固定污染源烟气中可凝结颗粒物监测技术现状及展望

随着国家对大气环境治理的推进，可凝结颗粒物(CPM)成为工业烟气防治的关键污染物。CPM在烟道高温环境中为气态物质，排入大气环境后快速凝结成颗粒态物质，对其进行准确测量是国内外的前沿技术挑战之一。通过研究分析CPM在烟气和烟羽中演化特征与监测技术现状，阐明CPM的概念、形成机制与排放特征，阐释已有的工业烟气CPM采集与分析方法及其存在的问题，并进一步对超低排放烟气中CPM的在线监测和质控技术提出展望。     

生活垃圾焚烧烟气中重金属排放水平及影响因素分析

通过对浙江省生活垃圾焚烧炉排放烟气中重金属的监测,分析生活垃圾焚烧烟气中重金属排放水平。结果表明,汞及其化合物的检出率最高,为95.7%,其次为铬和锰,检出率均为60%,且在不同的焚烧炉中重金属排放浓度差异较大,检出率最低的为铊和镉,且排放浓度均较低;焚烧炉排放烟气中汞及其化合物、镉+铊及其化合物、锑+砷+铅+铬+钴+铜+锰+镍及其化合物排放浓度均低于国标排放限值,最大占标率分别为76%、4%、21.9%。焚烧烟气中的重金属含量与焚烧垃圾中的重金属含量有关,烟气通过废气处理设施,可有效地减少重金属等污染物的排放。     

基于燃煤电厂超低排放的汞分布特性研究

为掌握超低排放改造后烟气处理装置对汞分布的影响,选择6台有代表性的超低排放火电机组进行现场测试。通过对火电机组入炉煤、炉渣、飞灰、脱硫石膏、末端烟气等样品的测试,得出不同燃烧产物中汞的分布:底渣和湿除出水的汞含量极微;电除尘底灰中的汞所占比重相对较大,平均汞含量占燃烧产物中总汞的比例可达57.97%。依据质量平衡原理,计算出不同超低排放改造工艺路线对汞的协同脱除效率为87.26%~95.60%,并分析了不同污染控制设备对汞排放的影响。     

超低排放下燃煤电厂颗粒物排放特征分析研究

选取6家经过超低排放改造的燃煤电厂,对湿法脱硫(WFGD)和湿式电除尘器(WESP)进出口烟气中TPM、PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)、PM_1进行测试,分析研究超低排放下燃煤电厂颗粒物的排放特征及电除尘器后净化设备对颗粒物的脱除效果。结果表明,6家电厂TPM、PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)、PM_1排放浓度分别为0.75~2.36、0.71~2.12、0.65~1.96、0.51~1.57 mg/m~3。分析烟气中颗粒物粒径分布可知,除尘器后,PM10占TPM质量比低于40%,且比例随烟气经过WFGD和WESP而逐渐降低。WFGD对PM2.5有较好的脱除效果,而WESP对PM1脱除效果显著。为满足超低排放标准,6家电厂除尘器后脱除设备综合除尘效率大多在85%以上。计算得到6家电厂TPM、PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)、PM_1排放因子,与超低排放改造之前同等级燃煤电厂相比,6家电厂不同粒径颗粒物排放因子均显著降低,也远低于西方发达国家燃煤电厂颗粒物排放因子。     

基于新空气质量标准的全国大气环境承载力评价

随着中国环境问题特别是大气环境问题的凸显,环境承载能力研究成为国内各界关注的热点。采用大气污染物年均质量浓度与新的空气质量标准比较的方法即超标倍数法,对全国330个地级城市进行大气环境承载力评价。评价结果表明,有70%的城市大气环境超载,大气环境承载形势严峻。超载最严重地区为京津冀及周边区域,长三角地区、中部大部分地区。PM2.5为大多数重点城市超载的首要污染物。通过对比大气环境承载指数与污染物排放总量、污染排放强度、人口、第二产业、地形、气象等因素的相关关系发现,不同地区主要影响因素不同,应该采取分区域、季节等差别化手段控制污染物排放,提高环境承载能力。     

烟气汞在线监测现状及仪器性能评估初探

针对近年来燃煤烟气汞污染控制技术的进步，概述烟气汞分析方法，综述烟气汞在线设备及技术的发展现状。通过将电厂排放废气中汞的手工检测和在线监测结果比对，对国内外汞在线仪器进行性能评估。     

