关于我区西部大开发的几点思考

对新疆西部大开发中环境保护工作应注意的几个问题提出了自己的观点，并结合新疆的实际情况提出了生态环境建设应与生态保护双管齐下，在西部大开发中应以保护人们的生活环境、提高生活质量为目标，扬长避短，发展我区具有特色的产业。     

克州退耕还林工作的现状、问题及对策

干旱区的生态环境，特别是绿洲的开发，改变了地-气系统的能量交换。几年来对绿洲气候的研究、气候资料的分析和实地考察表明，新疆南部干旱区最近几年的戈壁绿洲开发已改变了整个地州的气候变化，使其变为有利于人类的生存和发展。在戈壁绿洲的开发利用与环境变化之间，存在着2种截然相反的反馈作用：环境变好→绿洲发展→环境更好→绿洲再发展；环境恶化→绿洲退化→环境更坏→绿洲再退化，甚至消失。决定这2种反馈作用的是大环境的变迁和绿洲开发利用中是否合理利用资源和按自然规律办事。本文针对此问题进行了论述。     

Artificial intelligence assisted intelligent planning framework for environmental restoration of terrestrial ecosystems

The environmental restoration of terrestrial ecosystems helps to protect the natural world and enhances sustainable land resource development. Modern and efficient approaches for the conservation of ecological functions must be established for more severe land degradation. In this paper, artificial intelligence assisted intelligent planning framework has been proposed to manage the environmental restoration of the terrestrial ecosystem. Facilitating balance of ecosystem service provision, demand, and using machine learning to dynamically build Biological Retreat Configuration (BRCs) that helps better to apprehend the influence of urban growth on environment-related procedures. Such factors can be used as a theoretical reference in the combination of commercial development and eco-friendly conservation. The BRC of the metro area of Changsha Zhuzhou Xiangtan (CZX) has been developed in this study to classify ecological sources using the Bayesian network model efficiently. Using the Least Collective Resistance (LCR) model and circuit theory, the environmental passage and environmental strategy points were established. The BRC was developed by integrating seven environmental factors with 35 ecological policy points. The results showed that the supply and demand of organic unit services (EUS) were spatially decoupled with the deterioration in locations with a significant EUS trend. The urban agglomeration's environmental sources and ecological corridors have been primarily located in forests and waters. The terrestrial environmental pathway has been scattered around the outer edge of the region, while the aquatic green corridor has been extended over the whole town. The environmentally sensitive areas were located primarily around the borders of the growing region and the intersections between land development and forest area. Finally, environmental components have been mainly identified in existing zones of biological defense, which support the effectiveness of Machine Learning (ML) in green sources forecasting and offer novel insight into the development of urban BRCs. The proposed approach has proven to be effective for the planning of assessing environmental restoration in terrestrial ecosystems.     

A Knowledge-Based Approach to Environmental Biomonitoring

This paper presents the design, development and implementation of an integrated GIS-controlled knowledge-based system for environmental monitoring applications, utilizing indigenous flora for assessing quality. The system gathers and combines geographical, ecological, and physicochemical data of organisms' response to pollution within an intelligent computer program that (a) recognises groups of indigenous species suitable for long-term monitoring of a specific pollutant or a combination of pollutants, (b) estimates the ambient concentration of pollutant(s) from the population of the species comprising the bioindicator group and (c) provides biomonitoring capacity indices at national and international/transboundary levels. Significantly, a novel system in the form of a rational framework at the conceptual design level has been developed, that actually contributes towards achieving a cost-effective long-term biomonitoring program, with the flexibility to counter on-course any (anticipated or not) variations/modifications of the surveillance environment: the scheme assumes a robust dynamic cooperation between instrumental and biomonitoring systems, with a view to minimise uncertainty and monitoring costs and increase reliability of pollution control and abatement, aiming eventually at the shifting, partially or totally, from instrumental to natural monitoring. The proposed approach is presently implemented at pilot-scale for establishing a biomonitoring network at a large industrial area in Greece. The results obtained indicate that a cost-effective program can be only attained and maintained under a suitable financial/organizational scheme at the macro level, whereas the micro level viability strongly depends upon careful management of human resources and fixed assets.     

