甘肃省污染治理设施效益分析

通过对甘肃省现有环境污染治理设施的调查，基本摸清了污染治理设施投资，设施数量，投资结构，治理技术，除污效率和达标率，对治理工程经济效益进行了分析，提出了改进的建议。     

武汉市城区餐饮油烟污染治理调研

餐饮油烟污染是店群矛盾的一个主要方面，必须治理油烟达标排放，但涉及的问题方方面面．武汉市理顺了关系，采取了措施，治理了油烟，加强了管理，在前几年监督治理的基础上，近两年来，已在市区治理了餐饮油烟数百家，并向全市全面铺开，打响了一场治理餐饮油烟污染的攻坚战．     

环境污染物的处理技术

综述了环境污染的治理方法，侧重介绍了生物技术在三废治理、土壤及地下水污染治理中的应用，并介绍了一些污染治理技术的典型应用。     

铁路运输业污水治理系统分析

研究了乌鲁木剂铁路局系统污水治理污染控制方法及途径，提出了主要污染物为石油类，其最佳治理对策是：确定重点污染单位、污染源、用最低的治理投入，选择斜板隔油气浮工艺治理重点污染和次重点污染部门，得到较好的治理效果，否定盲目追求“零排放”的高投入方案。     

金昌市污染治理与效益分析

通过对金昌市环境污染治理现状分析，总结了污染治理不仅提高了资源的综合利用率，而且取得了社会效益，环境效益和经济效益的同步发展。同时提出了污染治理的新建议。     

乌鲁木齐市采暖季空气质量变化趋势分析

为了定量评价乌鲁木齐市采暖季空气污染近五年的治理成效，给环境治理决策提供科学依据，运用回归分析方法，对乌鲁木齐市采暖季空气质量的浓度、级别和变化规律进行回归分析。分析结果表明，PM10、SO2、NO2三项污染物的浓度都有所下降，空气质量级别的污染天数呈现明显的月变化规律。乌鲁木齐市采暖季空气的重污染状况有所遏制，但SO2污染凸现，在下一步的治理工作中，加强尘污染治理的同时要加大对SO2的治理力度。     

锅炉风机的噪声污染与控制

依据多年从事环境污染治理的经验，设计出治理锅炉风机噪声的隔声室，并对该隔声室的制造、治理效果进行了评价，得出了该隔声室是控制噪声污染的有效设备。     

饮食业油烟污染治理技术及其进展

阐述了近年来国内外在治理油烟污染方面研究，应用较多的治理技术及正在发展中的新技术，指出了当前油烟污染治理技术存在的问题和发展方向。     

石灰乳吸收法治理含氯废气的研究

介绍了石 灰乳吸收法治理含氯废气的原理、工艺流程、工艺参数以及工艺设备。通过治理工程实际运行，结果表明：该工艺回收了废气中的有机氯化物，治理效果明显，且工艺设备 投资少，运转费用低，经济效益显著，因此，推广前景广阔。     

打风室噪声治理

叙述了打风室噪声的产生，治理措施和治理效果。     

Role of halogen(I) cation-transfer mechanisms in water chlorination in the presence of bromide ion

Bromide ion is rapidly converted to HOBr via BrCl by reaction with HOCl. The subsequent slow reactions of (HOCl, OCl-)/(HOBr, OBr-) mixtures are monitored directly by multiwavelength UV-vis absorbance methods and simultaneously by ion chromatographic measurement of ClO2-, ClO3-, and BrO3- (p[H+] 5.6-7.6). A first-order loss of HOCl is observed which is catalyzed by trace concentrations of Br- and BrCl. Chlorite ion forms first and is subsequently oxidized to ClO3-. The loss of HOBr is slower and is second-order in HOBr, so that BrO3- formation takes longer than ClO3- formation. Under the conditions of this work, the relative yield of BrO3- increases with increase in pH. The decomposition of HOCI by bromide proceeds primarily by a series of halogen(I) cation-transfer reactions with subsequent halide release. The presence of HOCI increases the BrO3- yield three-fold from HOBr decay alone.     

Identification of hotspots using different statistical methods in a region of manufacturing plants

Incident electromagnetic radiation hitting the Earth’s surface shows three phenomena as absorptivity, reflectivity and transmissivity where sum of the three is equal to one. The transmissivity is zero when the surface is opaque. There is a strong relationship between absorptivity and emissivity that is explained by Kirchhoff’s Law. Emissivity is managed by the thermal radiation on the Earth’s surface. Thermal radiation related with the heat transfer of the electromagnetic radiation is controlled by passing energy of atoms and molecules. There are different sources of energy other than the Sun such as geothermal activities, volcanoes and manufacturing plants that contributes to the emissivity of the surface. The thermal radiation produced by manufacturing plants contributes to the Earth’s surface temperature as well.In this study, land surface temperatures were estimated by using inverse Planck function from five Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer remote-sensing satellite sensor thermal infrared bands. It is aimed to highlight hotspots related to manufacturing plants in the region of Kocaeli, Turkey. The hotspots are examined statistically with the minimum noise fraction, the independent component analysis, the local Moran’s I index and the Getis-Ord G_i index methods by using land surface temperatures.     

