测定六价铬方法的改进

测定六价铬方法的改进王惠勇薛念涛（山东临沂市环境监测站，临沂２７６００１）用草酸调节溶液酸度，六价铬与二苯碳酰二肼反应生成紫红色络合物，其吸光度与六价铬浓度成正比。显色剂为０．２５００ｇ固体草酸和６．０ｍｇ固体二苯碳酰二肼研磨均匀而成。以丙酮为溶剂。...     

分光光度法测定环境样品中锰的研究

研究了2-(2-喹啉偶氮)-4-甲基-1,3-二羟基苯(QAMDHB)与锰的显色反应,在pH为10的氯化铵—氨水缓冲介质中,O/W微乳液存在下,QAMDHB与锰反应生成3∶1稳定络合物,λmax=560nm,ε=8.22×104L.mol-1.cm-1。锰含量在40~800μg/L内符合比耳定律,方法用于环境样品中锰含量的测定,结果令人满意。     

4,5-二甲基-2-噻唑偶氮重氮氨基偶氮苯固相萃取光度法测定环境样品中锌的研究

研究了新试剂4,5-二甲基-2-噻唑偶氮重氮氨基偶氮苯(DMTDAA)与锌的显色反应,在pH=10的硼砂—氢氧化钠缓冲介质中,TritonX-100存在下,DMTDAA与锌反应生成2∶1稳定络合物,体系最大吸收波长λmax=530nm,摩尔吸光系数ε=1.12×105L.mol-1.cm-1,样品中的锌用强阴离子交换固相萃取柱固相萃取预分离和富集后用该方法测定,结果令人满意。     

水中钒的催化示波极谱测定法——钒—过硫酸铵—苯羟乙酸—硫酸新体系

本文基于在硫酸介质及100℃水浴加热条件下,痕量钒(V)对过硫酸铵氧化苯羟乙酸生成电活性物质苯甲醛这一慢反应的选择催化作用,建立了一个可测范围为0.04ng/ml-8.0ng/ ml,灵敏快速、选择性较佳的测定水中钒的催化示波极谱法。     

双环己酮草酰二腙光度法测定电镀废水中的铜

在ＰＨ８－１０氨性介质中心,Ｃｕ（Ⅱ）能与双环己酮草酰二腙生成蓝色络合物,λｍａｘ＝６０２ｎｍ。在０μｇ／２５ｍＬ－３５μｇ／２５ｍＬ范围内遵守比尔定律。常见大量共存元素干扰测定,可不经预处理直接用于电镀废水测定。     

测定水中亚硝酸盐氮絮凝方法的改进

测定水中亚硝酸盐氮絮凝方法的改进赵敏（深圳市宝安区环境保护局５１８１０１）根据《水和废水监测分析方法》，水中亚硝酸盐氮的测定采用Ｎ－（１－萘基）－乙二胺光度法，方法原理是：在磷酸介质中，ｐＨ＝１．８±０．３时，亚硝酸盐与对氨基苯磺酰胺反应，生成重氮盐...     

HPLC法测定水和废水中的醛酮类化合物

将水样用1mol／L柠檬酸缓冲液调节至酸性(pH=3)，其中醛酮类化合物与2，4-二硝基苯肼(DNPH)发生衍生化反应，生成稳定的化合物——腙，经C18固相萃取小柱富集、乙腈淋洗后，用带有二极管阵列检测器的高效液相色谱仪(HPLC)经32 min完成15种醛酮类化合物定性、定量分析。当测定样品为100mL时，检测限均为μg／L级，其中丙酮最高为16μg／L，丁醛最低为1.1μg／L，一般在2μg／L～6μg／L之间。     

5—(4—磺酸基苯偶氮)8—(2,4—二硝基苯氨基)喹啉测定食品中铜的研究应用

在弱碱性介质中 ,5— (4—磺酸基苯偶氮 ) 8— (2 ,4—二硝基苯氨基 )喹啉 (SPDNPAQ)与铜反应生成 2∶ 1紫红色络合物 ,体系 λmax=56 0 nm,ε=1.2 3× 10 5L· mol-1· cm-1。铜含量在 0～ 0 .4 mg/ L内符合比耳定律 ,方法用于一些生物样品和水样中铜的测定。     

对羧基苯偶氮硫代若丹宁固相萃取光度法测定环境样品中的铅

合成了新试剂对羧基苯偶氮硫代若丹宁(CPATR),并用红外光谱、核磁共振氢谱和元素分析鉴定其结构。研究了CPATR与铅的显色反应,在pH3 8的HAc—NaAc缓冲介质中,吐温-80存在下,CPATR与铅反应生成2∶1稳定络合物,该络合物可被WatersSep-PakC18小柱固相萃取,小柱上富集的络合物用乙醇洗脱后富集倍数可达50倍,在乙醇介质中,λmax=500nm,体系摩尔吸光系数ε=8.01×104L·mol-1·cm-1。铅含量在0 05～4 0mg/L内符合比耳定律。本方法可用于环境样品中铅含量的测定,结果满意。     

