超声波萃取-高效液相色谱法测定总悬浮颗粒物中的多环芳烃

研究了一种用中流量采样器采样,超声波萃取,硅镁型吸附剂柱层析预分离.高效液谱测定总悬浮颗粒物的实验方法,在16分内可分高萘、蒽、芘、苯并(a)芘、苯并(ghi)苝等15种多环芳烃.已在大气环境的实际监测中得到应用.     

河南省主要城市饮用水源水中多环芳烃污染状况的研究

对河南省主要城市饮用水源水中多环芳烃的污染状况进行了初步研究 ,结果表明 ,河南省主要城市饮用水源水普遍受到多环芳烃的污染 ,主要污染因子为萘、蒽、菲、芘、荧蒽、芴以及强致癌性物质苯并 (a)芘 ,而且苯并 (a)芘有超标情况出现     

兰州市大气降尘中有机物的污染特征

为初步了解兰州市大气降尘中有机物的污染特征,采集了兰州市的大气降尘样品,分析了其中的16种多环芳烃和16种多氯联苯。结果表明,兰州市大气降尘中16种多环芳烃的总量为28.9 mg/kg,主要浓度组分为苊、苊烯、茚并[1,2,3-CD]芘和苯并[a]芘;16种多氯联苯的总量为172μg/kg,主要组分为PCB_(169)和PCB_(138)。生态风险评价的结果表明,兰州市22.2%的大气降尘样品多环芳烃总量处于低风险,66.7%的样品处于中等风险,多氯联苯总量以中等风险和高风险为主。     

燃煤电厂烟气降温过程中多环芳烃分布特征

分别以燃用褐煤与烟煤无烟煤的2个电厂为例,研究2个电厂烟气降温过程中多环芳烃的分布及转化特征。研究表明,萘、菲、苯并[a]蒽和苯并[a]芘4种多环芳烃在烟气降温过程中呈过渡分子状态,在适当的条件下,存在相互转化的可能性;萘、菲、苯并[a]蒽和苯并[a]芘在不同的电厂随飞灰粒径变化所表现出来的吸附特性不同,颗粒的粒度影响多环芳烃的形成与吸附。在烟气降温过程中飞灰表面吸附的萘、菲、苯并[a]蒽和苯并[a]芘含量随着飞灰粒径的变小呈现出逐渐增加的趋势。     

公园地表土中多环芳烃的分离提取及含量分析

比较加压液体萃取法、超声波辅助萃取技术和微波辅助提取技术对公园地表土中多环芳烃的提取效率,并对目标化学成分进行分析鉴定。以超高效液相色谱-三重四极杆质谱作为分析方法,共分离检测出16种多环芳烃类化合物,分别为萘、苊、苊烯、氟、菲、蒽、荧蒽、芘、苯并[a]蒽、艹屈、苯并[b]荧蒽、苯并[k]荧蒽、苯并[a]芘、二苯并[a,h]蒽、茚并[1,2,3-cd]芘和苯并[ghi]苝。结果表明:加压液体萃取法、超声波辅助萃取技术和微波辅助提取技术均可以有效提取公园地表土中多环芳烃类成分。超高效液相色谱-质谱联用技术可以有效地分析公园地表土中多环芳烃类成分。     

微波萃取-高效液相色谱法测定环境空气总悬浮颗粒物中16种多环芳烃

用丙酮/正己烷(1∶1)混合溶剂,微波萃取法提取环境空气总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)中16种多环芳烃组分,各组分萃取率为66%～83%,萃取效果较好。高效液相色谱法二极管阵列检测器和荧光检测器串联可同时测出16种多环芳烃组分。在二极管阵列检测器响应的组分检测限为2 5μg/L～5 0μg/L,荧光检测器响应的组分检测限为0 01μg/L～0 1μg/L。对25μg/L16种多环芳烃标液作精密度试验,相对标准差均<5%,精密度好。取两个交通干线环境空气样品作TSP中多环芳烃测定,16种组分中除蒽、茚并(1,2,3cd)芘、芘、苊烯4种组分外,其他12种组分均有检出。     

五种多环芳烃化合物对鲤鱼肝微粒体芳烃羟化酶的诱导

以鲤鱼肝微粒体为实验体系,研究了被五种多环芳烃(PAH)化合物菲、9,10-菲醌、芘、1-羟基芘、苯并芘污染后,其芳烃羟化酶(AHH)的活性变化,发现多环芳烃对AHH的诱导具有良好的剂量效应关系.AHH活性升高的大小可以作为监测多环芳烃对水体污染程度的一种生物指标.五种多环芳烃对AHH诱导能力的大小为1-羟基芘＞苯并芘;9,10-菲醌＞芘＞菲,与其毒性大小相关.     

