自动进样及气体分流技术测定气体中非甲烷总烃

采用自动进样和气体分流技术,双柱双FID检测器气相色谱法测定气体中的非甲烷总烃,实现了非甲烷总烃的连续自动分析,同时一次进样即可得到甲烷和总烃的数据。方法的检出限为0.05 mg/m3,测定的相对标准偏差在0.7%~1.8%内,非甲烷总烃的加标回收率为96.0%~98.5%。与传统手动进样法相比,本方法具有重复性好、操...     

固定污染源非甲烷总烃自动连续监测系统比对监测

对非甲烷总烃自动连续监测系统进行示值误差、响应时间、零点漂移和量程漂移等性能测试,对非甲烷总烃便携式分析仪进行检出限、精密度、准确度等性能测试。性能测试满足相关要求后同时利用便携式催化氧化-氢火焰离子化检测器法(催化氧化-FID)、便携式气相色谱-氢火焰离子化检测器法(GC-FID)和实验室气相色谱-氢火焰离子化检测器法(GC-FID)对固定污染源非甲烷总烃自动连续监测系统进行现场比对测试。测试结果表明,在工况变动较大的情况下,便携式FID法与实验室GC-FID法测试结果相对误差为19. 6%～35. 1%,具有很好的可比性。以实验室GC-FID法为参比方法时,自动连续监测系统相对准确度为64. 1%,不满足《固定污染源废气非甲烷总烃连续监测系统技术要求及检测方法》(HJ 1013—2018)的要求。以便携式FID为参比方法时,自动连续监测系统相对准确度分别为28. 6%和35. 3%,相对《固定污染源废气总烃、甲烷和非甲烷总烃的测定气相色谱法》(HJ 38—2017)方法一致性更好,均能满足《HJ 1013—2018》的要求。提出,应推进便携式方法在自动连续监测系统验收和质控比对中的应用。     

关于改进非甲烷总烃测定方法的探讨

根据非甲烷总烃排放标准、分析方法和实际监测情况，对非甲烷总烃定义、总烃峰型异常、氧峰干扰、方法检出限测定和采样容器选择等方面存在的问题进行了探讨。结果表明：气态烃的衍生物属于非甲烷总烃，烃的衍生物和色谱柱类型是导致总烃峰型异常的主要原因，使用除烃空气作载气可消除氧峰干扰，非甲烷总烃为差值结果，应按照EPA SW-846标准测定检出限，PVF气袋本底低、气密性和化学惰性好，是最佳的非甲烷总烃采样容器。     

气相色谱法检测废气中甲烷、非甲烷总烃的问题研究

气相色谱法检测废气中甲烷、非甲烷总烃的方法存在诸多问题。针对标准参考气体的选择、采样方式、样品保存、配气方式、仪器配置等方面做了重点研究。结果表明,使用甲烷作为标准参考气体最佳,根据污染源的实际状况,可选择动力采样或玻璃注射器手动采样。样品气保存在惰性气袋中比玻璃注射器更好,实验分析更推荐双柱配置的气相色谱,手工配制标准气系列、使用填充柱也可很好的满足检测的质量要求。     

罐采样-加压进样-气相色谱法测定环境空气中非甲烷总烃研究

建立了罐采样-气相色谱法测定环境空气中非甲烷总烃的分析方法。用罐采集环境空气样品至微负压状态，经除烃空气加压后，用气相色谱仪进行分析。并对氮气空白、除烃空气、样品保存期限、不同压力进样、不同正压压力进样、不同湿度、不同种类物质对总烃的贡献等进行了研究，在最佳实验条件下，非甲烷总烃的方法检出限为0.04μmol/mol,标准曲线相关系数均大于0.999 5,低、中、高浓度水平测定结果相对标准偏差均小于2.0%,低、中、高浓度的质控样品相对误差均小于2.0%。利用该方法对环境空气样品进行了检测分析，该法完全满足国家标准质控的要求，适用于环境空气和污染源无组织废气中非甲烷总烃的准确测定。     

基于便携式氢火焰离子化检测器法测定固定污染源废气中非甲烷总烃的研究

通过实验室和固定污染源废气现场比对测试,对便携式氢火焰离子化检测器法(催化氧化法和气相色谱法)测定非甲烷总烃的检出限、转化效率、精密度和准确度等性能指标开展研究。实验室测试结果表明,便携式氢火焰离子化检测器法测定非甲烷总烃的检出下限(0.3 mg/m^3)、转化效率(98.2%)、精密度(3.49%)、准确度(-2.38%)基本满足方法技术指标的要求,但是对于催化氧化法还需重点关注其转化效率。固定污染源废气现场比对测试结果表明,便携式氢火焰离子化检测器法与实验室方法测试结果的相对准确度(33.2%)、相对误差(-9.27%~23.7%)基本能满足测试方法的测试要求,趋势性也保持一致,适用于现场测试。     

