_(2.5)平均值超标0. 3倍,其余三区均达标,校园大气环境总体良好; PM_(2.5)中质量浓度较高的元素为Fe、Mg、Mn、Pb; Cd、Pb的富集因子 100,判断其来源于建筑施工、实验田翻耕、汽车尾气等人为污染; PM_(2.5)中主要水溶性无机离子为SO_4~(2-)和NO_3~-,生活区、施工区的NO_3~-及生活区的SO_4~(2-)主要来源于二次污染,施工区SO_4~(2-)来源于二次污染和施工材料; X射线衍射显示施工区PM_(2.5)中存在石英、高岭石等矿物。     

南京市城区PM2.5中化学组分演变特征

于2011—2017年在江苏省南京环境监测中心办公楼顶开展PM_(2.5)监测采样,分析其样品中OC、EC、水溶性离子和20余种无机元素等组分演变特征。结果表明,NO3-、SO24-、NH4+、OC、EC等是PM_(2.5)的主要组分,且大部分组分值随ρ(PM_(2.5))降低呈下降趋势; OC在2016—2017年成为占比最大的组分;ρ(NO_3~-)/ρ(SO_4~(2-))由0. 9上升至1. 3,ρ(OC)/ρ(EC)由3. 2上升至3. 6,均呈持续上升趋势;机动车污染和有机碳污染明显加重,南京大气污染类型从传统煤烟型污染向煤烟型与氧化型污染共同主导的复合型污染转变; K~-、Cl~-、SO_4~(2-)等水溶性离子和痕量元素K、Al、Ca、Na、Mg等值持续下降,说明工业污染减排、燃煤总量控制和污染治理、扬尘管控和秸秆禁烧效果显著。     

蚌埠市夏季大气细颗粒物在线源解析

为了解蚌埠市环境空气中PM_(2.5)的来源,于2017年8月18日—9月18日,在百货大楼和高新区站点,利用单颗粒物气溶胶飞行时间质谱仪开展PM_(2.5)在线源解析。结果表明,百货大楼点位ρ(PM_(2.5))高于高新区点位,轻度污染比例(4.2%)明显高于高新区点位(0.8%),出现了中度污染(0.3%);SPAMS的PM_(2.5)质谱图显示百货大楼点位PM_(2.5)中K~+、Na~+特征明显,高新区点位HSO_4~-、NO_3~-、NO_2~-等无机信号较为明显;2个点位NO_3~-、NO_2~-、NH_4~+离子颗粒数占总颗粒数的百分比明显较高,且高新区点位NO_3~-、HSO_4~-离子数占比要明显高于百货大楼点位,燃料燃烧、工业工艺源、农田氮肥施用是其主要的人为污染源;2个点位PM_(2.5)成分主要为元素碳,分别占比42.4%,40.6%;污染时段,ρ(PM_(2.5))快速上升,除受本地机动车尾气源和燃煤源累积影响外,百货大楼点位扬尘源排放增加,高新区点位扬尘源和工业工艺排放源增加;2个点位机动车尾气源均为首要污染源,分别占比29.5%和30.9%,其次为燃煤源(24.3%和24.7%),扬尘源占比分别为22.9%和20.8%。     

河流沉积物中有机污染物的分析研究进展

总结了近年来河流沉积物中有机污染物的研究进展 ,集中评述了国内有关沉积物中多环芳烃、有机氯农药和多氯联苯的分析研究现状 ,包括样品采集、样品前处理和样品分析 ,并对今后河流、湖泊及水库沉积物中污染物的分析工作作了展望     

Fluoride in groundwater in selected villages in Eritrea (North East Africa)

A study was undertaken to estimate fluoride content in thegroundwater in certain parts of rural Eritrea, North-East Africa,along the River Anseba. Standard procedure was adopted for fluoride detection. Results indicate elevated concentration offluoride in groundwater. The highest concentration was found tobe 3.73 mg L^-1, well above the safety level for consumption.Geological basis for the high concentration of high fluoride hasbeen established; it is presumed to be the pegmatite intrusion hosted by a granitic batholith. Extensive dental fluorosis has been observed in the population exposed to drinking water of highfluoride content.     

Trends in Nitrogen Transport in Swedish Rivers

Concern about nitrogen loads in marine environments has drawn attention to the existence and possible causes of long-term trends in nitrogen transport in rivers. The present study was based on data from the Swedish environmental monitoring programme for surface water quality; the continuity of these data is internationally unique. A recently developed semiparametric method was employed to study the development of relationships between runoff and river transport of nitrogen since 1971; the observed relationships were then used to produce time series of flow-normalised transports for 66 sites in 39 river basins. Subsequent statistical analyses of flow-normalised data revealed only few significant downward trends (p 0.05) during the time period 1971–1994, and the most pronounced of these downward trends were caused by reduced point emissions of nitrogen. The number of significant upward trends was substantially larger (15 for total-N and 18 for NO₃-N). Closer examination of obtained results revealed the following: (i) the most pronounced upward trends were present downstream of lakes, and (ii) observed increases in nitrogen transport coincided in time and space with reduced point emissions of phosphorus or organic matter. This indicated that changes in the retention of nitrogen in lakes were responsible for the upward nitrogen trends. The hypothesis that nitrogen saturation of forest soils has caused a general increase in the riverine export of nitrogen from forested catchments in Sweden was not confirmed. Neither did the results indicate that improved agricultural practices have reduced the export of nitrogen from agricultural catchments.     