浅析采煤矿区景观生态设计的原理

采煤矿区景观生态设计是目前国内外关注的热点之一。本文从我国煤炭资源开发对生态环境的影响入手，初步探讨了景观生态设计在矿区生态环境治理中的必要性和意义，矿区景观生态修复设计的内涵、特点及矿区景观生态修复设计的原则。     

Requirements and opinions of three groups of people (aged under 35, between 35 and 50, and over 50 years) to create a living space suitable for different life situations

The role of this study was to determine which changes people think they need to make in their home in response to getting older. At an advanced age, the likelihood of different limitations, such as vision impairment, hearing impairment, or physical inability, are increased. At present, when faced with such limitations, tenants are often forced to leave their long-term living spaces, as these spaces cannot serve their “new” individual needs. This transition from the privacy of their home to a new environment is often a painful change. They must leave a well-known environment, as their homes cannot be adapted to their new needs. The aim of this paper is to develop a comprehensive approach for the design of an exterior and interior space which can serve people through all stages of life, particularly in terms of mobility. This means that, even if an unexpected situation incurs changes in an individual's movement abilities or physiological limitations not only by natural aging, but also according to accidents or disabilities their living space can be adapted to the given conditions. The results of a survey conducted in Germany and Slovakia are presented. In the survey, respondents expressed their opinion on what they considered important in creating an adaptive environment, considering various life changes. The results of the survey are statistically processed and analyzed by the ANOVA method, a form of statistical hypothesis testing. The results are processed graphically and presented in tables, along with explanations. The results could be of an interest to the architects and designers of such environments. Based on the results of the survey, studies of possible modifications of flats and houses are developed. These results are analyzed in terms of three age groups: people aged below 35, those aged 35–50, and those aged over 50. People under 35 are considered to be quite young, with different views on life and on the environment. Their priorities typically differ from those of people around 50. People aged 50 more; have been under medical treatment for a consistent amount of time. This group of people is still active; however, they experience different design requirements for their potential home.     

基于“天-空-地”一体化的生态保护红线区监管评价体系构建及应用ADDINCNKISM.UserStyle

科学监管评价生态保护红线区生态环境是合理利用自然资源和充分保护生态环境的基础,对推动国家生态文明建设具有重要意义。该研究基于“天-空-地”一体化获取多源数据,结合GIS和RS空间分析,从生态系统格局和质量、人类活动、环境限制4个方面选取25个指标,构建了生物多样性维护生态保护红线区监管评价体系,并以泰山生态保护红线区为例进行分析研究。结果表明:2000—2015年,研究区生态系统格局、生态系统质量、人类活动状况3个分指数得分及生态环境综合得分均呈现先降后升的趋势,就综合得分而言,2000—2005年、2005—2010年得分降幅分别为18.73%和5.24%,2010年得分最低(41.97分),而2010—2015年得分增幅为81.63%,2015年得分为76.23分,生态环境综合得分评价等级由Ⅱ级升为Ⅰ级。其中城乡居民和工矿用地面积占比、生态系统破碎度和分离度、植被生物量是影响研究区生态环境的关键指标,相关部门应加强对研究区边界处人类活动的监管,并注重生态系统完整性和植被生长状态的保护。该监管评价体系具有较强的实践性、科学性和可操作性,可为生态保护红线区的监管评价提供新思路。     

南京某地甲苯槽罐车燃烧事故应急监测案例分析与思考

突发性环境污染事故不仅破坏生态环境,制约社会发展,更威胁人类健康.环保部门如何加强应急监测能力建设,科学合理地处理应急监测中出现的问题,显得尤为重要.对一起突发性环境污染事故应急监测各个环节的优缺点进行了分析和思考,总结经验并提出建议,为同类突发环境污染事故的应急监测提供借鉴.     

生态振兴权重对农村生态环境治理的评价影响研究

通过构建包括生态环境压力、生态环境响应两大子系统，13个具体指标在内的乡村生态振兴估量指标体系，运用熵权TOPSIS法对河南省Z市，四川省J市、B市等3市的生态振兴进行比较分析。结果表明，生态环境响应子系统对乡村生态振兴影响最大，生态环境压力子系统次之，各项具体指标具有一定的合理性。总体来看，四川省J市乡村生态振兴的综合贴近值达到优秀，四川省B市达到中等，而河南省Z市则较差。建议进一步强化政府履职能力，引进和培育农村环境治理社会组织，增强农村居民的环境保护意识和能力。     