气相色谱法测定大气中总烃方法的改进

目前,总烃的测定通常是采用氮气作载气空气作助燃气的气相色谱法。我们认为,此法的不足是空气中的氧对测定总烃产生正干扰,实际总烃含量需从测定值减去干扰值。 采用除烃空气作载气和助燃气,直接进样气相色谱法测定大气中总烃,可以消除空气中氧的干扰,简便快速,最低检出限为0.1mg/m~3(以甲烷计,仪器噪声的两倍,进样1.5ml)。     

气相色谱法测定非甲烷总烃

本文采用《空气和废气监测分析方法(第四版)》P585~P587总烃和非甲烷总烃测定方法一(B)利用六通阀定量环进样来测定环境空气以及废气中的非甲烷总烃浓度,对仪器条件进行优化,方法的检出限为0.13 mg/m3,标样总烃相对标准偏差为0.4%,甲烷的相对标准偏差为1.2%,总烃的加标回收率为100.9%~101.6%,甲烷的加标回收率为102.4%~102.6%,该方法操作简单,分析速度快,实验结果满意。     

VOCs在线监测进样方式对非甲烷总烃测定的影响

采用正压、负压、大气平衡3种进样方式，研究了VOCs在线监测系统对非甲烷总烃测定的影响。探讨在大气平衡进样方式下定量环内压力、平衡时间、进样流量对非甲烷总烃测定的影响，研究结果表明：采用正压进样方式，定量环内正压增大，非甲烷总烃质量浓度偏高；采用负压进样方式，定量环内负压增大，非甲烷总烃质量浓度降低；采用大气平衡进样方式，定量环内压力、平衡时间、进样流量的增大或减小对非甲烷总烃测定没有明显影响。比较3种进样方式，大气平衡进样方式的VOCs在线监测系统能够提高非甲烷总烃在线监测结果的准确性和可靠性，更适用于污染源废气在线监测。     

气相色谱法测定废气中非甲烷总烃的标准气体选择

气相色谱法测定废气中非甲烷总烃,国内外相关标准选用的标准气体各不相同,通过试验考察各标准气体对测定的影响,并比对相关文献信息。结果表明:甲烷和丙烷(浓度以碳计)在填充柱气相色谱仪和毛细管柱气相色谱仪FID检测器上的响应无明显差异,而采用甲烷作为标准气体,分析时间短,工作效率高。     

A New Mathematical Approach in Environmental and Life Sciences: Gene–Environment Networks and Their Dynamics

An important research area in life sciences is devoted to modeling, prediction, and dynamics of gene-expression patterns. As clearly understood in these days, this enterprise cannot become satisfactory without acknowledging the role of the environment. To a representation of past, present, and most likely future states, we also encounter measurement errors and uncertainties. This paper surveys and improves recent advances in understanding the foundations and interdisciplinary implications of the newly introduced gene–environment networks, and it integrates the important theme of carbon dioxide emission reduction into the networks and dynamics. We also introduce some operational and managerial issues of practical working and decision making, expressed in terms of sliding windows, quadrants (modules) of parametric effects, and navigating (controlling) between such effects and directing them. Given data from DNA microarray experiments and environmental records, we extract nonlinear ordinary differential equations that contain parameters that have to be determined. For this, we employ modern (Chebychevian) approximation and (generalized semi-infinite) optimization. After this is provided, time- discretized dynamical systems are studied. A combinatorial algorithm with polyhedra sequences allows to detect the region of parametric stability. Finally, we analyze the topological landscape of gene–environment networks with its structural (in)stability. By embedding as a module and investigating CO₂ emission control and figuring out game theoretical aspects, we conclude. This pioneering work is theoretically elaborated, practically devoted to health care, medicine, education, living conditions, and environmental protection, and it invites the readers to future research.      

Assessing health consequences in an environmental impact assessment: The case of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol

In this article a comprehensive approach for the evaluation of possible health effects in an environmental impact assessment (EIA) is described, illustrated with the example of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol. Unlike many EIAs, we estimated quantitatively the impact of aircraft-related pollution in terms of the number of affected people for aircraft noise annoyance, odour annoyance and hypertension. In addition, an analysis of health registry data on cardiovascular and respiratory diseases and a short survey on annoyance and risk perception were carried out. The scope of a health impact assessment depends on the situation, available knowledge and data, concern in the population about the impact and the number of people concerned. It is important to pay attention to the perception of risks and concerns from all parties involved. Moreover, the results demonstrate that far more people outside the area for which standards apply were affected than inside.     