青岛市松针中多环芳烃污染状况研究

松针、苔藓类等植物可有效的监测环境空气中多环芳烃等有机污染物。为了解青岛市松针中多环芳烃的污染状况，本文使用索氏提取、氧化铝-硅胶净化柱净化、气相色谱-质谱（GC-MS）分析的方法，研究了青岛市6个不同区域的松针中多环芳烃的含量。该方法的提取净化效率在70．8％以上。在6个采样点中，1号采样点松针中的多环芳烃含量最低，平均为7．54ng/g（湿重含量），5号和6号采样点最高，分别为41．0ng/g和39．6ng/g。多环芳烃浓度季节变化规律为春季〉冬季〉夏季；松针中三、四环多环芳烃占总量的82％～90％，苯并（a）芘与多环芳烃总量具有较好的相关性。     

隧道路面沥青摊铺过程空气中TSP和多环芳烃污染研究

分析了隧道沥青摊铺过程环境空气中的TSP及多环芳烃质量浓度。TSP用膜法,中流量采样器采样15 min,重量法分析;超声波萃取,高效液相色法分析多环芳烃。结果表明,摊铺机周围空气中TSP超过8 mg/m3,道路空气中TSP超过3 mg/m3;环境空气中苊烯等12种多环芳烃均有检出,苊烯和艹屈质量浓度较高,苯并[a]芘和二苯并[a,h]蒽质量浓度较低。苯并[a]蒽、苯并[a]芘和二苯并[a,h]蒽超标,对人体健康危害较大。建议加强相关行业PAHs的排放水平及其健康风险研究,制定相关限值标准和沥青摊铺过程环境空气的沥青烟监测方法标准。     

中国表层水体沉积物中多环芳烃源解析及评价

采用索氏提取气相色谱-质谱法测定中国6个重点水体表层沉积物中16种多环芳烃的含量。各化合物含量范围分别为长江6.20~163 ng/g、淮河7.90~249 ng/g、海河12.1~401 ng/g、松花江5.75~152 ng/g、太湖29.1~2 810 ng/g和滇池19.1~795ng/g；16种多环芳烃的总量分别为：长江1 147 ng/g、淮河1 723 ng/g、海河2 595 ng/g、松花江793 ng/g、太湖12472 ng/g、滇池3 714 ng/g，属中等污染水平。利用特征分子比值法分析结果表明6条水体表层沉积物中PAHs均可能以燃料（包括柴油、汽油、煤、木材）燃烧以及焦化污染为主。淮河和滇池还可能存在轻微石油泄漏污染。利用沉积物质量基准法（SQGs）和沉积物质量标准法分别对6条水体表层沉积物中多环芳烃的风险评估表明严重的多环芳烃生态风险在这些水体表层沉积物中不存在，但长江、淮河、松花江、海河均可能存在一定的潜在风险，负面生物毒性效应会偶尔发生，风险主要来源于荧蒽和菲。太湖和滇池水体中存在的潜在多环芳烃风险种类较多，风险主要来源于菲、荧蒽、芘、苯并（a）蒽、苊和蒽，对水生生物毒性效应较高，有必要进行更深入细致的调查研究高风险区域底栖生物的受损状况、污染来源和途径，以制定合理的污染控制对策。     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in some grounded coffee brands

Potentially toxic 16 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined in four brands of grounded coffee. Four to 13 PAHs were detected. Concentrations of total PAHs in different brands of coffee samples were in the range of 831.7–1,589.7 μg/kg. Benzo[a]pyrene (2A: probable human carcinogen) was found in Nescafe Premium whereas naphthalene (2B: possible human carcinogen) was found in all the samples of coffee.     