燃煤锅炉烟气中CPM与水溶性离子监测方法及应用研究

建立燃煤锅炉烟气可凝聚颗粒物(CPM)与水溶性离子监测采样方法,并应用于北京市典型烟气净化工艺燃煤锅炉排放监测。结果表明,北京市燃煤锅炉烟气中总颗粒物(TPM)基准排放质量浓度最高达82.4 mg/m3,最低14.0 mg/m3,其中CPM占TPM的43.5%~92.2%,水溶性离子对TPM的贡献水平为31.4%~62.2%。烟温对水溶性离子的分布形态有显著影响,进而影响TPM中可过滤颗粒物(FPM)和CPM的分配比例。颗粒物和水溶性离子的排放与烟气含湿量之间无显著相关性,而与燃煤锅炉烟气脱硫除尘净化工艺和脱硫产物的溶解度及其脱除方式密切相关。     

上海市汽车更新淘汰减排效果初步评估

选取2009年6月—2010年1月上海市汽车动态数据,讨论汽车污染物排放状况,分析汽车更新淘汰对大气环境的排放贡献影响。结果表明,上海市现行老旧车辆更新淘汰政策可以减少CO、HC、NOx、PM等污染物排放量43 565 t/a。鼓励老旧汽车淘汰更新政策对推进减排工作、改善城市大气环境有重要意义。     

浅析火电厂脱硫脱硝技术与应用

火电厂运行的过程中,容易造成空气污染,增加了环境保护的压力。近几年,我国在火电厂内采用烟气脱硫、脱硝技术,用于降低排放烟气中二氧化硫、氮氧化物的含量,改善排放烟气的污染状况。烟气脱硫、脱硝技术在火电厂烟气治理中发挥重要的作用,有利于减轻排放烟气造成的污染。因此,文章以火电厂为研究背景,分析烟气脱硫、脱硝技术的应用。     

典型钢铁企业汞排放水平及排放特征研究

以某典型钢铁企业为研究对象,测定企业废气、废水、固废汞排放水平,并分析汞排放特征。研究表明,球团、烧结、高炉工艺废气排口烟尘中汞排放浓度和排放速率明显低于烟气;汞主要以气态形式排放,烧结工艺排口废气汞最高浓度分别是其他2个排口的7倍和3倍。球团、烧结、高炉、电炉四工艺环节中,烧结汞排放速率占四工艺汞排放速率总和的87%。半干法脱硫、氨法脱硫、石灰石石膏脱硫对废气中汞的去除效率分别为90.0%、78.7%和29.9%。企业废水排放未检出汞,脱硫产生固废汞含量明显高于除尘产生固废汞含量,脱硫灰汞含量是脱硫石膏的15倍。     

The Strange Career of the Ringelmann Smoke Chart

The Ringelmann smoke chart was used in the United States to assess smoke emissions in the early twentieth century. In fact, it may have been the most important method for measuring air pollution between the late 1800s and the environmental era. However, the popularity of the Ringelmann chart stood in stark contrast to its lack of precision, which smoke abatement experts recognized and discussed among themselves. However, the critique of the Ringelmann scale rarely left the circle of experts and never jeopardized its use. This article discusses the reasons for this striking phenomenon, pointing out that the Ringelmann chart had strong practical and symbolic advantages: it allowed smoke abatement to be conducted in a public and transparent way. With that, the history of the Ringelmann smoke chart is an instructive model for the social construction of measuring techniques.     

Application of impregnated filters to determination of smoke and ammonia

Whatman No. 1 filters impregnated with a 3% solution of oxalic acid in ethanol which are used for elimination of ammonia from the air stream before entering the absorber for collecting SO₂, were tested for a possible application (a) in the spectrophotometric determination of ammonia with Nessler's reagent and (b) in the reflectometric determination of smoke. It was shown that impregnated filters were as suitable for the determination of ammonia as absorbing solution and as applicable for smoke measurement as untreated filters. Further, the advantage of using impregnated filters for sampling ammonia lies in avoiding the interference of organic vapours which may occur, if absorbing solution is used.     