兰州市空气污染对儿童肺功能影响的前瞻性研究

从不同的角度阐述了室内外空气污染对儿童肺功能 ,特别是小气道功能的影响及其影响程度的前瞻性研究结果。并通过多因素、多指标的综合分析 ,揭示了一些影响儿童肺功能的主要因素。指出了从保护人体健康的角度来说 ,好的环境空气质量和良好的室内空气质量同样重要     

新疆土地生态环境问题与对策

土地生态环境是人类生存发展的基本条件,是经济、社会发展的基础.在当前的经济形势下,包括水土流失、土壤盐碱化、植被破坏等一系列土地荒漠化问题以及由于荒漠化而造成的生物多样性受损引起人们的广泛关注.为了实现经济的可持续发展目标,加强新疆的综合竞争能力,在区域开发过程中要注重土地生态环境建设.本文对新疆土地生态环境现状与存在的问题进行分析,阐明了土地生态环境恶化的原因,提出土地生态环境建设的对策.     

关于近岸海域生态环境监测技术体系的探讨

在近岸海域环境管理从污染控制管理发展为生态环境综合管理的情况下,厘清近岸海域生态环境监测技术体系并加以完善十分必要。通过对中国环境监测和管理发展的梳理得出,中国近岸海域生态环境监测技术体系在生态环境、污染和损害等方面已有一定的基础;研究国内外环境监测和管理的发展趋势发现,中国近岸海域生态环境监测技术体系在河口区域、生态恢复力、风险源、灾害、海域使用影响、湿地损害、生物入侵、环境风险源方面需要不断完善,质量保证和质量控制方面也需要加强。     

Monitoring: The missing piece: A critique of NEPA monitoring

The U.S. National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) of 1969 heralded in an era of more robust attention to environmental impacts resulting from larger scale federal projects. The number of other countries that have adopted NEPA's framework is evidence of the appeal of this type of environmental legislation. Mandates to review environmental impacts, identify alternatives, and provide mitigation plans before commencement of the project are at the heart of NEPA. Such project reviews have resulted in the development of a vast number of reports and large volumes of project-specific data that potentially can be used to better understand the components and processes of the natural environment and provide guidance for improved and efficient environmental protection. However, the environmental assessment (EA) or the more robust and intensive environmental impact statement (EIS) that are required for most major projects more frequently than not are developed to satisfy the procedural aspects of the NEPA legislation while they fail to provide the needed guidance for improved decision-making. While NEPA legislation recommends monitoring of project activities, this activity is not mandated, and in those situations where it has been incorporated, the monitoring showed that the EIS was inaccurate in direction and/or magnitude of the impact. Many reviews of NEPA have suggested that monitoring all project phases, from the design through the decommissioning, should be incorporated. Information gathered though a well-developed monitoring program can be managed in databases and benefit not only the specific project but would provide guidance how to better design and implement future activities designed to protect and enhance the natural environment.     

新疆生态环境质量动态变化监测与评价研究

客观、准确地认识和评价新疆的生态环境质量现状，制定相应的生态环境保护对策，对于新疆社会经济与生态环境的可持续发展是十分重要的。本文应用RS和GIS技术，采用综合指数评价法，对全疆区域生态环境质量及其动态变化进行了系统的评价、分级与对比。结果得出新疆生态环境质量总体较差，而且在空间上存在着较大的差异；与2000年相比，2002年新疆生态环境质量呈现总体变化不大的态势。     

Application of fuzzy sets and cognitive maps to incorporate social science scenarios in integrated assessment modelsA case study of urbanization in Ujung Pandang, Indonesia

Decision–support systems in the field of integrated water management could benefit considerably from social science knowledge, as many environmental changes are human-induced. Unfortunately the adequate incorporation of qualitative social science concepts in a quantitative modeling framework is not straightforward. The applicability of fuzzy set theory and fuzzy cognitive maps for the integration of qualitative scenarios in a decision–support system was examined for the urbanization of the coastal city of Ujung Pandang, Indonesia. The results indicate that both techniques are useful tools for the design of integrated models based on a combination of concepts from the natural and social sciences. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

基于RS和GIS的生态环境状况时空变化研究--以河南省为例

生态环境状况评价是资源合理利用、制定社会经济发展规划及生态环境保护对策的重要依据。现以河南省行政区为研究区域,基于遥感影像、水资源及环境统计数据,采用生态环境状况指数(EI)和空间格局分析方法,综合对比分析河南省2014—2018年生态环境状况时空变化及其冷热点空间分布。研究结果表明:(1)2014—2018年河南省EI值变化范围为60.6~63.5,生态环境状况整体呈现稳中趋好态势,除开封市和济源市外,16个省辖市的EI值均有所增加,位于西部山区丘陵地带的三门峡、洛阳和平顶山市EI值增加明显。(2)2014—2018年河南省生态环境的G*i指数的高值区域位于西部地区的三门峡市和洛阳市,且5年内没有发生变化,较为稳定。G*i指数的高、低值区域与EI值的高值和低值区表现出较高的一致性。     