测定甲基托布津的分光光度法的研究

用Ｃｕ＾２＋和甲基托布津在氨碱性条件下作用产生沉淀，离心分离未反应的Ｃｒ＾２＋，经ＣＯ显色剂在柠檬酸缓冲液中显色后，测定溶液中的Ｃｒ＾２＋浓度可间接求得甲基托布律的含量。此方法简便快捷，且可进行微量测定。用本方法与络合滴定法做对照试验。结果能很好的符合。     

Methanogenesis in monogastric animals

Studies of methanogenic bacteria present in monogastric animals are still scarce. Methanogens have been isolated from faeces of rat, horse, pig, monkey, baboon, rhinoceros, hippopotamus, giant panda, goose, turkey and chicken. The predominant methanogen in all except the chicken and turkey is species of Methanobrevibacterium. The chicken and turkey harbour species of Methanogenium. In pig the population of methanogenic bacteria is more than 30 times as dense in the distal colon as in the caecum. This finding is in agreement with the finding that the rate of methane production is much higher in the colon than in the ceacum. The amount of methane excreted clearly seems to depend on the amount of non-starch polysaccharide intake.The directly measured methane production rate in pigs is from 3.3 to 3.8 times lower than the amount expected from stoichiometric estimates. These data, together with data showing that only small net amounts of hydrogen and small amounts of methane are produced in the ceacum and proximal colon where the microbial activity is high, clearly indicate that hydrogen sinks other than methane production are involved in hydrogen removal in the hindgut of pigs and probably also in other monogastric animals.Methane production by monogastric animals is lower than methane production by ruminants. However, methane production by large herbivorous monogastric animals such as horses, mules and asses is substantial (up to 80 l per animal per day). Methane production by rodents and avians is low. In general, methane production by wild animals is lower than methane production by domestic animals. It is concluded that the contribution of monogastric animals to the global methane emission is negligible, as it only represent about 5% of the total methane emission by domestic and wild animals of 80 Tg per year.     

超声波萃取-气相色谱/质谱法测定土壤中15种Pops类有机氯农药

用探头式超声波萃取仪、己烷/丙酮混合溶剂提取土壤中的15种Pops类有机氯农药(包括六氯苯、七氯、六六六、氯丹、艾氏剂、狄氏剂、异狄氏剂、灭蚁灵、滴滴涕),萃取溶液经氟罗里硅土柱净化、氮吹浓缩,用气相色谱/质谱仪(GC-MS)进行测定。方法检出限0.4～1.4μg/kg,空白样品有机氯农药加标回收率为52.8%～118%、有机氯标记替代物回收率为71.0%～122%,RSD为6.8%～16.5%。     

高温灰化—电极法测定乌伦古湖鱼中氟的方法初探

以乌伦古湖鱼体(鱼肉,不含鱼内脏)为研究对象,在碱性条件下,用硝酸镁固定样品中氟,高温灰化去除有机物,盐酸浸提,用离子缓冲溶液消除干扰离子,离子选择电极法测定乌伦古湖鱼中的氟。实际样品中加入1.00 mg/kg氟标准品,测定回收率分别为89.5%和88.0%,RSD为3.02%和4.29%。     

Agro-economic evaluation of water resource project--a modeling approach

Feasibility of an irrigation project is evaluated by two criteria viz., reservoir capacity to irrigate its command area and economic returns by incremental crop production versus capital investment for dam construction. The annual water requirement of different crops in the command area is estimated and compared with the availability of water from the dam for irrigation purpose. The annual crop water requirement is estimated as the sum of evapotranspiration for crops and transmission and other losses. Evapotranspiration is estimated by modified Penman formula. Economics of crop production is analyzed by first estimating the monetary value of existing crop production under current rain fed conditions and then estimating the incremental production of irrigated command area for the proposed crop pattern. The proposed cropping pattern is prepared so as to maximize the benefit of crop production and fodder requirement while maintaining a better crop rotation to improve and maintain physical, chemical, and biological conditions of the soil. The dam is to be used for irrigation and water supply only. Command area served by this reservoir will be 76,500 ha. The existing annual agricultural return is Rs. 2995.56 lakhs and with the proposed irrigation scheme, it is estimated as Rs. 1,77,91.90 lakhs. The incremental annual return would be Rs. 1,47,96.35 lakhs i.e., 642.68% increase in annual return.     