Air Issues amd Ecosystem Protection, a Canadian National Parks Perspective

Several case histories illustrate national park air issues and responses in Canada. These examples include: acidification studies and establishment of a multiparticipant monitoring programme at Kejimkujik; studies of smoke at campgrounds in Jasper, La Mauricie and Forillon, its effect on health, and the management of visitors and firewood supply to mitigate these risks; and estimates of emissions from through-traffic in Yoho. From these cases and from reviews of the secondary literature, we can identify air issues that affect the maintenance of ecological integrity in national parks. These issues are: forest fires and smoke management; defining goals for ecosystem restoration; representation of natural regional conditions; visitor health and amenity; acidification; pesticides; eutrophication from airborne nitrates; permafrost melting; and UV-B. In June 1995, an International Air Issues Workshop brought together representatives from Canadian and U.S. national parks and other selected agencies. They ranked the air issues affecting national parks, producing quite an eclectic list. From the most to least serious issue, they are: acidification, toxics, visibility impairment, UV-B, smoke management, oil and gas development, fugitive dust, global warming, overflights, light pollution, noise and odour. Note that atmospheric change is only one among a group of stresses affecting national parks. Of 28 stresses recognized as significant for national parks in 1992, acid precipitation ranked 8th and climate change 23rd. Petrochemicals, 17th, pesticides, 18th and heavy metals, 21st, may be partly airborne. The 1995 workshop made several recommendations applicable to Parks Canada, from which those related to research and monitoring needs have been extracted. The air monitoring needed most by national parks is of suspended particulate and visibility. This is in response to human health and amenity concerns and international treaty obligations. The long-term protection of natural sites in national parks provides opportunities for other agencies to monitor ambient air quality and ecosystem responses, for example through the installation of under-canopy monitoring towers. The air research most needed in national parks is the modelling of natural landscapes and vegetation complexes in response to climate change. This follows from the primary purpose of each national park, to maintain the ecological integrity of an area selected to represent a natural region. The principal air research opportunities for other agencies in national parks are probably intensive instrumentation and sampling over several years to examine the air-vegetation-soil transfers of nutrients, pollutants and radiation.     

Study of summer heat exposure at the ground services operations of a main international airport in Saudi Arabia

Summer heat in coastal subtropical Jeddah, augmented by heat from operating ground servicing equipment in King Abdul-Aziz International Airport (KAAIA), presents a major occupational problem to ground service operators, particularly the air traffic control coordinator (ATCC), that hinders their work efficiency and induces health disorders to them. The present study was conducted to assess the magnitude of this problem and propose heat control strategy and remedial actions for the Saudi Arabian Airlines (SAUDIA). Heat parameters including air temperature (T (a)), wet bulb temperature (T (w)), globe temperature (T (g)) and air velocity were measured around serviced planes and in other locations used by ATCC, and the WBGT and the ATCC-WBGT-TWAs were computed. Mostly all the T (a) measurements, and many T (w) measurements, were higher than T (a) and T (w) forecasted by the Presidency of Meteorology and Environment (PME) due to heat dissipated from operating vehicles and equipment in service. The measured and PME forecasted parameters have good and medium linear correlations (T (a): r (2) = 0.74 and T (w): r (2) = 0.64). The computed WBGT in the service stations around planes are considerably higher than the 25 and 27.5 degrees C recommended TLV(R) for non-acclimatized and acclimatized operators. However, the computed ATCC- WBGT-TWA levels indicate that the shift-work-schedule which was recommended to be implemented by SAUDIA has successfully reduced their heat exposure to acceptable levels, except for a very few operators (6.7% exceeding WBGT-TLV(R) of 25 degrees C and 2.2% exceeding TLV(R) of 27.5 degrees C) for whom the shift-work schedules might be corrected to achieve safe heat exposure.     

热脱附/气相色谱法测定空气中含硫化合物

以固体CO2为冷却试剂，使空气中含硫化合物有效富集在-70℃条件下TANEX复合吸附管内，样品管在热脱附装置中120℃下解吸后，采用气相色谱脉冲式火焰光度检测器测定硫化氢、甲硫醇、二甲二硫和甲硫醚，优化了试验条件。4种含硫化合物检出限为0.1ng—0.5ng，标准管测定的RSD为12.7％—16.3％，实际气样加标回收率为78.3％—87.7％。     

Performance evaluation of two commercial chemiluminescence NOx analysers according to European Standard EN 14211

According to Directive 2008/50/EC, all equipment used for NO(x) fixed measurements must comply with the reference method or equivalent by 11 June 2013. Up to that date, non-type-approved equipment can continue to be used in air monitoring networks and will probably also be used in air pollution studies even after that date. In this context, it is advisable to know how these "old" measuring instruments respond to the requirements of European Standard EN 14211: 2005: Ambient Air Quality--Standard method for the measurement of the concentration of nitrogen dioxide and nitrogen monoxide by chemiluminescence. In this work, we carry out a thorough performance evaluation of two commercial NO(x) analysers, both purchased before 2010, according to the mentioned Standard. Results show that water vapour interference is one of the most important disconformities with this Standard. The expanded uncertainty estimation of both analysers was below the quality objective of the above-mentioned Directive (15%); however, this calculation was performed by applying some modifications to the proposed model of Standard EN 14211. These modifications are also discussed in the paper.     