典型污染时段鹤山大气VOCs的臭氧生成潜势及来源解析

2013年10月对广东鹤山大气中挥发性有机化合物（VOCs）变化特征、臭氧生成潜势和来源进行了研究。结果表明，观测期间测得的VOCs总平均值为26.6×10-9，表现为烷烃＞苯系物＞烯烃；烯烃日间值变化幅度较大，在清晨达到最大值；苯系物与一次污染物CO的变化趋势十分接近；烷烃的峰值出现时间较苯系物有所提前，且在短时间内迅速升高，表明观测点周边可能存在排放源；大气中各类VOCs的臭氧生成潜势（OFP）贡献表现为苯系物＞烯烃＞烷烃；从物种来看，乙烯等10种物质对总OFP的贡献占到了80.4%；观测期间测得的OFP贡献较大的VOCs物种主要来源于石化源、油漆溶剂和汽油挥发源。     

LS-1型快速监测仪测定水中硫化物的研究

提出并建立了用硼氢化钾发生氢气作载气 ,用吸附层析柱浓缩硫化氢显色比长的快速现场监测方法 ,该方法取被测水样 50 ml,定性检出浓度为 0 0 5mg L,定量检测最低浓度为 0 1 mg L,在 0 1～ 2 0 mg L范围内显色比长线性良好 ,相对误差 (变异系数 ) 3 8% ;加标回收率 96 %～ 1 1 2 % ,研制的 LS 1型快速监测仪结构简单 ,经济费用低 ,进行水中硫化物监测只需 1 0 min,适用于现场的快速、应急监测。     

南京市机动车尾气污染现状调查及其对人群健康的影响

机动车尾气排是影响城市大气环境质量的重要因素，监测表明：南京市道路环境污染来重，尤其是隧道及交通繁忙的路段。通过对２２０人作问卷调查，发现机动车尾气污染已对经常接触的人群产生很大的影响。     

4—（H—酸偶氮）—1—苯基—3—甲基吡唑酮光度法测定铜的研究及应用

合成了新试剂４－（Ｈ－酸偶氮）１－苯基－３－甲基吡唑酮（ＨＰＭＰ）,研究了其和铜的显色反应。在ｐＨ＝７的ＮＨ４Ａｃ缓冲介质中,ＣＴＭＡＢ存在下,ＨＰＭＰ与Ｃｕ（Ⅱ）生成２∶１紫色络合物,λｍａｘ＝５８０ｎｍ,ε＝５．６８×１０４Ｌ·ｍｏｌ－１·ｃｍ－１。铜含量在０～０．６ｍｇ／Ｌ内符合比耳定律。方法用于水样和生物样品中铜的测定,结果令人满意。     

A field-based spectrophotometric flow-injection system for automatic determination of chloride in soil water

The use of chloride as a tracer for soil water investigations is discussed. Limitations with laboratory based soil core and field based sampling are considered with respect to the poor suitability of the data for rigorous assessment of mechanistic models. Investigation of water movement in soil has been restricted by limitations in spatial and temporal sampling. Fine resolution sampling generates large numbers of samples which cause problems with post sampling laboratory analysis. This paper describes a field-based system for the analysis of chloride in soil water. There are three component parts to the system, (i) a custom sampling sub-system comprising of ceramic cup suction samplers and sample traps, (ii) a sample routing sub-system to channel sample to (iii) a sample analysis sub-system utilizing a flow injection method for sample analysis using a custom built photo-diode detector. The three sub-systems were controlled by a suitably equipped personal computer. A calibration procedure is described with a third order polynomial equation derived to convert millivolt response from the detector into chloride concentration. Field and laboratory data from a tracer experiment are presented and discussed, and it is concluded that the system is well suited to field-based applications. Finally it is noted that the photo-detector is suitable for colourimetric analysis of any tracer with suitable chemical determination.     

Automated Classification of an Environmental Sensitivity Index

Environmental Sensitivity Indices (ESI) composed of many field-data are essential for monitoring and control systems. At the beginning of the last decade an ESI of the German Wadden Sea was developed for use by the relevant authorities. This ESI was derived by experts semi-manually analysing the extensive field data-set. An algorithm is presented here which emulates human expert-decisions on the classification of sensitivity classes. This will permit the necessary regular updates of ESI-determination when new field data become available using automated classifications procedures. After tuning the algorithm parameters it generates decisions identical to those of human experts in about 97% of all locations tested. In addition, the algorithm presented also enables erroneous or extremely seldom field data to be identified.     

Water Quality Modeling of Municipal Discharges from Sea Outfalls,Mumbai

The island city of Mumbai with a population of about 10 million generates about 2000 million liters per day (mld) of sewage from the seven service areas of the city sewerage network and discharges it into the adjoining west coast and the two creeks in the Arabian Sea. This has resulted in degradation of coastal water quality, contamination of the adjoining beaches and seafronts. The Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai has therefore, undertaken the task of delineating appropriate sewage disposal system to achieve cleaner marine ecosystem through marine outfalls at specific locations. This paper presents the results of the mathematical simulations on the impacts of discharge is-a-vis the length of the outfall and level of land treatment apriori. The results of the simulation indicate the level of bacterial pollution to be higher near the diffuser locations as compared to nearshore regions. 48 hsimulation result analysis shows that FC counts nearthe diffuser location will be in the range of 2000–8000 counts per 100 ml.     