An analytical model for the assessment of pesticide exposure levels in soils and groundwater

The movement and degradation of pesticide residues in soils and groundwater are complex processes affected by soil physical, (bio)chemical, and hydrogeological properties, climatic conditions, and agricultural practices. This work presents a physically-based analytical model suitable for long-term predictions of pesticide concentrations in groundwater. The primary interest is to investigate the impact of soil environment, related physical and (bio)chemical processes, especially, volatilization, crop uptake, and agricultural practices on long-term vulnerability of groundwater to contamination by pesticides. The soil is separated into root and intermediate vadose zones, each with uniform properties. Transport in each soil zone is modeled on the basis of complete mixing, by spatial averaging the related point multiphase-transport partial differential equation (i.e., linear-reservoir models). Transport in the aquifer, however, is modeled by a two-dimensional advection-dispersion transport equation, considering adsorption and first-order decay rate. Vaporization in the soil is accounted for by assuming liquid-vapor phase partitioning using Henry's law, and vapor flux (volatilization) from the soil surface is modeled by diffusion through an air boundary layer. Sorption of liquid-phase solutes by crops is described by a linear relationship which is valid for first-order (passive) crop uptake. The model is applied to five pesticides (atrazine, bromacil, chlordane, heptachlor, and lindane), and the potential for pesticide contamination of groundwater is investigated for sandy and clayey soils. Simulation results show that groundwater contamination can be substantially reduced for clayey soil environments, where bio(chemical) degradation and volatilization are most efficient as natural loss pathways for the pesticides. Also, uptake by cross can be a significant mechanism for attenuating exposure levels in ground-water especially in a sandy soil environment, and for relatively persisting pesticides. Further, simulations indicate that changing agricultural practices can have a profound effect on vulnerability of groundwater to mobile and relatively persisting pesticides.     

Monitoring the species of arsenic, chromium and nickel in milled coal, bottom ash and fly ash from a pulverized coal-fired power plant in western Canada

The concentration of As, Cr and Ni and their speciation (As3+;5+, Cr3+;6+ and Ni0;2+) in milled coal, bottom ash and ash collected by electrostatic precipitator (ESP) from a coal fired-power plant in western Canada were determined using HGAAS, ICP-AES and XANES. The chemical fractionation of these elements was also determined by a sequential leaching procedure, using deionized water, NH4OAC and HCI as extracting agents. The leachate was analyzed by ICP-AES. Arsenic in the milled coal is mostly associated with organic matter, and 67% of this arsenic is removed by ammonium acetate. This element is totally removed from milled coal after extraction with HCI. Arsenic occurs in both the As3+ and the As5+ oxidation states in the milled coal, while virtually all (>90%) of the arsenic in bottom ash and fly ash appears to be in the less toxic arsenate (As5+) form. Both Ni and Cr in the milled coal are extracted by HCI, indicating that water can mobilize Ni and Cr in an acidic environment. The chromium is leached by water from fly ash as a result of the high pH of the water, which is induced during the leaching. Ammonium acetate removes Ni from bottom ash through an ion exchange process. Chromium in milled coal is present entirely as Cr3+, which is an essential human trace nutrient. The Cr speciation in bottom ash is a more accentuated version of the milled coal and consists mostly of the Cr3+ species. Chromium in fly ash is mostly Cr3+, with significant contamination by stainless-steel from the installation itself.     

臭氧综合指数与臭氧潜势指数的构建与应用

随着社会经济的快速发展,我国臭氧污染日益严重,因此,研发出能定量评估气象条件对臭氧污染影响程度的诊断指数,成为提高和改善气象服务质量的重要任务之一。利用中国大陆地区2018年温度、总云量、风速、风向、相对湿度等气象场数据与臭氧浓度数据,研究臭氧污染敏感气象条件,统计各气象因子分布在不同数值区间时发生臭氧污染事件的相对频率(即分指数),按照分指数最大值和最小值的差值大小进行排序,筛选出10个与臭氧污染密切相关的气象因子,将10个气象因子的分指数进行累加,即得出臭氧综合指数。随后,对各地构建臭氧综合指数时采用的气象要素进行统计,得到出现频率最高的3个气象要素,并参考这些气象要素构建了臭氧潜势指数。分别以臭氧潜势指数和臭氧综合指数对北京市2019年臭氧日最大浓度建立拟合预报模型,结果表明:两类指数的拟合预报值与实测值有着相似的变化趋势;利用臭氧综合指数计算得到的预报值与实测值的相关系数为0.76,优于利用臭氧潜势指数计算得到的预报值与实测值的相关系数(0.64)。