Sustainable natural resource management and environmental assessment in the Salt Lake (Tuz Golu) Specially Protected Area

The Salt Lake Specially Protected Area is a unique ecosystem for both agricultural activities and natural life in Turkey. In the present study, an attempt was made to develop a conceptual land use strategy and methodology, taking into account ecological factors for regional development in the Salt Lake Specially Protected Area. A detailed Geographic Information System (GIS) analysis was done to create a comprehensive database including land use, land suitability, and environmental factors (soil, climate, water quality, fertilizing status, and heavy metal and pesticide pollution). The results of the land suitability survey for agricultural use showed that, while 62.6% of the study area soils were classified as best and relatively good, about 15% were classified as problematic and restricted lands, only 22.2% of the study area soils were not suitable for agricultural uses. However, this is not enough to derive maximum benefit with minimum degradation. Therefore, environmental factors and ecological conditions were combined to support this aim and to protect the ecosystem. Excessive irrigation practices, fertilizer and pesticide application, and incorrect management practices all accelerate salinization and degradation. In addition to this, it was found that a multi-layer GIS analysis made it easy to develop a framework for optimum land use and could increase the production yield preserving the environmental conditions. Finally, alternative management and crop patterns were undertaken to sustain this unique ecosystem, considering water, soil, climate, land use characteristics, and to provide guidance for planners or decision makers.     

发达国家和地区生态环境监测发展经历对中国的启示

新形势下,中国生态环境监测面临新任务和新挑战,迫切需要明确发展思路和方向。因此,从环境监测管理体系、业务体系、标准方法体系等方面,举例浅析了美国、欧盟等发达国家和地区环境监测业务的发展现状,并从法制建设、体系优化、方法标准等方面对比分析了中国与发达国家和地区的差异及不足,总结归纳了适用于中国国情的先进经验与启示。在此基础上,初步研判了当前和今后一段时期中国生态环境监测的发展方向,并提出了相关建议,为加快推动实现中国生态环境监测的跨越式发展提供参考和借鉴。     

环境监测领域拓展方向和途径

分析了环境监测市场背景与走向,提出环境监测站应向环境质量和污染源监督监测,快速应急监测和事故仲裁监测,规划及建设项目环评现状、竣工验收、施工期与回顾性监测,排污收费总量监测和污染源自动监控仪监测检定,机动车排气污染物监测,环保产品性能及环保产品认定监测,室内环境与装饰装修材料监测,食品安全检测,以及环保体系认证监测领域拓展,进一步提升监测能力。     

A Strategic Project Appraisal framework for ecologically sustainable urban infrastructure

Actors in the built environment are progressively considering environmental and social issues alongside functional and economic aspects of development projects. Infrastructure projects represent major investment and construction initiatives with attendant environmental, economic and societal impacts across multiple scales. To date, while sustainability strategies and frameworks have focused on wider national aspirations and strategic objectives, they are noticeably weak in addressing micro-level integrated decision making in the built environment, particularly for infrastructure projects. The proposed approach of this paper is based on the principal that early intervention is the most cost-effective and efficient means of mitigating the environmental effects of development projects, particularly macro infrastructure developments. A strategic overview of the various project alternatives, taking account for stakeholder and expert input, could effectively reduce project impacts/risks at low cost to the project developers but provide significant benefit to wider communities, including communities of future stakeholders. This paper is the first exploratory step in developing a more systematic framework for evaluating strategic alternatives for major metropolitan infrastructure projects, based on key sustainability principles. The developed Strategic Project Appraisal (SPA) framework, grounded in the theory of Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA), provides a means of practically appraising project impacts and alternatives in terms of quantified ecological limits; addresses the neglected topic of metropolitan infrastructure as a means of delivering sustainability outcomes in the urban context and more broadly, seeks to open a debate on the potential for SEA methodology to be more extensively applied to address sustainability challenges in the built environment. Practically applied and timed appropriately, the SPA framework can enable better decision-making and more efficient resource allocation ensuring low impact infrastructure development.