Priority PAHs in orthodox black tea during manufacturing process

Orthodox black tea is obtained from fresh leaves followed by withering, rolling, fermentation and drying. The presence of 16 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was studied in fresh leaves and at various stages of manufacturing. Benzo(a)pyrene (2A: probable human carcinogen) was found in dried tea leaves only whereas, naphthalene (2B: probable human carcinogen) was present during all the stages of manufacturing. Dry tea leaves showed higher content of total 16 PAHs (∑PAHs) about 3 and 211 times than present in withered and dried leaves, respectively. Chrysene, benzo[g,h,i]perylene, indendo[1,2,3-c,d]pyrene, dibenzo[a,h]pyrene and benzo[a]antracene were not found during manufacturing stages of tea.     

Groundwater contamination by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon due to diesel spill from a telecom base station in a Nigerian City: assessment of human health risk exposure

Diesel pollution of groundwater poses great threat to public health, mainly as a result of the constituent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). In this study, the human health risk exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in diesel contaminated groundwater used by several families at Ring Road, Jos, Nigeria (as caused by diesel spill from a telecom base station) was assessed. Prior to the groundwater being treated, the residents were using the water after scooping off the visible diesel sheen for purposes of cooking, washing, and bathing. Until this study, it is not clear whether the groundwater contamination had resulted in sub-chronic exposure of the residents using the water to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) to the extent of the PAHs posing a health risk. The diesel contaminated groundwater and uncontaminated nearby groundwater (control) were collected and analyzed for PAHs using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The dosage of the dermal and oral ingestion entry routes of PAHs was determined. The estimation of the non-carcinogenic health risk was via hazard quotients (HQ) and the associated hazard index (HI), while the estimation of the carcinogenic health risk was via lifetime cancer risks (LCR) and the associated risk index (RI). Obtained results indicate that the exposure of the residents to the PAHs may have made them susceptible to the risk of non-carcinogenic health effects of benzo(a)pyrene and the carcinogenic health effects of benzo(a)anthracene and benzo(a)pyrene.     

Quantitative assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sewage sludge from wastewater treatment plants in Qingdao, China

In this study, 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were detected in sewage sludge samples from four wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Qingdao, China. These WWTPs differ in the type of treatment used and in the origin of the wastewater. The total amounts of PAHs in digested sludges ranged from 1.9645 to 6.5752 mg/kg, which did not exceed the projected European Union cut-off limits (6 mg/kg) for sludge found in farmland, except for the Haibohe WWTP. Significant differences were observed in overall PAH values between WWTPs receiving domestic effluents and those receiving industrial effluents. The total amounts of PAHs in digested sludge from the Licunhe and Haibohe WWTPs, which mainly received industrial effluents, were markedly higher than those of the Tuandao and Huangdao WWTPs, which received only domestic effluents. The distribution of PAH compounds in digested sludges were analysed. At the Tuandao, Huangdao and Licunhe WWTPs, 2-, 3-, 4-benzene rings were predominant, accounting for 100%, 99.8% and 99.0% of the sum concentration of 16 PAHs (∑PAHs), respectively. At the Haibohe WWTP, a large number of high molecular weight PAHs (5-, 6-benzene rings) were observed, accounting for 30% of the ∑PAHs. The sum of seven carcinogenic PAHs (∑PAHs-c) ranged from 0.8694 to 3.0389 mg/kg in four WWTPs. The highest value was found in the Haibohe WWTP. Moreover, the PAH concentrations in sludges from the different treatment processes in the Licunhe and Tuandao WWTPs are discussed.     

乌鲁木齐市新市区大气气溶胶中多环芳烃的GC/MS分析

采用气相色谱-质谱联用技术(GC/MS)分析测定了乌鲁木齐市新市区的大气气溶胶样品16种EPA优控多环芳烃(PAHs)的含量。通过索氏提取气溶胶样品,抽提物经硅胶层析柱分离,使用16种多环芳烃混合标准样品绘制标准曲线,以外标法对PAHs进行定量分析,并根据所得数据浅析了多环芳烃污染来源。结果表明,乌鲁木齐市新市区大气中由于汽车尾气排放和煤的燃烧造成的多环芳烃污染均存在。     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface water and bed sediments of the Hungarian upper section of the Danube River