Contaminant Profiles of Two Species of Shorebirds Foraging Together at Two Neighboring Sites in South San Francisco Bay, California

The San Francisco Bay estuary isused by over one million shorebirds during springmigration and is home to several hundred thousandduring the winter. Most shorebird use occurs in thesouthern reach of the estuary (South Bay). Thereduced water circulation and discharge fromindustrial sources in the South Bay are responsiblefor the highest levels of some trace elements in theestuary. Wintering shorebirds have been found to havestrong site fidelity to areas as small as a fewkilometers in the South Bay, which may increase theirexposure to contaminants near local point sources. Inaddition, different shorebird species foraging at thesame site have been shown to have differentcontaminant burdens. Thus, our objectives were totest whether contaminant burdens differed by species,or whether contaminant burdens differed in shorebirdscollected at adjacent sites. We examined thecontaminant profiles of two species of shorebirds,long-billed dowitchers (Limnodromus scolopaceus)and western sandpipers (Calidris mauri) thatforage together at two sites, Hayward and Newark,separated by 8 km in the South Bay. We usedmultivariate analysis of variance tests to compare thecomposition of 14 elemental analytes in their livertissues and estimated their molar ratios of Hg and Se. Composite samples were used for contaminant analysesbecause of the small body size of the shorebirds. Seven elemental analytes (Ag, Ba, Be, Cr, Ni, Pb, V)were below detection limits in a majority of thesamples so statistical analyses were precluded. Inthe measurable analytes (As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Mn, Se, Zn),we found no significant intra-site differences ofcontaminant profiles for the two species. We pooledthe samples to examine inter-site differences andfound significant differences in contaminant profilesbetween shorebirds at the neighboring sites (P = 0.03). Shorebirds at Newark had higher (P < 0.05) concentrations of As, Cd, and Se than those at Hayward. Dowitchers at Newark had concentrations of Hg and Se which were highly correlated (P < 0.003) in a mean molar ratio of 1:19, similar tothat reported in other birds. In the larger dowitcherspecies, we also examined exposure to 20organochlorine compounds. Organic analyses showedthat the dowitchers had been exposed to DDE, PCBs,dieldrin and trans-nonachlor, but with no significantdifferences in concentrations between Hayward andNewark (P > 0.05).     

土壤和底泥中砷、铬、锰测定的前处理技术

试验了土壤和底泥中砷的前处理技术，其目的是能对土壤、底泥中砷、铬、锰在一次前处理中制备成试液，比色法分析。试验表明，用Ｈ２ＳＯ４－Ｈ３ＰＯ４－Ｈ２Ｏ２进行前处理是可行的。方法简单、挥发酸雾少，用标准参考物质检验证明，分解完全，数据准确，有粒较好一致性。     

Geochemical assessment of metal transport in glacial till during electrokinetic remediation

This paper presents the chemical speciation and retention behavior of chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), and cadmium (Cd) prior to and after the electrokinetic remediation in glacial till soil. The speciation of the metals was predicted using the chemical speciation program MINEQL⁺. The simulations were performed for single-contaminant with only Cr(VI) or Ni, and multi-contaminants consisting of: (1) Cr(VI), Ni, and Cd; (2) Cr(III), Ni and Cd; (3) Cr(VI), Cr(III), Ni and Cd; (4) Cr(VI), Ni, and Cd with reducing agents; and (5) Cr(III), Ni, and Cd with oxidizing agent (Mn). The results showed that the speciation and distribution of cationic metals [Ni, Cd, and Cr(III)] in glacial till soil remain unaffected or slightly affected during electrokinetics. This is attributed to the high pH buffering capacity of the glacial till, leading the metals to precipitate in the soil prior to and after electrokinetics. This study showed that during electrokinetics, Cr(VI) existed as anionic complex and migrated towards the anode and the migration is maximum in case of a single-contaminant system. The study also showed that near the anode in the absence of any reducing and oxidizing agent, Cr(VI) mostly adsorbed, and some of Cr(VI) reduced to Cr(III) and migrated towards the cathode and finally precipitated due to high pH conditions. Ni and Cd remain adsorbed or precipitated due to the high pH conditions throughout the soil. Among the reducing agents, the sulfide had significant effect on the migration of metals compared to ferrous ions. While in the presence of oxidizing agent (Mn), no noticeable Cr(VI) was found in the soil sample indicating the reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) and the predominance of reducing conditions due to the presence of naturally occurring iron in the glacial till soil. Overall, this study provides a reasonable explanation of the speciation and distribution of chromium, nickel and cadmium during the electrokinetic remediation of glacial till soil.     