HPLC法测定饲料中维生素A、维生素D 3 和维生素E

建立了以w(C2H5OH)=95 %乙醇直接提取,高效液相色谱仪在波长280 nm和254 nm处连续测定饲料中维生素A、维生素D3和维生素E的方法.色谱柱为大连依利特Hypersil ODS C18(25 cm×4.6 mm×5 μm),流动相为甲醇-水,流速为1.2 mL/min.维生素A、维生素D3、维生素E的质量浓度分别在1.0 mg/L～20.0 mg/L、0.5 mg/L～15.0 mg/L 、2.5 mg/L～50.0 mg/L范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系,检测限分别为0.3×10-6 μg、0.04×10-6 μg、5.0×10-6 μg,相对标准偏差分别为1.6 %、2.7 %、2.4 %,平均回收率分别为99 %、102 %、98 %.     

丽水市空气中Pb污染调查

为调查丽水市空气中Pb污染现状，在机动车相对集中的市区布设5个测点，测点高度1．2m；监测周期为1a，每星期采样1d或2d，每天采集1个样，每次采样6h；监测项目为TSP、Pb；评价标准采用GB3095—1996《环境空气质量标准》。结果表明，丽水市各测点空气中Pb最大的季均值、年均值均未超标；常规测点和交通路口测点之间TSP、Pb质量浓度值均存在显著的差异性。     

Organochlorines and Mercury in Waterfowl Harvested in Canada

Samples of breast muscle from 32 species of waterfowl collected from 123 sites across Canada were analyzed for chlorobenzenes (CBz), chlordane-related compounds (CHL), hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCH), DDT, mirex, dieldrin, PCBs and mercury. ΣDDT, ΣCBz and ΣPCB were the compounds most frequently found above trace levels. ΣHCH and ΣMirex were detected the least often. Mercury was detected in all of the mergansers, over 50% of dabbling, bay and sea ducks, and in less than 2% of the geese analysed. The highest levels of contaminants were generally found in birds feeding at higher trophic levels such as sea ducks and mergansers. With the exception of a few samples of mergansers and long-tailed ducks from eastern Canada, which contained ΣPCB concentrations of 1.0–2.4 mg kg⁻¹, ΣPCB levels were less than 1 mg kg⁻¹ wet weight. Only one merganser from eastern Canada had a ΣDDT concentration (2.6 mg kg⁻¹ ww) which was greater than 1 mg kg⁻¹ ww. The highest ΣCHL (0.10 mg kg⁻¹ ww) was also found in mergansers from eastern Canada. Levels of total mercury in breast muscle were either low (< 1 mg kg⁻¹ ww) or below detection limits with the exception of a few samples of mergansers from eastern Canada which contained mercury concentrations of 1.0–1.5 mg kg⁻¹ ww. Health Canada determined that the organochlorine and mercury levels found in samples of breast muscle of ducks and geese analysed in this study did not pose a health hazard to human consumers and therefore these waterfowl were safe to eat.     

兰州市冬季和春季PM2.5金属元素浓度水平与分布

为了解兰州市大气PM2.5中金属元素的污染水平和分布,于2013年冬季和春季在兰州市区4个在线监测点进行PM2.5样品采集,利用ICP-MS分析金属元素浓度。结果表明,Pb、B元素含量高于200 ng/m3,V、Fe元素含量在100~200 ng/m3,其余元素含量低于100 ng/m3,其中Pb含量最高,平均含量达到373.8 ng/m3.各监测点元素含量在冬季和春季各有不同,整体上是冬季高于春季。金属元素在兰州市区的空间分布与兰州市工业排放和气象因素有关,工业排放为主导因素。     

Characteristic Air Temperature Distributions Observed in Summer and Winter in Urban Area in Japan

The air temperature distributions in August (summer) and December (winter) were measured in an approximately 15 × 15-km urban area in Hyogo Prefecture, Japan, in order to study the spatial distribution of the air temperature and to propose effective measures against the heat island phenomenon. The air temperature was measured mainly by using thermometer shelters installed in an elementary school and a junior high school. The characteristic air temperature distribution depended on the season. The air temperature was higher inland than in the coastal region in August but was higher in the coastal region in December. The air temperature index indicated that the area where higher air temperatures would most likely appear was 5 to 10 km inland from the coast in August and around the coast in December. The seasonal air temperature distribution was presumably due to the strength of solar radiation and anthropogenic exhaust heat.     

中国1998年度环境质量状况

对我国１９９８年度的环境空气质量,酸雨,主要流域水质,近岸域海水水质,地下水水位与水质,城市声环境、射环境质量,典型区域生态环境的状况进行了综述了与分析,指出了我国的环境污染问题主要是城市空气污染,地面水体污染和城市噪声污染。     

天津市空气颗粒物中酞酸酯的分布特征

采用气相色谱-质谱仪(GC-MS)对天津市空气颗粒物中15种酞酸酯(PAEs)夏季和冬季的浓度进行了分析测定,研究了酞酸酯污染水平的季节变化,不同季节酞酸酯的功能区差异,15种酞酸酯在颗粒物中的分布特征,以及DBP和DEHP在夏冬两季中的污染特点,分析了产生上述结果的原因,基本说明了天津市空气颗粒物中酞酸酯的污染状况和特点。