Soil Conservation and Consumption Risk in a Model of Low-Income Agriculture

This paper investigates the influence of consumptionrisk on incentives for soil conservation. A dynamicmodel is developed to show how investments in soilconservation affect consumption risk on small farmsand how these risks influence incentives for soilconservation. Model predictions are compared withobserved patterns of soil conservation adoption in thePhilippines. Results show that on small farms the riskof consumption shortfall generates inefficientpatterns of soil conservation adoption. Observedadoption patterns reflect risk characteristics of thesoil conservation method, differences in risk exposureamong farms, and differences in farm size.     

Generating Synthetic Rainfall on Various Timescales—Daily, Monthly and Yearly

The main objective of this paper is to present a model for generating synthetic rainfall totals on various timescales to be applicable for a variety of uses. Many large-scale ecological and water resource models require daily, monthly and yearly rainfall data as input to the model. As historical data provides only one realisation, synthetic generated rainfall totals are needed to assess the impact of rainfall variability on water resources systems (Srikanthan, In: MODSIM2005, Melbourne, Dec. 2005, pp. 1915–1921, 2005). Thus, our preferred model should simulate rainfall for yearly, monthly and daily periods. We believe that, for water supply issues, no higher resolution is needed, although higher resolution would be useful in models designed to measure the risk of local flooding. The critical factors are daily, monthly and yearly totals and daily, monthly and yearly variation. A model for generating yearly totals will be described using traditional time series methods. This model, along with a similarly constructed daily generation model by Piantadosi et al. (A New Model for Correlated Daily Rainfall, 2008), will be cascaded to start with a synthetic yearly total, then generate a synthetic sequence of monthly totals (through selection from a large number of realisations) that match the yearly total, and subsequently perform a similar operation for sequences of daily totals to match the required monthly totals. We present a new model for the generation of synthetic monthly rainfall data, which we demonstrate for Parafield in Adelaide, South Australia. The rainfall for each month of the year is modelled as a non-negative random variable from a mixed distribution with either a zero outcome or a strictly positive outcome. We use maximum likelihood to find parameters for both the probability of a zero outcome and the gamma distribution that best matches the observed probability density for the strictly positive outcomes. We describe a new model that generates correlated monthly rainfall totals using a diagonal band copula with a single parameter to generate lag-1 correlated random numbers. Our model preserves the marginal monthly distributions and, hence, also preserves the monthly and yearly means. We show that, for Parafield, the correlation between rainfall totals for successive months is not significant, and so, it is reasonable to assume independence. This is, however, not true for daily rainfall. We describe a new model that generates correlated daily rainfall totals using a diagonal band copula with a single parameter to generate lag-1 correlated random numbers. This is an extended version of a paper presented at the 17th Biennial Congress on Modelling and Simulation, Christchurch, New Zealand, December 2007.     

Detection of Lead in Vegetables with New Chromogenic Reagent by Spectrophotometry

A new simple, rapid selective and highly sensitive chromogenic reagent dibromo-p-methyl-carboxyazo (DBMCA) was synthesized and studied in detail for the spectrophotometric detection of lead. In 0.25 M phosphoric acid medium, which greatly increases the selectivity, Lead reacts with DBMCA to form a 1:2 blue complex having a sensitivity absorption peak at 646 nm. Under optimal conditions, Beer's Law is obeyed over the range from 0.09 to 0.8 microg mL(-1) Pb (II) and the apparent molar absorptivity is 1.03 x 10(5) mL(-1) cm(-1). The detection limit and the variation coefficient were found to be 2.12 microg mL(-1) and 1.0% respectively. It is found that, except for Ca (II) and Ba (II) all foreign ions studied do not interfere with detection. The interference caused by Ca (II) and Ba (II) can be easily eliminated by prior extraction with potassiumiodide-methylisobutylketone. The proposed method has been applied successfully for to the detection of Lead in vegetable leaves with good results.     

High-performance liquid chromatography method for determination of hydrogen peroxide in aqueous solution and application to simulated Martian soil and related materials

A new method for determination of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) is described. H₂O₂ reacts with iodide in the presence of ammonium molybdate and vanillic acid resulting in the formation of iodovanillic acid which is quantified by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and detected by UV absorption at 280 nm. The method provides a detection limit of ～0.1 μM and is easy to implement. Iodovanillic acid is stable, allowing multiple measurements of the same sample, and the separation power of the HPLC yields high selectivity against potential interferences. This method will be useful for many environmental applications. The method has been applied to quantify the photochemical production of H₂O₂ by aqueous suspensions of various minerals and soils.