Biomonitoring of Lead, Zinc, and Cadmium in Streams Draining Lead-Mining and Non-Mining Areas, Southeast Missouri, USA

We evaluated exposure of aquatic biota to lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), and cadmium (Cd) in streams draining a Pb-mining district in southeast Missouri. Samples of plant biomass (detritus, periphyton, and filamentous algae), invertebrates (snails, crayfish, and riffle benthos), and two taxa of fish were collected from seven sites closest to mining areas (mining sites), four sites further downstream from mining (downstream sites), and eight reference sites in fall 2001. Samples of plant biomass from mining sites had highest metal concentrations, with means 10- to 60-times greater than those for reference sites. Mean metal concentrations in over 90% of samples of plant biomass from mining sites were significantly greater than those from reference sites. Mean concentrations of Pb, Zn, and Cd in most invertebrate samples from mining sites, and mean Pb concentrations in most fish samples from mining sites, were also significantly greater than those from reference sites. Concentrations of all three metals were lower in samples from downstream sites, but several samples of plant biomass from downstream sites had metal concentrations significantly greater than those from reference sites. Analysis of supplemental samples collected in the fall of 2002, a year of above-average stream discharge, had lower Pb concentrations and higher Cd concentrations than samples collected in 2001, near the end of a multi-year drought. Concentrations of Pb measured in fish and invertebrates collected from mining sites during 2001 and 2002 were similar to those measured at nearby sites in the 1970s, during the early years of mining in the Viburnum Trend. Results of this study demonstrate that long-term Pb mining activity in southeast Missouri has resulted in significantly elevated concentrations of Pb, Cd, and Zn in biota of receiving streams, compared to biota of similar streams without direct influence of mining. Our results also demonstrate that metal exposure in the study area differed significantly among sample types, habitats, and years, and that these factors should be carefully considered in the design of biomonitoring studies.     

Comparative studies on accumulation of Cr from metal solution and tannery effluent under repeated metal exposure by aquatic plants: its toxic effects

The present study demonstrates comparison of Cr accumulatingpotential by the plants of Najas indica Cham. (submerged),Vallisneria spiralis L. (rooted submerged) and Alternanthera sessilis R. Br. (rooted emergent) under repeatedmetal exposure and its effect on chlorophyll and protein concentrations. These plants were treated with different concentrations of Cr under repeated exposure in controlled laboratory conditions to assess the maximum metal accumulationpotential. The plants of V. spiralis accumulated significantly high amount of Cr under laboratory conditions incomparison to N. indica and A. sessilis. The maximumaccumulation of 1378, 458 and 201 g g^-1 dw Cr was found in the leaves of V. spiralis, N. indica and A. sessilis, respectively at 8 mg L^-1 after 9 day of Cr exposure. These plants have shown a decrease in chlorophyll andprotein concentrations with increase in Cr concentrations. In view of high accumulation of Cr in V. spiralis, the plantswere treated with different concentrations of tannery effluent collected from Common Effluent Treatment Plant, Unnao (UP). Theplants of V. spiralis treated with 100% tannery wastewatershowed the maximum accumulation (57.5 g g^-1 dw) of Cr in the roots after 10 days of exposure. The plants were foundeffective in removing Cr from solution and tannery effluent.     

一起河流砷污染事故的处置与监测分析

介绍了大沙河砷污染事故的处置和监测分析。多介质排查监测摸清了污染的范围和程度,为治理工作提供了科学依据,污染治理措施有效控制了污染的扩散;监测数据表明,治理措施将水中砷污染物沉降至河床使污染水质达标排放。吸附了大量砷化合物的底泥被清理并进一步处置,多介质跟踪监测应持续进行直至不存在潜在危害。     

核应急辐射环境监测的准备和响应

日本核泄漏事故引发的核危机为人类安全和平地利用核能又一次敲响了警钟.核事故应急工作作为减小核电站危害环境和公众安全的最后屏障,将起到重要的作用,必须做好相关的准备和响应工作.核应急辐射环境监测工作是核应急工作的重要组成部分,在对核应急辐射环境监测进行准备和响应时主要遵循实用性、适用性和适度性并兼顾常规和应急监测的“平战...