This study was performed to elucidate the distribution, concentration trend and possible source of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surface water and bed sediments of the Hungarian upper section of the Danube River and the Moson Danube branch. A total of 217 samples (water and sediments) were collected from four different sampling sites in the period of 2001–2010 and analysed for the 16 priority US Environmental Protection Agency PAHs. Concentrations of total 16 PAHs (∑PAHs) in water samples ranged from 25 to 1,208 ng/L, which were predominated by two- and three-ring PAHs. The ∑PAH concentrations in sediments ranged from 8.3 to 1,202.5 ng/g dry weight. Four-ring PAHs including fluoranthene and pyrene were the dominant species in sediment samples. A selected number of concentration ratios of specific PAH compounds were calculated to evaluate the possible sources of PAH contamination. The ratios reflected a pattern of pyrogenic input as a major source of PAHs. The levels of PAHs determined were compared with other sections of the Danube and other regions of the world.     

Occurrence and distribution of polycyclic aromatic carbons in sludges from wastewater treatment plants in Guangdong, China

In this study, the occurrence and distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were investigated in six sludge samples collected from Guangdong Province, China. Concentrations of PAHs varying from 2,534.1 to 6,926.6 μg kg^???1 (dry sludge) were observed in three municipal wastewater treatment plants with phenanthrene (Phe), fluoranthene, and pyrene being the main compounds. In addition, 682.6 μg kg^???1 PAHs were detected in one sludge sample from a food processing plant, with fluorene, Phe, and chrysene being the main components. No PAHs were detected in sludge samples obtained from two cosmetic plants. The levels and distributional characteristics of PAHs, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and polycyclic musks (PMs) from the samples were also compared. The results of this comparison indicated that petrochemical refineries and road traffic played important roles in the PAH loads in sludge, while PMs primarily originated from domestic wastewater and industrial wastewater from cosmetic plants. Finally, the presence of 98.8 μg kg^???1 PCBs in sludge suggested diffusional emission sources from electrical components containing PCBs.     

Contamination, source identification, and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in agricultural soil of Shanghai, China

The level, distribution, compositional pattern, and possible sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in agricultural soil of Shanghai were investigated. The concentrations ranged from 140.7 to 2,370.8 μg kg(?-1) for 21 PAHs and from 92.2 to 2,062.7 μg kg(?-1) for 16 priority PAHs, respectively. The higher level of PAHs was mainly distributed in the south and west of Shanghai region, and the lower concentration was found in Chongming Island. Generally, the composition pattern of PAHs was characterized with high molecular weight PAHs, the seven possible carcinogenic PAHs accounted for 4.8-50.8% of the total PAHs, and fluoranthene, pyrene, and benzo[b]fluoranthene were the most dominant components in soil samples. The correlation analysis suggested that low molecular weight PAHs and high molecular weight PAHs were originated from different sources and further corroborated that total organic carbon was a key soil property affecting the fate of persistent organic pollutants in the environment. The isomer ratios and principal component analysis indicated that PAHs in the investigated areas were derived primarily from combustion of biomass, coal, and petroleum. Compared to the soil quality standards of the Netherlands, all the target PAHs (except Ant) in most samples exceeded their target values. The Nemerow composite index based on the same soil quality standard showed that 69.4% of the soil samples were heavily polluted. The total BaP(eq) of ten Dutch target PAHs in 72% soil samples were higher than the reference total carcinogenic potency. Therefore, the agricultural soil in Shanghai is suffering from serious PAHs contamination.     

基于主成分分析-多元线性回归的松花江水体中多环芳烃源解析

对松花江全流域14个监测断面的16种美国环保局优先控制的多环芳烃(PAHs)的主要来源及其贡献率应用主成分因子分析-多元线性回归模型(PCA-MLR)进行了来源解析。结果表明:松花江全流域为化石和石油燃料的复合PAHs污染,水体环境中PAHs首要污染源为化石燃料燃烧和交通污染,合计贡献率为63.1%,第二大污染源为工业和民用燃煤污染,合计贡献率为36.9%,沿江的石化、石油基地、大型焦化厂、电厂都是PAHs的主要来源。