On the propagation of error in air pollution measurements

Four methods for estimating the uncertainties in air pollution measurements are outlined. The approaches are: analytical solution-approximation; application of distribution theory; experimentation; and simulation. The advantages and disadvantages of each method are illustrated using data from High-Volume air samplers, the instrument most commonly used for monitoring ambient concentrations of airborne particles.Dr Evans is Assistant Professor of Environmental Science and Mr Kinney is a doctoral candidate in the Department of Environmental Science and Physiology, Harvard School of Public Health. Dr Cooper is at the Manufacturing Research Laboratory, Thomas J. Watson Research Center, IBM, Yorktown Heights, NY.     

Impaction collection and slurry sampling for the determination of arsenic, cadmium, and lead in sidestream cigarette smoke by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry

The slurry sampling technique has been applied for the determination of arsenic, cadmium and lead in sidestream cigarette smoke condensate (SS CSC) by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The smoke collection system consists of a "fishtail" chimney in conjunction with an impaction trap and a mixed cellulose ester (MCE) backup filter for the SS CSC collection. The smoke condensates, collected at three different regions of the system (i.e. the inner wall of the chimney, the impaction trap and the MCE filter), were individually prepared and analyzed and showed that about 70 and 20% of Cd and Pb, respectively, were trapped by the impaction trap and the MCE filter with less than 5% trapped by the chimney. In contrast, about 60% of As was trapped by the impactor and a relatively high percentage of As, about 30%, was deposited onto the inner wall of the chimney. The uneven distribution of trace metals at each collection stage strongly suggested that the composition of smoke aerosol and the associated physical form of the analytes may be different. The yields of As, Cd and Pb for the sidestream cigarette smoke of the 1R4F reference cigarette were 29.5 +/- 2.4, 421 +/- 6.6 and 46.4 +/- 0.9 ng cigarette(-1)(n= 3) respectively, when the cigarette was smoked according to the smoking regime: 45 mL puff volume of 2-s puff duration at an interval of 30 s with 50% ventilation holes covered. The analytical results for the slurry sampling technique were also compared with other sample preparation techniques and show good agreement.     

Environmental Modeling and Methods for Estimation of the Global Health Impacts of Air Pollution

Air pollution is increasingly recognized as a significant contributor to global health outcomes. A methodological framework for evaluating the global health-related outcomes of outdoor and indoor (household) air pollution is presented and validated for the year 2005. Ambient concentrations of PM2.5 are estimated with a combination of energy and atmospheric models, with detailed representation of urban and rural spatial exposures. Populations dependent on solid fuels are established with household survey data. Health impacts for outdoor and household air pollution are independently calculated using the fractions of disease that can be attributed to ambient air pollution exposure and solid fuel use. Estimated ambient pollution concentrations indicate that more than 80% of the population exceeds the WHO Air Quality Guidelines in 2005. In addition, 3.26?billion people were found to use solid fuel for cooking in three regions of Sub Saharan Africa, South Asia and Pacific Asia in 2005. Outdoor air pollution results in 2.7?million deaths or 23?million disability adjusted life years (DALYs) while household air pollution from solid fuel use and related indoor smoke results in 2.1?million deaths or 41.6?million DALYs. The higher morbidity from household air pollution can be attributed to children below the age of 5 in Sub Saharan Africa and South Asia. The burden of disease from air pollution is found to be significant, thus indicating the importance of policy interventions.     

Smoke aerosols dispersion and transport from the 2013 New South Wales (Australia) bushfires

Environmental monitoring and modelling, especially in the regional context, has seen significant progress with the widely usage of satellite measurement in conjunction with local meteorological and air quality monitoring to understand the atmospheric dispersion and transport of air pollutants. This paper studies the application of these data and modelling tools to understand the environment effects of a major bushfire period in the state of New South Wales (NSW), Australia, in 2013. The bushfires have caused high pollution episodes at many sites in the greater Sydney metropolitan areas. The potential long-range transport of aerosols produced by bushfires to other region and states has been seen by regulators as a major concern. Using data and images collected from satellites, in addition to the results obtained from different simulations carried out using HYSPLIT trajectory model and a regional meteorological model called Conformal Cubic Atmospheric Model (CCAM), we were able to identify at least 2 days on which the smoke aerosols from bush fires in NSW has been transported at high altitude to the northern state of Queensland and the Coral Sea. As a result, widespread high particle concentration in South East Queensland including the Brisbane area, as measured by nearly all the air quality monitoring stations in this region, occurred on the day when the smoke aerosols intruded to lower altitude as indicated by the CALIOP (Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization) Lidar measurements on the CALIPSO (Cloud–Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation) satellite. The use of meteorological or air quality modelling to connect the ground-based measurements with satellite observations as shown in this study is useful to understand the pollutant transport due to bushfires and its impact on regional air quality.